Medecine & Droit最新文献

In France, every death certificate must mention the presence of a prosthesis operating by means of a battery and its explantation or not. The explantation must be made regardless of the burial. Explantation can only be performed by a doctor or a thanatopractor. The health emergency related to covid-19 does not affect these principles of ordinary law.

Omnipresent in the history of humanity, the epidemic risk seemed to spare us, we stored it in the history of medical thought and health law. The alerts of the past few years have not been enough to raise awareness, we are helpless in the face of an unknown scourge. A dive into history allows us, without further pretension, to recall the major stages in the fight against epidemics and pandemic.

In forensic psychiatry, magistrates raise the question of the existence of a risk of recidivism and dangerousness to psychiatric experts. Follow-up studies in forensic psychiatry showed that the psychiatric elements predictive of recidivism were mainly related to serious mental illnesses, toxic consumption, addictions, high levels of impulsivity, low insight, associated personality disorders, in particular antisocial personality disorders. There are also protective factors, in particular the observance of treatments. Given the complexity of psychiatric and criminological risk factors and protection, can artificial intelligence (AI) help psychiatrists and magistrates to improve the predictivity of recidivism?

Methods

Systematic review of the literature on AI applications in the prediction of recidivism in forensic psychiatry, conducted according to PRISMA criteria, using the: “Artificial Intelligence”, “Recidivism”, “Personality Disorder”, “Impulsive” Behavior”, “Alcohol abuse”, “Drug Abuse”, “Schizophrenia”, “Bipolar disorder” on the PubMed, Science Direct, Clinical Trial and Google Scholar databases.

Results

The vast majority of studies come from legal or computer reviews and very few from medical databases. The studies evaluating the AI in Forensic Psychiatry most often used Machine Learning based on sociodemographic, sociological and criminological data, notably the age of the first offense and the number of previous convictions. To date, there are very few studies evaluating psychiatric parameters, focusing on psychopathic personality disorders.

Discussion/conclusion

The applications of the AI in Forensic Psychiatry are still very premature. However, some psychiatric criteria should be more prominent in this field, especially those from Webster's HCR-20 and Hare PCL-R scales. The challenge will also be to find relevant behavioral, psychological and psychiatric keywords to include in AI.

The current dispute over the use of hydroxychloroquine in coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) resonates with another dispute, that of cinchona, which took place in the 17th Century. This historical aside is a reminder that scientific disputes have always existed, so it is not surprising that the properties of hydroxychloroquine are subject to controversy. However, the facts are the facts: its effectiveness is doubtful, while the risks are certain. That is why in France the Prime Minister has chosen to regulate its prescription by decree. But this decree, although surely the only possible option, raises many problems.

Medical law suits were interrupted during the COVID-19 pandemia and judicial process will come shortly back to the normal. Pandemia induced delays in the cancer diagnosis and treatment. These modifications were validated by expert consensus from the medical societies. However in the coming years it is highly possible that patients think they were victims of a “loss of chance” and ask for a compensation. The various situations in which physicians can be involved are described and recommendations for the management of medical charts are discussed.

This paper reevaluates firmly, humorously and at times indignantly the major events of the Covid 19 epidemics. They remind the author of certain episodes of the « phony war » and of the blitzkrieg from which Marc Bloch had drawn powerful lessons in a book which is still famous today. Our dear nation‘s failings thus prove timeless.

Since the beginning of last autumn, the bioethics law reform bill has been debated in Parliament. One of the major challenges of this text concerns research carried out on the embryo and on stem cells from the human body. The rules currently in force should be profoundly changed, whether it is research carried out for scientific purposes or that carried out within the framework of an assisted reproduction protocol.

Osteopathic practice was recognised in France by Law No. 2002-303 of 4 march in 2002. Today, there are more than 31,000 osteopathic practitioners especially in France. It exists different ways of courses for osteopathic students. But, even if osteopathy was recognised, it isn’t considered to be a conventional health practice. Therefore, osteopathy isn’t integrated in a public health insurance and social security. In the case of osteopathic injury, patient cannot access to public compensation. As sui generis manual medicine, osteopathy is very specific but currently there is no specific section for its judicial expert.