Hugh Hall was a highly sought-after gardener in late sixteenth century England. He worked in the Midlands, specifically in Worcestershire, Warwickshire, and Northamptonshire, and mostly for Catholic families. Hall was a Catholic priest who resigned his parish living after the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, but continued to perform clerical duties such as saying Mass and hearing confession alongside his second vocation as a gardener. Indeed, his esteem as a gardener and, later, surveyor of works was strong enough that he attracted Protestant clients like Lord Burghley and Sir Christopher Hatton despite his adherence to Catholicism. Hall’s two vocations shaped his identity: his sense of self, his manhood, and how others perceived him. Hall’s written garden advice, A priestes discourse of gardeninge applied to a spirituall understandinge, which exists only in manuscript form, exemplifies the fusion of gardening and spiritual life, articulates Hall’s conceptions of manhood, and offers new perspective on how religion intersects with late Renaissance English gardens.
{"title":"Gardens, Religion and Clerical By-Employments: the dual careers of Hugh Hall, Priest-Gardener of the West Midlands","authors":"Susan M. Cogan","doi":"10.1017/bch.2022.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/bch.2022.4","url":null,"abstract":"Hugh Hall was a highly sought-after gardener in late sixteenth century England. He worked in the Midlands, specifically in Worcestershire, Warwickshire, and Northamptonshire, and mostly for Catholic families. Hall was a Catholic priest who resigned his parish living after the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, but continued to perform clerical duties such as saying Mass and hearing confession alongside his second vocation as a gardener. Indeed, his esteem as a gardener and, later, surveyor of works was strong enough that he attracted Protestant clients like Lord Burghley and Sir Christopher Hatton despite his adherence to Catholicism. Hall’s two vocations shaped his identity: his sense of self, his manhood, and how others perceived him. Hall’s written garden advice, A priestes discourse of gardeninge applied to a spirituall understandinge, which exists only in manuscript form, exemplifies the fusion of gardening and spiritual life, articulates Hall’s conceptions of manhood, and offers new perspective on how religion intersects with late Renaissance English gardens.","PeriodicalId":41292,"journal":{"name":"British Catholic History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42957058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article seeks to nuance our understanding of how the penal laws against Roman Catholics were interpreted in eighteenth-century England and how English Catholics of the era experienced their status as a penalised minority. Using evidence from Ushaw Library’s Vincent Eyre Mansucripts, it examines how propertied Catholics navigated proscriptions against owning and selling property. Although much scholarship has emphasised the flexibility that the statutes afforded Catholics, this article focuses not on the enforcement of these laws but on the pressure they exerted on Catholics’ daily consciousness. Vincent Eyre, a Derbyshire conveyancer, trained under Catholic conveyancers in London and worked as agent for the tenth Duke of Norfolk in Sheffield. His manuscripts, which consist principally of legal opinions and briefs on conveyancing cases, testify to the pervasive uncertainty under which Catholics laboured as they sought to assert a ‘good title’ to property, protect their faith from legal discovery, and assert their standing as subjects despite laws that disabled them from full belonging to the nation. This article builds on recent work that charts Catholics’ affective experiences in eighteenth-century Britain as their dynamic contributions in the period are increasingly recognized.
{"title":"Catholics, property, and the experience of the penal laws in eighteenth-century England: Evidence from the Vincent Eyre Manuscripts","authors":"Joanne E. Myers","doi":"10.1017/bch.2022.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/bch.2022.5","url":null,"abstract":"This article seeks to nuance our understanding of how the penal laws against Roman Catholics were interpreted in eighteenth-century England and how English Catholics of the era experienced their status as a penalised minority. Using evidence from Ushaw Library’s Vincent Eyre Mansucripts, it examines how propertied Catholics navigated proscriptions against owning and selling property. Although much scholarship has emphasised the flexibility that the statutes afforded Catholics, this article focuses not on the enforcement of these laws but on the pressure they exerted on Catholics’ daily consciousness. Vincent Eyre, a Derbyshire conveyancer, trained under Catholic conveyancers in London and worked as agent for the tenth Duke of Norfolk in Sheffield. His manuscripts, which consist principally of legal opinions and briefs on conveyancing cases, testify to the pervasive uncertainty under which Catholics laboured as they sought to assert a ‘good title’ to property, protect their faith from legal discovery, and assert their standing as subjects despite laws that disabled them from full belonging to the nation. This article builds on recent work that charts Catholics’ affective experiences in eighteenth-century Britain as their dynamic contributions in the period are increasingly recognized.","PeriodicalId":41292,"journal":{"name":"British Catholic History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46913440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The publication of a biography devoted to Oliver Cromwell was long overdue. Although he has been the subject of constant scholarly study, many of the recent publications have focused on specific aspects of his career, rather than providing an overview of his life. Ronald Hutton, a historian perhaps best known for his work on historical paganism and folklore, has also published extensively on the English Civil Wars.1 Now, his TheMaking of Oliver Cromwell, the first of a two-part highly accessible biography, has filled that gap in the market. As a Council Member of the Cromwell Association, whose purpose is to promote the education of Cromwell’s life and legacy, I welcome its publication. This volume focuses on Cromwell’s life from his birth in 1599 until the end of the first Civil War in 1646, when he was 48. Hutton begins with a statement that Cromwell is the ‘most heavily studied ruler in the whole story of these islands’ (p. 1), noting that he also has over 250 roads and streets named after him. All publications since 1990 have painted him as ‘an intensely courageous, devout and high-principled’ man who was driven by his desire to bring to fruition ‘God’s intentions for the English’. Hutton’s motivation for writing this biography was that much of our perception of Cromwell comes from mythical stories about him, and that the true Cromwell has eluded historians. They have taken Cromwell at his word, rather than analysing his actions impartially, or paying heed to the contemporary criticisms; indeed, some of his contemporaries branded Cromwell ‘ruthless, devious and self-promoting’ (p. 3). Hutton seeks to place Cromwell in the
早该出版一本关于奥利弗·克伦威尔的传记了。尽管他一直是学术研究的主题，但最近的许多出版物都集中在他职业生涯的特定方面，而不是对他的生活进行概述。罗纳德·赫顿（Ronald Hutton）是一位历史学家，他可能以研究历史异教和民间传说而闻名，他也发表了大量关于英国内战的文章。1现在，他的《奥利弗·克伦威尔的创作》（TheMaking of Oliver Cromwell）填补了市场上的空白，这是一本由两部分组成的传记中的第一本。作为克伦威尔协会的理事会成员，我欢迎该协会的出版，该协会的宗旨是促进对克伦威尔生平和遗产的教育。这本书聚焦于克伦威尔从1599年出生到1646年第一次内战结束的生活，当时他48岁。Hutton首先说，克伦威尔是“这些岛屿整个故事中研究最深入的统治者”（第1页），并指出他还有250多条以他的名字命名的道路和街道。自1990年以来，所有出版物都将他描绘成“一个非常勇敢、虔诚和有原则的人”，他渴望实现“上帝对英国人的意图”。赫顿写这本传记的动机是，我们对克伦威尔的大部分看法来自于关于他的神话故事，而真正的克伦威尔一直是历史学家所回避的。他们相信克伦威尔的话，而不是公正地分析他的行为，或关注当代的批评；事实上，他的一些同时代人给克伦威尔打上了“无情、狡猾和自我推销”的烙印（第3页）。赫顿试图将克伦威尔置于
{"title":"Oliver Cromwell Revisited","authors":"Charlotte Young","doi":"10.1017/bch.2022.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/bch.2022.6","url":null,"abstract":"The publication of a biography devoted to Oliver Cromwell was long overdue. Although he has been the subject of constant scholarly study, many of the recent publications have focused on specific aspects of his career, rather than providing an overview of his life. Ronald Hutton, a historian perhaps best known for his work on historical paganism and folklore, has also published extensively on the English Civil Wars.1 Now, his TheMaking of Oliver Cromwell, the first of a two-part highly accessible biography, has filled that gap in the market. As a Council Member of the Cromwell Association, whose purpose is to promote the education of Cromwell’s life and legacy, I welcome its publication. This volume focuses on Cromwell’s life from his birth in 1599 until the end of the first Civil War in 1646, when he was 48. Hutton begins with a statement that Cromwell is the ‘most heavily studied ruler in the whole story of these islands’ (p. 1), noting that he also has over 250 roads and streets named after him. All publications since 1990 have painted him as ‘an intensely courageous, devout and high-principled’ man who was driven by his desire to bring to fruition ‘God’s intentions for the English’. Hutton’s motivation for writing this biography was that much of our perception of Cromwell comes from mythical stories about him, and that the true Cromwell has eluded historians. They have taken Cromwell at his word, rather than analysing his actions impartially, or paying heed to the contemporary criticisms; indeed, some of his contemporaries branded Cromwell ‘ruthless, devious and self-promoting’ (p. 3). Hutton seeks to place Cromwell in the","PeriodicalId":41292,"journal":{"name":"British Catholic History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47518046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Between the late-twelfth and early-sixteenth centuries, much music (both liturgical and non-liturgical) was written in honour of St Thomas of Canterbury. However, in the 1530s his cult became a major target for reformers and, in 1538, Henry VIII (1491-1547) ordered the destruction of his shrine and the obliteration of all music written in his honour. This article will examine how music composed to memorialise St Thomas was treated during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation. It explores the process of self-censorship prompted by Henry’s proclamation on the cult of St Thomas that led to his erasure from liturgical books in England. It analyses the attempts by reformers to discredit music concerning St Thomas, particularly by radical reformer John Bale (1495-1563). Finally, it examines music that was composed by Catholics for St Thomas during the Counter-Reformation and asks what it can tell us about the state of the cult in the late sixteenth century. This approach results in an overview of St Thomas’ cult during the later sixteenth century and contributes to our understanding of changing conceptions of the saint by Catholic communities in the post-Reformation world.
{"title":"Destruction, Deconstruction, and Dereliction: Music for St Thomas of Canterbury during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, 1530-1600","authors":"Katherine Emery","doi":"10.1017/bch.2022.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/bch.2022.3","url":null,"abstract":"Between the late-twelfth and early-sixteenth centuries, much music (both liturgical and non-liturgical) was written in honour of St Thomas of Canterbury. However, in the 1530s his cult became a major target for reformers and, in 1538, Henry VIII (1491-1547) ordered the destruction of his shrine and the obliteration of all music written in his honour. This article will examine how music composed to memorialise St Thomas was treated during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation. It explores the process of self-censorship prompted by Henry’s proclamation on the cult of St Thomas that led to his erasure from liturgical books in England. It analyses the attempts by reformers to discredit music concerning St Thomas, particularly by radical reformer John Bale (1495-1563). Finally, it examines music that was composed by Catholics for St Thomas during the Counter-Reformation and asks what it can tell us about the state of the cult in the late sixteenth century. This approach results in an overview of St Thomas’ cult during the later sixteenth century and contributes to our understanding of changing conceptions of the saint by Catholic communities in the post-Reformation world.","PeriodicalId":41292,"journal":{"name":"British Catholic History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42568179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By the late sixteenth century, Irish demand for seminary places was sufficient to warrant the establishment of a dedicated Irish college in Lisbon (1590). This was followed by foundations in Salamanca (1592), Douai (1594) and elsewhere. The great majority were administered by the Society of Jesus, whose Irish members were generally Old English, a term denoting descendants of the twelfth-century Anglo-Norman settlers. Old English Jesuit domination of Irish colleges occasioned accusations of discrimination against students of Gaelic family backgrounds, with the students seeking redress from the secular authorities. The Irish college in Douai was not formally administered by the Jesuits, but its founder, Christopher Cusack, collaborated closely with the Society. Accusations against him of anti-Gaelic bias emerged in the 1600s, coincidental with the arrival of large numbers of Gaelic Irish refugees in Flanders at the end of the Nine Years War (1594–1603). Ethnic tensions and financial difficulties all but put paid to the college in the 1620s.
{"title":"Disputes in the Irish college, Douai (1594–1614)","authors":"Thomas O'Connor","doi":"10.1017/bch.2021.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/bch.2021.16","url":null,"abstract":"By the late sixteenth century, Irish demand for seminary places was sufficient to warrant the establishment of a dedicated Irish college in Lisbon (1590). This was followed by foundations in Salamanca (1592), Douai (1594) and elsewhere. The great majority were administered by the Society of Jesus, whose Irish members were generally Old English, a term denoting descendants of the twelfth-century Anglo-Norman settlers. Old English Jesuit domination of Irish colleges occasioned accusations of discrimination against students of Gaelic family backgrounds, with the students seeking redress from the secular authorities. The Irish college in Douai was not formally administered by the Jesuits, but its founder, Christopher Cusack, collaborated closely with the Society. Accusations against him of anti-Gaelic bias emerged in the 1600s, coincidental with the arrival of large numbers of Gaelic Irish refugees in Flanders at the end of the Nine Years War (1594–1603). Ethnic tensions and financial difficulties all but put paid to the college in the 1620s.","PeriodicalId":41292,"journal":{"name":"British Catholic History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49251403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The middle years of the nineteenth century are notable in the history of Catholicism in England for the development of the ‘papal aggression’ crisis. Catholic emancipation had been met with suspicion by Protestant groups and this suspicion grew into violent antipathy with the publication by Nicholas Wiseman of ‘Ex Porta Flaminia.’ At the same time that this crisis was emerging, Catholic charitable organizations were also attempting to garner support from the state for the building of Catholic schools. With a boom in the poor, urban population, fuelled by the arrival of Irish refugees, this assistance was urgently required. In the midst of this a small school in the heart of London became the focus of a cause célèbre. The belief that this school had been funded by lucre, defrauded from dying and vulnerable members of the Somers Town community by simonist priests, provided the source of a widespread conspiracy theory. The result of this conspiracy theory was a lawsuit, brought in 1851 by the relatives of a deceased benefactor of the school, against the newly enthroned Cardinal Wiseman. Metairie vs. Wiseman became one of the most celebrated and cited cases of the early Victorian era.
{"title":"Scandal in Somers town: conspiracism and Catholic schools in early Victorian England","authors":"Aidan Cottrell-Boyce","doi":"10.1017/bch.2021.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/bch.2021.17","url":null,"abstract":"The middle years of the nineteenth century are notable in the history of Catholicism in England for the development of the ‘papal aggression’ crisis. Catholic emancipation had been met with suspicion by Protestant groups and this suspicion grew into violent antipathy with the publication by Nicholas Wiseman of ‘Ex Porta Flaminia.’ At the same time that this crisis was emerging, Catholic charitable organizations were also attempting to garner support from the state for the building of Catholic schools. With a boom in the poor, urban population, fuelled by the arrival of Irish refugees, this assistance was urgently required. In the midst of this a small school in the heart of London became the focus of a cause célèbre. The belief that this school had been funded by lucre, defrauded from dying and vulnerable members of the Somers Town community by simonist priests, provided the source of a widespread conspiracy theory. The result of this conspiracy theory was a lawsuit, brought in 1851 by the relatives of a deceased benefactor of the school, against the newly enthroned Cardinal Wiseman. Metairie vs. Wiseman became one of the most celebrated and cited cases of the early Victorian era.","PeriodicalId":41292,"journal":{"name":"British Catholic History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46318636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The recusant brothers-in-law William, third Baron Vaux of Harrowden (1535-95) and Sir Thomas Tresham (1543-1605), are best-known as exemplars of stalwart Catholicism and for their claims of fidelity to queen and country. They rose to prominence for their connection to the Jesuit proto-martyr Edmund Campion in 1581, and Vaux’s daughters Anne and Eleanor are celebrated — or notorious — for their support of the Jesuit Henry Garnet and suspected complicity in the Gunpowder Plot. Tresham’s sister Mary married Vaux, and the two men enjoyed a close friendship. Vaux leant heavily on Tresham for counsel, and the families have thus been absorbed into arguments for a closed Catholic community who drew closer together amid persecution. Yet these families were also divided, not by religio-political matters of great weight, but by more earthly causes of family unhappiness: youthful disobedience, scandalous marriage, and money. Through a close analysis of three linked episodes of family strife, this article looks beyond the singular fact of their confessional identity to argue that, like their Protestant counterparts, Catholics were not immune to acrimony. Disruptions to family unity could heap further tribulation on Catholics, and shared confessional identity might not be sufficient to repair bonds once severed.
{"title":"Catholic marriages and family politics: the Vaux children vs. Sir Thomas Tresham","authors":"Katie Mckeogh","doi":"10.1017/bch.2021.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/bch.2021.15","url":null,"abstract":"The recusant brothers-in-law William, third Baron Vaux of Harrowden (1535-95) and Sir Thomas Tresham (1543-1605), are best-known as exemplars of stalwart Catholicism and for their claims of fidelity to queen and country. They rose to prominence for their connection to the Jesuit proto-martyr Edmund Campion in 1581, and Vaux’s daughters Anne and Eleanor are celebrated — or notorious — for their support of the Jesuit Henry Garnet and suspected complicity in the Gunpowder Plot. Tresham’s sister Mary married Vaux, and the two men enjoyed a close friendship. Vaux leant heavily on Tresham for counsel, and the families have thus been absorbed into arguments for a closed Catholic community who drew closer together amid persecution. Yet these families were also divided, not by religio-political matters of great weight, but by more earthly causes of family unhappiness: youthful disobedience, scandalous marriage, and money. Through a close analysis of three linked episodes of family strife, this article looks beyond the singular fact of their confessional identity to argue that, like their Protestant counterparts, Catholics were not immune to acrimony. Disruptions to family unity could heap further tribulation on Catholics, and shared confessional identity might not be sufficient to repair bonds once severed.","PeriodicalId":41292,"journal":{"name":"British Catholic History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46612063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
can be used to shed light on Wadding’s Irish world in exile as Thomas O’Connor’s Irish voices from the Spanish Inquisition (Basingstoke, 2016) demonstrates. Luke Wadding is one of those figures from the seventeenth century whose career requires thorough re-evaluation. At the very least this book demonstrates the truth of that statement. Indeed, it does a great deal more. In different ways the essays cast light on Wadding’s experience in Ireland, Spain, and Rome and emphasise the centrality of his scholarly work that had political as well as religious implications. It will require a rather unique scholar to undertake the broader task but the harvest will be truly great.
{"title":"Evan Haefeli, ed., Against Popery: Britain, Empire, and Anti-Catholicism, Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2020, pp. xiv + 344, £31.50, ISBN: 978-0-8139-4491-3","authors":"Christopher P. Gillett","doi":"10.1017/bch.2021.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/bch.2021.22","url":null,"abstract":"can be used to shed light on Wadding’s Irish world in exile as Thomas O’Connor’s Irish voices from the Spanish Inquisition (Basingstoke, 2016) demonstrates. Luke Wadding is one of those figures from the seventeenth century whose career requires thorough re-evaluation. At the very least this book demonstrates the truth of that statement. Indeed, it does a great deal more. In different ways the essays cast light on Wadding’s experience in Ireland, Spain, and Rome and emphasise the centrality of his scholarly work that had political as well as religious implications. It will require a rather unique scholar to undertake the broader task but the harvest will be truly great.","PeriodicalId":41292,"journal":{"name":"British Catholic History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45900373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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