It’s 1659. A woman in Boston, Massachusetts is in labour. She rushes to get out her birthing linens and sets up her birthing room. Her husband ventures out to collect the midwife and the neighbouring women. She proceeds to have her child with the care and coaching of the midwife and neighbourly women at the bedside, while her husband waits anxiously outside. He might fetch a minister and go pray for her during her ‘travail’.
{"title":"Preface from the Editors","authors":"M. Landis, J. Gabor","doi":"10.3828/bj.1990.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/bj.1990.1","url":null,"abstract":"It’s 1659. A woman in Boston, Massachusetts is in labour. She rushes to get out her birthing linens and sets up her birthing room. Her husband ventures out to collect the midwife and the neighbouring women. She proceeds to have her child with the care and coaching of the midwife and neighbourly women at the bedside, while her husband waits anxiously outside. He might fetch a minister and go pray for her during her ‘travail’.","PeriodicalId":41298,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Medical Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86506303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Huntington’s disease (HD) are the paradigms of opposite movement disorders originating in the basal ganglia. On one hand, poverty and slowness of movement (hypokinesia and bradykinesia) are pathognomic to PD and related conditions. On the other hand, excessive and uncontrolled movements are a hallmark of HD. Indeed, the latter condition is the most common genetic cause of involuntary, fleeting and writhing movements (chorea), which is why the disease used to be called ‘Huntington’s chorea’. Both PD and HD are not only disorders of movement, however. In both conditions, mental processing and mood are affected, and metabolic or autonomic dysfunction cause a range of non-neurological symptoms. From both etiological and epidemiological standpoints, PD and HD appear as two widely different conditions. PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s and currently affects about 6.3 million people worldwide. It is an age-related disorder lacking an identifiable cause (‘idiopathic’) in 90 % of the cases. By contrast, HD is a relatively rare familial disease caused by an autosomal dominant mutation in the HTT gene. Symptoms of HD commonly become manifest between the ages of 35 and 50 years, but they can begin at virtually any age depending on the CAG repeat length (see below). The genetic basis of HD was discovered in 1993 by an international collaborative effort spearheaded by the Hereditary Disease Foundation. Since then, several other neurological diseases were found to depend on a similar genetic defect, consisting in the expansion of a CAG (cytosine-adenine-guanine) triplet repeat stretch within the disease-causing gene. During the past 17 years, it has become increasingly clear that PD has a strong genetic component, too. Since 1997, several genetic mutations have been positively associated with PD in affected families. Beside these monogenic cases, genetic susceptibility has been suggested to underlie the common idiopathic forms of PD. Indeed, recent genome-wide association studies have established that certain common gene variants occur with an increased frequency in people with idiopathic PD. It is however clear that environmental factors, such as exposure to certain toxins, may underlie many cases of idiopathic PD.
{"title":"Preface from the Editors","authors":"R. Kim, P. Stotland","doi":"10.2307/j.ctt2204s9x.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt2204s9x.4","url":null,"abstract":"Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Huntington’s disease (HD) are the paradigms of opposite movement disorders originating in the basal ganglia. On one hand, poverty and slowness of movement (hypokinesia and bradykinesia) are pathognomic to PD and related conditions. On the other hand, excessive and uncontrolled movements are a hallmark of HD. Indeed, the latter condition is the most common genetic cause of involuntary, fleeting and writhing movements (chorea), which is why the disease used to be called ‘Huntington’s chorea’. Both PD and HD are not only disorders of movement, however. In both conditions, mental processing and mood are affected, and metabolic or autonomic dysfunction cause a range of non-neurological symptoms. From both etiological and epidemiological standpoints, PD and HD appear as two widely different conditions. PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s and currently affects about 6.3 million people worldwide. It is an age-related disorder lacking an identifiable cause (‘idiopathic’) in 90 % of the cases. By contrast, HD is a relatively rare familial disease caused by an autosomal dominant mutation in the HTT gene. Symptoms of HD commonly become manifest between the ages of 35 and 50 years, but they can begin at virtually any age depending on the CAG repeat length (see below). The genetic basis of HD was discovered in 1993 by an international collaborative effort spearheaded by the Hereditary Disease Foundation. Since then, several other neurological diseases were found to depend on a similar genetic defect, consisting in the expansion of a CAG (cytosine-adenine-guanine) triplet repeat stretch within the disease-causing gene. During the past 17 years, it has become increasingly clear that PD has a strong genetic component, too. Since 1997, several genetic mutations have been positively associated with PD in affected families. Beside these monogenic cases, genetic susceptibility has been suggested to underlie the common idiopathic forms of PD. Indeed, recent genome-wide association studies have established that certain common gene variants occur with an increased frequency in people with idiopathic PD. It is however clear that environmental factors, such as exposure to certain toxins, may underlie many cases of idiopathic PD.","PeriodicalId":41298,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Medical Journal","volume":"57 1","pages":"92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2000-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81316442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Oral anticoagulants--a review.","authors":"D NAIBERG","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41298,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Medical Journal","volume":"39 ","pages":"47-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"1961-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"23994993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent developments in diuretic agents.","authors":"R O DAVIES","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41298,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Medical Journal","volume":"39 ","pages":"39-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"1961-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"23472808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cutaneous manifestations of drug reactions.","authors":"W A YORZYK","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41298,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Medical Journal","volume":"38 ","pages":"28-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"1960-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"23380400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Antigens and antibodies.","authors":"J R ALLEN","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41298,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Medical Journal","volume":"38 ","pages":"5-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"1960-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"23278423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tissue transplantation and the homograft reaction.","authors":"P C SAMU","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41298,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Medical Journal","volume":"38 ","pages":"39-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"1960-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"23336327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1960-03-01DOI: 10.1177/003693306000500309
D. C. Ross
During the first two decades of the present century, physicians were especially attracted to the problems of infant feeding and its role as a cause of illness and death. It was accepted that diarrhoea seldom occurred in the breastfed infant but that in the artificially-fed infant its incidence was alarmingly high. Infantile diarrhoea was associated with a mortality rate of over 50 per cent in certain summers when the disease assumed epidemic proportions and well merited the term cholera infantum given it by the older clinicians. The aetiology was obscure and, in attempting to find an explanation, attention was fixed on the relative immunity from the disease of the breast-fed infant. It was argued that if the proportions of the individual constituents of cow's milk could be altered to correspond with those of breast milk, all might be well. Thus percentage feeding, as it was called, became popular and slight changes in the feed were made only after long Leading Article
{"title":"Infantile diarrhoea.","authors":"D. C. Ross","doi":"10.1177/003693306000500309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/003693306000500309","url":null,"abstract":"During the first two decades of the present century, physicians were especially attracted to the problems of infant feeding and its role as a cause of illness and death. It was accepted that diarrhoea seldom occurred in the breastfed infant but that in the artificially-fed infant its incidence was alarmingly high. Infantile diarrhoea was associated with a mortality rate of over 50 per cent in certain summers when the disease assumed epidemic proportions and well merited the term cholera infantum given it by the older clinicians. The aetiology was obscure and, in attempting to find an explanation, attention was fixed on the relative immunity from the disease of the breast-fed infant. It was argued that if the proportions of the individual constituents of cow's milk could be altered to correspond with those of breast milk, all might be well. Thus percentage feeding, as it was called, became popular and slight changes in the feed were made only after long Leading Article","PeriodicalId":41298,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Medical Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"141-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"1960-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87052580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The pituitary-adrenal relationship.","authors":"J S SPEAKMAN","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41298,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Medical Journal","volume":"27 4","pages":"134-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"1950-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24712565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Scleroderma.","authors":"L A LLOYD","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41298,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Medical Journal","volume":"27 4","pages":"152-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"1950-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24724662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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