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The Thick Gas Electron Multiplier and its derivatives: Physics, technologies and applications 厚气电子倍增器及其衍生物:物理、技术和应用
IF 9.6 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104029
Shikma Bressler, Luca Moleri, Abhik Jash, Andrea Tesi, Darina Zavazieva

The Thick Gas Electron Multiplier (THGEM) is a robust high-gain gas-avalanche electron multiplier – a building block of a variety of radiation detectors. It can be manufactured economically by standard printed-circuit drilling and etching technology. We present a detailed review of the THGEM and its derivatives. We focus on the physics phenomena that govern their operation and performances under different operation conditions. Technological aspects associated with the production of these detectors and their current and potential applications are discussed.

厚气体电子倍增器(THGEM)是一种强大的高增益气体雪崩电子倍增器,是各种辐射探测器的组成部分。采用标准的印刷电路钻孔和蚀刻技术,可以经济地制造。我们对THGEM及其衍生产品进行了详细的回顾。我们关注的是控制它们在不同操作条件下运行和性能的物理现象。讨论了与这些探测器的生产有关的技术方面及其当前和潜在的应用。
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引用次数: 3
Nucleon form factors and parton distributions in nonlocal chiral effective theory 非局部手性有效理论中的核子形状因子和部分子分布
IF 9.6 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.104017
P. Wang , Fangcheng He , Chueng-Ryong Ji , W. Melnitchouk

We present a review of recent applications of nonlocal chiral effective theory to hadron structure studies. Starting from a nonlocal meson–baryon effective chiral Lagrangian, we show how the introduction of a correlation function representing the finite extent of hadrons regularizes the meson loop integrals and introduces momentum dependence in vertex form factors in a gauge invariant manner. We apply the framework to the calculation of nucleon electromagnetic form factors, unpolarized and polarized parton distributions, as well as transverse momentum dependent distributions and generalized parton distributions.

本文综述了近年来非局部手性有效理论在强子结构研究中的应用。从非局部介子-重子有效手性拉格朗日开始,我们展示了如何引入一个表示强子有限范围的相关函数使介子环积分正则化,并以规范不变的方式引入顶点形式因子中的动量依赖。我们将该框架应用于计算核子电磁形状因子、非极化和极化部分子分布,以及横向动量依赖分布和广义部分子分布。
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引用次数: 1
Laser spectroscopy for the study of exotic nuclei 用于研究外来核的激光光谱学
IF 9.6 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.104005
X.F. Yang , S.J. Wang , S.G. Wilkins , R.F. Garcia Ruiz

Investigation into the properties and structure of unstable nuclei far from stability is a key avenue of research in modern nuclear physics. These efforts are motivated by the continual observation of unexpected structure phenomena in nuclei with unusual proton-to-neutron ratios. In recent decades, laser spectroscopy techniques have made significant contributions in our understanding of exotic nuclei in different mass regions encompassing almost the entire nuclear chart. This is achieved through determining multiple fundamental properties of nuclear ground and isomeric states, such as nuclear spins, magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments and charge radii, via the measurement of hyperfine structures and isotope shifts in the atomic or ionic spectra of the nuclei of interest. These properties offer prominent tests of recently developed state-of-the-art nuclear theory and help to stimulate new developments in improving the many-body methods and nucleon–nucleon interactions at the core of these models. With the aim of exploring more exotic short-lived nuclei located ever closer to the proton and neutron driplines, laser spectroscopy techniques, with their continuous technological developments towards higher resolution and higher sensitivity, are extensively employed at current- and next-generation radioactive ion beam facilities worldwide. Ongoing efforts in parallel promise to improve the availability of these even more exotic species at next-generation facilities. Very recently, an innovative application of laser spectroscopy on molecules containing short-lived nuclei has been demonstrated offering additional opportunities for several fields of research, e.g. fundamental symmetry studies and astrophysics. In this review, the basic nuclear properties measurable with laser spectroscopy will be introduced. How these observables are associated with nuclear structure and nucleon–nucleon interactions will be discussed. Following this, a general overview of different laser spectroscopy methods will be given with particular emphasis on technical advancements reported in recent years. The main focus of this article is to review the numerous highlights that have resulted from studying exotic nuclei in different mass regions with laser spectroscopy techniques since the last edition in this series. Finally, the challenges facing the field in addition to future opportunities will be discussed.

研究远离稳定的不稳定原子核的性质和结构是现代核物理学研究的一个重要途径。这些努力的动机是对质子中子比不寻常的原子核中意想不到的结构现象的持续观察。近几十年来,激光光谱技术在我们对几乎涵盖整个核图的不同质量区域的奇异核的理解方面做出了重大贡献。这是通过确定核基态和同分异构体态的多种基本性质来实现的,例如核自旋、磁偶极子和电四极矩和电荷半径,通过测量感兴趣的原子核的原子或离子光谱中的超精细结构和同位素位移。这些性质为最近发展的最先进的核理论提供了突出的测试,并有助于促进在改进这些模型核心的多体方法和核子-核子相互作用方面的新发展。随着激光光谱学技术不断向更高分辨率和更高灵敏度的方向发展,激光光谱学技术在当前和下一代放射性离子束设施中得到了广泛的应用,其目的是探索更接近质子和中子线的奇异短寿命核。同时正在进行的努力有望在下一代设施中提高这些更外来物种的可用性。最近,激光光谱学在含有短寿命原子核的分子上的创新应用已经被证明为几个研究领域提供了额外的机会,例如基本对称性研究和天体物理学。本文介绍了用激光光谱法测量核的基本性质。这些可观测物如何与核结构和核子-核子相互作用相联系将被讨论。接下来,将对不同的激光光谱学方法进行概述,并特别强调近年来报道的技术进步。本文的主要重点是回顾自本系列的上一版以来,用激光光谱学技术研究不同质量区域的奇异核所产生的许多亮点。最后,将讨论该领域面临的挑战以及未来的机遇。
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引用次数: 25
Theoretical studies of Pygmy Resonances 侏儒共振的理论研究
IF 9.6 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.104006
E.G. Lanza , L. Pellegri , A. Vitturi , M.V. Andrés

This review aims at giving a critical description of the theoretical researches conducted on the low-lying dipole states traditionally denoted as Pygmy Dipole Resonances (PDR). A brief survey of the experimental techniques and recent experimental findings is presented as an introduction to the main part of the paper. The presence of the PDR on stable and unstable nuclei with neutron excess is well established in theoretical and experimental studies. The theoretical approaches are reviewed starting from the macroscopic collective models to the microscopic mean-field theories. The isospin mixed nature of the PDR – reproduced by all the microscopic approaches – allows to study the excitation with isovector and isoscalar probes. To draw a better picture on the structure of this mode is therefore important to complement the theoretical studies with detailed investigation on the reaction mechanism. To this mean, this paper gives specific focus to the description of the cross section calculations. The semiclassical Coupled Channel equations are shortly reviewed with particular attention to the construction of the nuclear potential and radial form factors with the microscopic transition densities. The interplay of Coulomb and nuclear contributions, their dependence on mass, charge and incident energy are analysed with the help of few selected examples. Most of the features of the PDR are well described by the theoretical approaches even though few open question remain to be clarified. Among them a discussion on the collectivity of the mode, isospin splitting and role of deformation is presented. Most of the theoretical works and the new experimental findings on the collective properties of the PDR jeopardise the common picture of this excitation mode as related to the oscillation of the neutron skin against an inert core The question on the influence of the neutron excess on other multipolarities is also reviewed.

本文对低洼偶极子态的理论研究进行了评述,这些理论研究通常被称为侏儒偶极子共振(PDR)。简要介绍了实验技术和最近的实验发现,作为本文主要部分的介绍。PDR存在于中子过剩的稳定和不稳定核上,在理论和实验研究中都得到了充分的证实。从宏观的集体模型到微观的平均场理论,对理论方法进行了综述。PDR的同位旋混合性质-通过所有显微方法再现-允许用等矢量和等标量探针研究激发。因此,为了更好地了解该模式的结构,对反应机理的详细研究是理论研究的补充。为此,本文重点介绍了截面计算的描述。简要回顾了半经典耦合通道方程,特别注意了核势和径向形状因子与微观跃迁密度的构造。通过几个例子分析了库仑和核的相互作用,以及它们对质量、电荷和入射能量的依赖。理论方法很好地描述了PDR的大多数特征,尽管仍有几个悬而未决的问题有待澄清。其中讨论了模态的集体性、同位旋分裂和变形的作用。大多数关于PDR的集体性质的理论工作和新的实验发现都破坏了这种与惰性核上的中子皮振荡有关的激发模式的一般图像。
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引用次数: 6
Chiral effects in astrophysics and cosmology 天体物理学和宇宙学中的手性效应
IF 9.6 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.104016
Kohei Kamada , Naoki Yamamoto , Di-Lun Yang

The microscopic quantum nature of elementary particles, chirality, leads to macroscopic phenomena like the chiral anomaly, chiral magnetic effect, and chiral plasma instability. We review recent progress of the studies of these chiral effects in high-energy astrophysics, such as pulsar kicks, magnetars, and core-collapse supernovae, and early Universe cosmology, such as the primordial magnetic field, baryogenesis, and chiral gravitational waves. We also provide a pedagogical introduction to the chiral effects and low-energy effective theories to describe them in and out of equilibrium—the chiral (magneto)hydrodynamics, chiral kinetic theory, and chiral radiation transport theory for neutrinos.

基本粒子的微观量子性质——手性,导致了手性异常、手性磁效应和手性等离子体不稳定性等宏观现象。我们回顾了高能天体物理学中这些手性效应的最新研究进展,如脉冲星踢动、磁星和核心坍缩超新星,以及早期宇宙宇宙学,如原始磁场、重子形成和手性引力波。我们还提供了一个教学介绍手性效应和低能量有效理论来描述它们在平衡和平衡之外-手性(磁)流体力学,手性动力学,和中微子的手性辐射输运理论。
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引用次数: 11
Neutrinos and their interactions with matter 中微子和它们与物质的相互作用
IF 9.6 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.104019
M. Sajjad Athar, A. Fatima, S.K. Singh

We have presented a review of the properties of neutrinos and their interactions with matter. The different (anti)neutrino processes like the quasielastic scattering, inelastic production of mesons and hyperons, and the deep inelastic scattering from the free nucleons are discussed, and the results for the scattering cross sections are presented. The polarization observables for the leptons and hadrons produced in the final state, in the case of quasielastic scattering, are also studied. The importance of nuclear medium effects in the low, intermediate, and high energy regions, in the above processes along with the processes of the coherent neutrino–nucleus scattering, coherent meson production, and trident production, has been highlighted. In some cases, the results of the cross sections are also given and compared with the available experimental data as well as with the predictions in the different theoretical models. This study would be helpful in understanding the (anti)neutrino interaction cross section with matter in the few GeV energy region relevant to the next generation experiments like DUNE, Hyper-Kamiokande, and other experiments with accelerator and atmospheric neutrinos. We have emphasized the need of better theoretical models for some of these processes for studying the nuclear medium effects in nuclei.

我们对中微子的性质及其与物质的相互作用作了综述。讨论了准弹性散射、介子和超子的非弹性产生以及自由核子的深度非弹性散射等不同(反)中微子过程,并给出了散射截面的结果。在准弹性散射的情况下,还研究了轻子和强子在最终状态下的极化观测值。在上述过程以及相干中微子-核散射、相干介子产生和三叉戟产生过程中,低、中、高能区核介质效应的重要性已经得到强调。在某些情况下,还给出了截面的结果,并与现有的实验数据以及不同理论模型的预测结果进行了比较。这项研究将有助于理解(反)中微子与物质在少数GeV能量区域的相互作用截面,这与下一代实验如DUNE, hyper -神冈实验以及其他加速器和大气中微子实验有关。我们强调,为了研究原子核中的核介质效应,需要对其中一些过程有更好的理论模型。
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引用次数: 0
Nuclei in core-collapse supernovae engine 核心坍缩超新星引擎中的原子核
IF 9.6 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.104018
S. Furusawa , H. Nagakura

Herein, we review the nuclear equations of state (EOSs) and the constituent nuclei of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) and their roles in CCSN simulations. Various nuclei such as deuterons, iron, and extremely neutron-rich nuclei compose in the central engines of CCSNe. The center of a collapsing core is dominated by neutron-rich heavy nuclei prior to the occurrence of core bounce. Their weak interactions significantly affect the neutrino emission and the size of the produced proto-neutron star. After a core bounce, heavy nuclei are dissolved to protons, neutrons, and light nuclei between the expanding shock wave and the newly formed neutron star (NS). Some of the key components in determining the shock-wave dynamics and supernova explosion of outer envelopes are neutrino interactions of nucleons and light nuclei such as deuterons. An EOS provides the relations between thermodynamical properties and the nuclear composition, and is needed to simulate this explosion. Further investigations on uniform and non-uniform nuclear matter are needed to improve the understanding of the mechanism of CCSNe and the properties of supernova nuclei. The knowledge of the EOS for uniform nuclear matter is being continually improved by a combination of microscopic calculations, terrestrial experiments, and NS observations. With reference to various nuclear experiments and current theories, the finite temperature effects on heavy nuclei, formation of light nuclei in dilute nuclear matter, and transition to uniform nuclear matter should be improved in the model of the EOS for non-uniform nuclear matter.

本文综述了核坍缩超新星(CCSNe)的核状态方程(EOSs)和组成核及其在CCSN模拟中的作用。各种核,如氘核、铁核和极富中子的核组成了CCSNe的中心引擎。在发生弹跳之前,坍缩核的中心主要是富含中子的重核。它们的弱相互作用显著地影响中微子发射和产生的原中子星的大小。在核心反弹之后,在膨胀的激波和新形成的中子星(NS)之间,重原子核分解为质子、中子和轻原子核。原子核与轻核(如氘核)之间的中微子相互作用是决定外包层冲击波动力学和超新星爆炸的关键因素。EOS提供了热力学性质和核组成之间的关系,并且需要模拟这次爆炸。对均匀和非均匀核物质的进一步研究,有助于提高对CCSNe机制和超新星核性质的认识。通过微观计算、地面实验和NS观测的结合,对均匀核物质的EOS的认识正在不断得到改进。参考各种核实验和现有理论,在非均匀核物质的EOS模型中,重核的有限温度效应、稀核物质中轻核的形成以及向均匀核物质的转变等问题有待改进。
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引用次数: 2
Equation of state for QCD from lattice simulations 基于点阵模拟的QCD状态方程
IF 9.6 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.104007
Claudia Ratti

I will review the state of the art of the equation of state for strongly interacting matter from first principles. I will discuss results at zero and finite chemical potential. For the latter, I will focus on Taylor expansion, analytical continuation from imaginary chemical potential, and a novel expansion scheme that was recently introduced, and that allowed a substantial extension of the coverage in baryonic chemical potential. I will also introduce a few lattice-based approaches, used to study the thermodynamics in the vicinity of the critical point.

我将从第一原理回顾强相互作用物质的状态方程的最新进展。我将讨论零化学势和有限化学势的结果。对于后者,我将重点介绍泰勒展开,从虚化学势出发的解析延拓,以及最近引入的一种新的展开方案,它允许重子化学势的覆盖范围得到实质性的扩展。我还将介绍一些基于晶格的方法,用于研究临界点附近的热力学。
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引用次数: 4
Shedding light on nuclear aspects of neutrinoless double beta decay by heavy-ion double charge exchange reactions 通过重离子双电荷交换反应揭示中微子双β衰变的核方面
IF 9.6 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103999
F. Cappuzzello , H. Lenske , M. Cavallaro , C. Agodi , N. Auerbach , J.I. Bellone , R. Bijker , S. Burrello , S. Calabrese , D. Carbone , M. Colonna , G. De Gregorio , J.L. Ferreira , D. Gambacurta , H. García-Tecocoatzi , A. Gargano , J.A. Lay , R. Linares , J. Lubian , E. Santopinto , A. Spatafora

We review the status and prospects of heavy-ion double charge exchange (HI-DCE) reactions. Their important role for nuclear reaction, nuclear structure and double beta-decay investigations is outlined. From the experimental side the characteristically tiny cross sections for these processes and the high background generated by other more probable competing reactions is the main challenge, which has hindered HI-DCE spectroscopy until recent years. Modern magnetic spectrometers have proven to possess the right requisites to overcome past limitations, fostering the present and future development of the field. From the theory side, the description of the measured HI-DCE cross sections poses manifold challenges. Dealing with processes which involve composite nuclei, HI-DCE reactions can, in principle, proceed through several alternative paths. These, in turn, correspond to different reaction mechanisms probing competing aspects of nuclear structure, from mean field to various classes of nucleon–nucleon interactions and correlations. A powerful way to scrutinize the nuclear response to HI-DCE is to consistently link it to the information extracted from the competing direct reactions. Indeed, these complementary studies are mandatory in order to minimize the systematic errors in the data analyses and build a many-facets and parameter-free representation of the systems under study.

综述了重离子双电荷交换(HI-DCE)反应的研究现状和发展前景。概述了它们在核反应、核结构和双衰变研究中的重要作用。从实验方面来看,这些过程的典型小截面和其他更可能的竞争反应产生的高背景是主要的挑战,直到最近几年才阻碍了HI-DCE光谱。现代磁谱仪已被证明具有克服过去限制的正确必要条件,促进该领域的现在和未来发展。从理论方面来说,描述实测的高能谱衍射截面提出了多方面的挑战。处理涉及复合核的过程,HI-DCE反应原则上可以通过几种可选的途径进行。这些依次对应于探测核结构竞争方面的不同反应机制,从平均场到各种类型的核子-核子相互作用和相关性。仔细检查核对HI-DCE的反应的一种有效方法是始终将其与从相互竞争的直接反应中提取的信息联系起来。事实上,为了尽量减少数据分析中的系统误差,并对所研究的系统建立多方面和无参数的表示,这些补充性研究是必要的。
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引用次数: 14
Electromagnetic probes: Theory and experiment 电磁探头:理论与实验
IF 9.6 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.104004
Frank Geurts , Ralf-Arno Tripolt

We review the current state of research on electromagnetic probes in the context of heavy-ion collisions. The focus is on thermal photons and dileptons which provide unique insights into the properties of the created hot and dense matter. This review is intended to provide an introductory overview of the topic as well as a discussion of recent theoretical and experimental results. In particular, we discuss the role of vector-meson spectral functions in the calculation of photon and dilepton rates and present recent results obtained from different frameworks. Furthermore, we will highlight the special role of photons and dileptons to provide information on observables such as the temperature, the lifetime, the polarization and the electrical conductivity of the produced medium as well as their use to learn about chiral symmetry restoration and phase transitions.

本文综述了重离子碰撞背景下电磁探针的研究现状。重点是热光子和双轻子,它们提供了对所创造的热致密物质的特性的独特见解。这篇综述的目的是提供一个介绍性的概述,以及最近的理论和实验结果的讨论。特别地,我们讨论了矢量-介子谱函数在计算光子和双轻子速率中的作用,并介绍了最近从不同框架中获得的结果。此外,我们将强调光子和双轻子的特殊作用,以提供诸如所产生介质的温度,寿命,极化和电导率等可观测值的信息,以及它们用于了解手性对称恢复和相变。
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引用次数: 7
期刊
Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics
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