Despite lack of an accepted international definition of the term, ‘Islamophobia,’ has been used widely to describe the fear that people have of Islam, Muslims or a perceived Muslimness; a mindset which often manifests in religiously aggravated hate crimes and anti-Muslim discrimination. It has also become associated with the views and policies expressed by the European leaders, including the Prime Minister of the UK, Boris Johnson, and France’s re-elected President, Emmanuel Macron. While many pinpoint 9/11 as precipitating a great deal of Islamophobia, its European origin is far older and will be traced back to Colonialism and Orientalism, the product of which was an Islamophobic mindset that remains strong today. This Paper is an attempt to explore this development and its relationship with anti-Pakistani sentiment, the preventative strategies of cultural influence through soft power and counter-disinformation will be presented as suggestions for tackling Islamophobia.
{"title":"Islamophobia and Anti-Pakistani Sentiment: European Origins, Developments and Preventative Strategies","authors":"M. Hunter","doi":"10.31945/iprij.220103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31945/iprij.220103","url":null,"abstract":"Despite lack of an accepted international definition of the term, ‘Islamophobia,’ has been used widely to describe the fear that people have of Islam, Muslims or a perceived Muslimness; a mindset which often manifests in religiously aggravated hate crimes and anti-Muslim discrimination. It has also become associated with the views and policies expressed by the European leaders, including the Prime Minister of the UK, Boris Johnson, and France’s re-elected President, Emmanuel Macron. While many pinpoint 9/11 as precipitating a great deal of Islamophobia, its European origin is far older and will be traced back to Colonialism and Orientalism, the product of which was an Islamophobic mindset that remains strong today. This Paper is an attempt to explore this development and its relationship with anti-Pakistani sentiment, the preventative strategies of cultural influence through soft power and counter-disinformation will be presented as suggestions for tackling Islamophobia.","PeriodicalId":41363,"journal":{"name":"IPRI Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42020296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While Pakistan mainly focuses on its geopolitical gains vis-à-vis India in the shape of the Afghan Taliban’s return to Kabul, the developments since the Taliban’s takeover have brought serious security challenges for Pakistan. Besides, the resurgence of Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), Islamic State-Khorasan Province has also increased its terrorist attacks in Pakistan. As both terrorist groups have a strong presence in Afghanistan, Islamabad has no other option but to work with the Taliban. By examining terrorism in Pakistan since August 2021, this paper focuses on how Pakistan has responded to its growing terrorism problem. This paper argues that a variety of domestic and external factors will influence Pakistan’s counterterrorism efforts, including its own political instability, relationship with the Taliban and a political settlement with the TTP.
{"title":"The Taliban’s Takeover of Afghanistan and Pakistan’s Terrorism Problem","authors":"Z. Ahmed","doi":"10.31945/iprij.220104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31945/iprij.220104","url":null,"abstract":"While Pakistan mainly focuses on its geopolitical gains vis-à-vis India in the shape of the Afghan Taliban’s return to Kabul, the developments since the Taliban’s takeover have brought serious security challenges for Pakistan. Besides, the resurgence of Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), Islamic State-Khorasan Province has also increased its terrorist attacks in Pakistan. As both terrorist groups have a strong presence in Afghanistan, Islamabad has no other option but to work with the Taliban. By examining terrorism in Pakistan since August 2021, this paper focuses on how Pakistan has responded to its growing terrorism problem. This paper argues that a variety of domestic and external factors will influence Pakistan’s counterterrorism efforts, including its own political instability, relationship with the Taliban and a political settlement with the TTP.","PeriodicalId":41363,"journal":{"name":"IPRI Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43071425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rapid technological developments of artificial intelligence technologies in the 21st century have contributed to the development of the global system. This development has not been limited to one side but has extended to include development in the system's hubs. The global technology companies have emerged and are beginning to take an important geopolitical position in the system alongside states. The capabilities of the world order are evolving as we face advanced military, economic, knowledge, cultural, industrial, and medical capabilities that are not traditional, compared to traditional capabilities in the past decades. It has evolved into the strategic principles and beliefs of wars as well as the evolution in the nature of international interactions, competition, cooperation, and conflict. The evolution of the global system resulting from the development of the Artificial Intelligence technologies predicts a change in the global system for the foreseeable future .
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence and Evolution of the Global System","authors":"Dr. Zaman Majed Auda, Dr. Sameer Jasam Radhi","doi":"10.31945/iprij.220105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31945/iprij.220105","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid technological developments of artificial intelligence technologies in the 21st century have contributed to the development of the global system. This development has not been limited to one side but has extended to include development in the system's hubs. The global technology companies have emerged and are beginning to take an important geopolitical position in the system alongside states. The capabilities of the world order are evolving as we face advanced military, economic, knowledge, cultural, industrial, and medical capabilities that are not traditional, compared to traditional capabilities in the past decades. It has evolved into the strategic principles and beliefs of wars as well as the evolution in the nature of international interactions, competition, cooperation, and conflict. The evolution of the global system resulting from the development of the Artificial Intelligence technologies predicts a change in the global system for the foreseeable future .","PeriodicalId":41363,"journal":{"name":"IPRI Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48963282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poverty governance in developing countries constitutes an important part of global poverty governance as it is a major obstacle to the sustainable development of human society. Bangladesh has carried out numerous economic as well as trade liberalization reforms since the early 1990s with sustained and accelerated economic growth and formulated a series of measures to reduce poverty, with remarkable results. However, Bangladesh is still stuck in the paradox of a poverty trap regardless of achieving poverty reduction. The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in 2019, gravely impacted the poverty reduction efforts made in Bangladesh, large number of poverty-stricken people returned to poverty, exceeding the number of extremely poor people. Although series of poverty reduction measures have taken place in Bangladesh, yet it has not solved the poverty problem in the country. Based on the "Household income and Expenditure Survey, released by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, this paper analyzes the current situation and the development trend of poverty in Bangladesh by combining some international poverty indexes. Finally, the paper explains the actual poverty situation of Bangladesh, its causes,, and recommends some relevant measures.
{"title":"Current Situation and Trends of Poverty in Bangladesh","authors":"Dr. He Hongmei, Yuchun Song","doi":"10.31945/iprij.220106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31945/iprij.220106","url":null,"abstract":"Poverty governance in developing countries constitutes an important part of global poverty governance as it is a major obstacle to the sustainable development of human society. Bangladesh has carried out numerous economic as well as trade liberalization reforms since the early 1990s with sustained and accelerated economic growth and formulated a series of measures to reduce poverty, with remarkable results. However, Bangladesh is still stuck in the paradox of a poverty trap regardless of achieving poverty reduction. The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in 2019, gravely impacted the poverty reduction efforts made in Bangladesh, large number of poverty-stricken people returned to poverty, exceeding the number of extremely poor people. Although series of poverty reduction measures have taken place in Bangladesh, yet it has not solved the poverty problem in the country. Based on the \"Household income and Expenditure Survey, released by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, this paper analyzes the current situation and the development trend of poverty in Bangladesh by combining some international poverty indexes. Finally, the paper explains the actual poverty situation of Bangladesh, its causes,, and recommends some relevant measures.","PeriodicalId":41363,"journal":{"name":"IPRI Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49128231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pakistan’s engagement with the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is restricted by 3 Cs': commitments, compulsions, and challenges. In addition to Pakistan’s coordination with the FATF on institutional measures, operational measures including the 27-point Action Plan given by FATF to Pakistan, are also a compulsion. In this backdrop, understanding the challenge of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing, is an uphill task for both Pakistan and the international community. This paper is an attempt to investigate these provocations while discussing the objectives of the establishment of FATF. Pakistan’s relations with the FATF and its compliance with the required limitations are also explored in details. Overall, there are three questions addressed: (1) Why is Pakistan caught up in a complex and discriminatory web of international rules and, if yes, how to get out of the situation? (2) How can Pakistan come out of FATF imbroglio? Already, Pakistan’s Combating the Financing of Terrorism (CFT) Regime and National Action Plan (NAP) has clearly, set a narrative regarding terror-financing, heads of terrorist organizations and role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). (3) Pakistan needs to deal with the remaining two points of the Action Plan demanded by FATF, at the earliest, and encourage proactive diplomacy if it desires to reform AML/CFT seriously, and get off from the grey-list. Financial Action Task Force (FATF) & Pakistan: Commitments….
{"title":"Financial Action Task Force (FATF) & Pakistan: Commitments, Compulsions & Challenges","authors":"A. Mukhtar","doi":"10.31945/iprij.220108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31945/iprij.220108","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan’s engagement with the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is restricted by 3 Cs': commitments, compulsions, and challenges. In addition to Pakistan’s coordination with the FATF on institutional measures, operational measures including the 27-point Action Plan given by FATF to Pakistan, are also a compulsion. In this backdrop, understanding the challenge of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing, is an uphill task for both Pakistan and the international community. This paper is an attempt to investigate these provocations while discussing the objectives of the establishment of FATF. Pakistan’s relations with the FATF and its compliance with the required limitations are also explored in details. Overall, there are three questions addressed: (1) Why is Pakistan caught up in a complex and discriminatory web of international rules and, if yes, how to get out of the situation? (2) How can Pakistan come out of FATF imbroglio? Already, Pakistan’s Combating the Financing of Terrorism (CFT) Regime and National Action Plan (NAP) has clearly, set a narrative regarding terror-financing, heads of terrorist organizations and role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). (3) Pakistan needs to deal with the remaining two points of the Action Plan demanded by FATF, at the earliest, and encourage proactive diplomacy if it desires to reform AML/CFT seriously, and get off from the grey-list. Financial Action Task Force (FATF) & Pakistan: Commitments….","PeriodicalId":41363,"journal":{"name":"IPRI Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44783895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Economic self-sufficiency relies upon the ‘Rechtsstaat’ principle, or the rule of law, which reinforces the important attributes of liberal democracy i.e., upward control and political equality based on empirical research. The existence of far-right politics may seem implausible within liberal democracies due to endogenous variables, including power contestation, institutional malpractice, and corruption. Rather than accepting the marginalization of a subdued economic sector, liberal democracies require an in-depth research on the economic policies of coordination and collaboration to ensure their long-term survival. Scrutinizing the chronological development of far-right politico-economic trends reveals that a nation’s survival depends upon democratic choices rather than fascist behaviour. Merely incremental advancements in nationalistic trends, including monopolization within the economic sector, can imperil a state’s development. For instance, India is a large developing economy with * Dr Hussain Shaheed Soherwordi is Professor and Chairman of International Relations Department, University of Peshawar. ** Dr Sehrish Qayyum is Assistant Professor, Pakistan Navy War College, Lahore; and also a member of International Studies Association (ISA), USA.
{"title":"The Interventionist Approach of Far-Right Politics and Implications for the Future of Liberal Democracy : A Case Study of India","authors":"Dr Hussain Shaheed Soherwordi, Dr. Sehrish Qayyum","doi":"10.31945/iprij.210205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31945/iprij.210205","url":null,"abstract":"Economic self-sufficiency relies upon the ‘Rechtsstaat’ principle, or the rule of law, which reinforces the important attributes of liberal democracy i.e., upward control and political equality based on empirical research. The existence of far-right politics may seem implausible within liberal democracies due to endogenous variables, including power contestation, institutional malpractice, and corruption. Rather than accepting the marginalization of a subdued economic sector, liberal democracies require an in-depth research on the economic policies of coordination and collaboration to ensure their long-term survival. Scrutinizing the chronological development of far-right politico-economic trends reveals that a nation’s survival depends upon democratic choices rather than fascist behaviour. Merely incremental advancements in nationalistic trends, including monopolization within the economic sector, can imperil a state’s development. For instance, India is a large developing economy with * Dr Hussain Shaheed Soherwordi is Professor and Chairman of International Relations Department, University of Peshawar. ** Dr Sehrish Qayyum is Assistant Professor, Pakistan Navy War College, Lahore; and also a member of International Studies Association (ISA), USA.","PeriodicalId":41363,"journal":{"name":"IPRI Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45084417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
State and non-state actors leverage social media as a tool for hybrid warfare strategies. It becomes a psycho-political weapon aimed at the adversary's vulnerabilities exhibited in socio-politico-economic fault lines. Twitter, like other social media platforms, is being increasingly used to spread disinformation. Apart from verified accounts and social media teams, bots can be used to enhance a challenging situation for their own benefit. The challenge that many data analysts have is not finding the data only, but sorting through it to segregate fake from the real. Pakistan has been targeted continuously by disinformation. This paper discusses how influence campaigns have been waged over digital platforms in recent years, using Pakistan as a case study to highlight one of the existing fault lines and discuss opportunities in the context of the growing role of social media in modern warfare. It also tries to address the role of belligerent state actors in shaping the psychological makeup of democratic population. This research provides analysis into the worldwide influence operations and their role in international politics. It also provides * Muhammad Rehan Rasheed is a PhD Scholar, Riphah Institute of Media Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan. ** Moazzam Naseer is an Associate Professor, Institute of Media Sciences at Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan _________________ @2021 by the Islamabad Policy Research Institute. IPRI Journal XXI (2): 1-35 https://doi.org/10.31945/iprij.210204
{"title":"Digital Disinformation & Domestic Disturbance: Hostile Cyber-Enabled Information Operations to Exploit Domestic Issues on Twitter","authors":"Muhammad Rehan Rasheed, Moazzam Naseer","doi":"10.31945/iprij.210204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31945/iprij.210204","url":null,"abstract":"State and non-state actors leverage social media as a tool for hybrid warfare strategies. It becomes a psycho-political weapon aimed at the adversary's vulnerabilities exhibited in socio-politico-economic fault lines. Twitter, like other social media platforms, is being increasingly used to spread disinformation. Apart from verified accounts and social media teams, bots can be used to enhance a challenging situation for their own benefit. The challenge that many data analysts have is not finding the data only, but sorting through it to segregate fake from the real. Pakistan has been targeted continuously by disinformation. This paper discusses how influence campaigns have been waged over digital platforms in recent years, using Pakistan as a case study to highlight one of the existing fault lines and discuss opportunities in the context of the growing role of social media in modern warfare. It also tries to address the role of belligerent state actors in shaping the psychological makeup of democratic population. This research provides analysis into the worldwide influence operations and their role in international politics. It also provides * Muhammad Rehan Rasheed is a PhD Scholar, Riphah Institute of Media Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan. ** Moazzam Naseer is an Associate Professor, Institute of Media Sciences at Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan _________________ @2021 by the Islamabad Policy Research Institute. IPRI Journal XXI (2): 1-35 https://doi.org/10.31945/iprij.210204","PeriodicalId":41363,"journal":{"name":"IPRI Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42175558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biosecurity is often a downplayed element of human security in Pakistan. The leading cause for this is the existence of multiple definitions that are associated with it. Biosciences and medicine are the only fields perceived to be related to biosecurity; the corresponding sectors to these fields are riddled with poor infrastructure problems and lack of resources. To address the need for biosecurity, Pakistan formulated and ratified policies in accordance with the Biological and Toxins Weapons Convention (BTWC). However, lack of implementation of these policies continually undermines the role that biosecurity plays in the state’s entire defense plan. The problem is further compounded by the rising possibility of naturally occurring threats. This study assesses the scope for civil-military coordination to improve Pakistan’s current state of biosecurity. It sheds light on the role that generation of information plays in this regard, and how rapidly advancing methods and research in biotechnology increase the threats that may arise from biological agents, mainly through problems of dual-use. This creates a space for coordination amongst the government, military, and academia. However, the two main barriers need to be Dr. Najimdeen Bakare teaches at the Centre for International Peace and Stability (CIPS) NUST, Islamabad Aisha Ali, a graduate student at the Centre for International Peace and Stability (CIPS) NUST, Islamabad @2021 by the Islamabad Policy Research Institute. IPRI Journal XXI (2): 1-42 https://doi.org/10.31945/iprij.210201 Securitizing Biosecurity: The Scope for Civil-Military Coordination ... IPRI JOURNAL 2021 2 identified: i.e., the differences in the understanding of biosecurity and the distance between the state and the academia. The military is a significant institution in Pakistan, given Pakistan’s relations with its neighbours. Hence, a collaborative effort by bio-sciences, Public Health Organizations, the state and the military can help identify and prepare for biological threats.
在巴基斯坦，生物安全往往是人类安全的一个被低估的因素。造成这种情况的主要原因是存在与之相关的多个定义。生物科学和医学是唯一被认为与生物安全有关的领域;与这些领域相对应的部门充斥着基础设施薄弱和资源匮乏的问题。为了满足生物安全的需要，巴基斯坦根据《生物和毒素武器公约》制定并批准了相关政策。然而，缺乏这些政策的实施不断破坏生物安全在国家整个防御计划中所起的作用。自然发生威胁的可能性越来越大，使问题进一步复杂化。本研究评估了军民协调的范围，以改善巴基斯坦目前的生物安全状况。它阐明了信息的产生在这方面所起的作用，以及生物技术方面迅速发展的方法和研究如何主要通过双重用途问题增加了生物制剂可能产生的威胁。这为政府、军队和学术界之间的协调创造了空间。然而，两个主要障碍需要是可取的Najimdeen Bakare博士在伊斯兰堡国际和平与稳定中心(CIPS) NUST任教，伊斯兰堡政策研究所在伊斯兰堡国际和平与稳定中心(CIPS) NUST的研究生Aisha Ali @2021。IPRI学报，21 (2):1-42 https://doi.org/10.31945/iprij.210201证券化生物安全:军民协调的范围。IPRI JOURNAL 20122:即对生物安全的理解差异和国家与学术界之间的距离。考虑到巴基斯坦与邻国的关系，军队在巴基斯坦是一个重要的机构。因此，生物科学、公共卫生组织、国家和军队的合作努力可以帮助确定和应对生物威胁。
{"title":"Securitizing Biosecurity: The Scope for Civil-Military Coordination in Pakistan","authors":"Dr. Najimdeen Bakare, Aisha Ali","doi":"10.31945/iprij.210201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31945/iprij.210201","url":null,"abstract":"Biosecurity is often a downplayed element of human security in Pakistan. The leading cause for this is the existence of multiple definitions that are associated with it. Biosciences and medicine are the only fields perceived to be related to biosecurity; the corresponding sectors to these fields are riddled with poor infrastructure problems and lack of resources. To address the need for biosecurity, Pakistan formulated and ratified policies in accordance with the Biological and Toxins Weapons Convention (BTWC). However, lack of implementation of these policies continually undermines the role that biosecurity plays in the state’s entire defense plan. The problem is further compounded by the rising possibility of naturally occurring threats. This study assesses the scope for civil-military coordination to improve Pakistan’s current state of biosecurity. It sheds light on the role that generation of information plays in this regard, and how rapidly advancing methods and research in biotechnology increase the threats that may arise from biological agents, mainly through problems of dual-use. This creates a space for coordination amongst the government, military, and academia. However, the two main barriers need to be Dr. Najimdeen Bakare teaches at the Centre for International Peace and Stability (CIPS) NUST, Islamabad Aisha Ali, a graduate student at the Centre for International Peace and Stability (CIPS) NUST, Islamabad @2021 by the Islamabad Policy Research Institute. IPRI Journal XXI (2): 1-42 https://doi.org/10.31945/iprij.210201 Securitizing Biosecurity: The Scope for Civil-Military Coordination ... IPRI JOURNAL 2021 2 identified: i.e., the differences in the understanding of biosecurity and the distance between the state and the academia. The military is a significant institution in Pakistan, given Pakistan’s relations with its neighbours. Hence, a collaborative effort by bio-sciences, Public Health Organizations, the state and the military can help identify and prepare for biological threats.","PeriodicalId":41363,"journal":{"name":"IPRI Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48873949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CPEC and its Influence on US Indo-Pacific Strategy","authors":"Young Kim, Jinshuai Qu, Huazhong Tu","doi":"10.31945/iprij.210202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31945/iprij.210202","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41363,"journal":{"name":"IPRI Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42156757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since 2002, Pakistan witnessed a prolonged insurgency in its tribal areas bordering Afghanistan. Since then, Pakistani armed forces are engaged in military operations against the militants. This conflict has a strong bearing on the inhabitants, especially women and children due to their vulnerable and marginalized placement in economically and structurally deprived tribal society. This research will be carried out from three angles. First, it will attempt to understand the centuries-old tribal customs and traditions, which confine women in an isolated and non-participatory role as compared to the mainstream of Pakistani women. The second dimension of this research is to compare and contrast the level of tribal woman’s displacement in a conflict scenario. The third dimension of this research is to investigate the accumulated challenges of the tribal women in the displacement and rehabilitation process. It has been * Dr Farooq Hasnat is Professor Political Science and International Relations. Former Chairman, Department of Political Science, University of Punjab, Lahore. Adjunct Scholar, Middle East Institute, Washington, D.C.; and also served as Chair at the Institute of Strategic Studies, Jordan University, Amman. He can be contacted at hasnatf@gmail.com ** Dr Shehzadi Zamurrad Awan is Associate Professor, Political Science Department, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore. ___________________ @2021 by the Islamabad Policy Research Institute. IPRI Journal XXI (2): 1-27 https://doi.org/10.31945/iprij.210206 Dr Farooq Hasnat & Dr Shehzadi Zamurrad Awan 2 IPRI JOURNAL 2021 observed that after the military operation when the displaced women returned to their homes, they felt aliens in their ancestral houses. This Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was a serious challenge for women and children as the socio-cultural dynamics of the tribal society hardly allow them to engage in various outdoor activities, including treatment through counselling from psychiatrists. To understand various socio-cultural problems of women, during and after the conflict, apart from secondary resources, a focused-group discussion with male respondents from Swat and Waziristan was conducted. In this study, as a primary source, their responses have helped in confirming and reinforcing the arguments. To conclude one may say that although women and children are most affected in conflict situations, however, the gravity of their miseries could be diluted by proper planning and timely decisions by the relevant authorities.
{"title":"Pakistani Semi-tribal/Tribal Women in War Zones : Displacement and Rehabilitation","authors":"Dr Farooq Hasnat, Dr Shehzadi Zamurrad Awan","doi":"10.31945/iprij.210206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31945/iprij.210206","url":null,"abstract":"Since 2002, Pakistan witnessed a prolonged insurgency in its tribal areas bordering Afghanistan. Since then, Pakistani armed forces are engaged in military operations against the militants. This conflict has a strong bearing on the inhabitants, especially women and children due to their vulnerable and marginalized placement in economically and structurally deprived tribal society. This research will be carried out from three angles. First, it will attempt to understand the centuries-old tribal customs and traditions, which confine women in an isolated and non-participatory role as compared to the mainstream of Pakistani women. The second dimension of this research is to compare and contrast the level of tribal woman’s displacement in a conflict scenario. The third dimension of this research is to investigate the accumulated challenges of the tribal women in the displacement and rehabilitation process. It has been * Dr Farooq Hasnat is Professor Political Science and International Relations. Former Chairman, Department of Political Science, University of Punjab, Lahore. Adjunct Scholar, Middle East Institute, Washington, D.C.; and also served as Chair at the Institute of Strategic Studies, Jordan University, Amman. He can be contacted at hasnatf@gmail.com ** Dr Shehzadi Zamurrad Awan is Associate Professor, Political Science Department, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore. ___________________ @2021 by the Islamabad Policy Research Institute. IPRI Journal XXI (2): 1-27 https://doi.org/10.31945/iprij.210206 Dr Farooq Hasnat & Dr Shehzadi Zamurrad Awan 2 IPRI JOURNAL 2021 observed that after the military operation when the displaced women returned to their homes, they felt aliens in their ancestral houses. This Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was a serious challenge for women and children as the socio-cultural dynamics of the tribal society hardly allow them to engage in various outdoor activities, including treatment through counselling from psychiatrists. To understand various socio-cultural problems of women, during and after the conflict, apart from secondary resources, a focused-group discussion with male respondents from Swat and Waziristan was conducted. In this study, as a primary source, their responses have helped in confirming and reinforcing the arguments. To conclude one may say that although women and children are most affected in conflict situations, however, the gravity of their miseries could be diluted by proper planning and timely decisions by the relevant authorities.","PeriodicalId":41363,"journal":{"name":"IPRI Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49433549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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