Gender inequality has important implications for any society and is particularly important for developing economies because of their large reliance on the agricultural sector where it is especially pronounced. Women are often a crucial resource in agriculture and the rural economy but face constraints that reduce their productivity and hinder their competitiveness in the sector. In this study we measure the Abbreviated Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index, as a standardized methodology that directly capture women’s empowerment and inclusion of women in the agricultural sector, and quantify the level of women empowerment in the agricultural sector in the Republic of North Macedonia. Results show that women are disempowered in all domains in agriculture compared to men. More precisely, women are significantly disempowered in ownership of assets, input in decision making and control over use of income. Positive impact on the higher empowerment of the households and smaller gender parity gap is when women are responsible for farm accountancy within the agricultural household.
性别不平等对任何社会都有重要影响，对发展中经济体尤其重要，因为它们严重依赖农业部门，而农业部门的性别不平等尤为明显。妇女往往是农业和农村经济的重要资源，但她们面临的制约因素降低了她们的生产力，阻碍了她们在该部门的竞争力。在本研究中，我们衡量了缩略农业妇女赋权指数(简称Women’s Empowerment In Agriculture Index)，这是一种直接反映妇女赋权和妇女参与农业部门的标准化方法，并量化了北马其顿共和国农业部门妇女赋权的水平。结果表明，与男性相比，妇女在农业的所有领域都被剥夺了权力。更确切地说，妇女在拥有资产、参与决策和控制收入使用方面被大大剥夺了权力。当妇女在农业家庭中负责农场会计时，对提高家庭权能和缩小性别平等差距产生积极影响。
{"title":"THE ABBREVIATED WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT IN AGRICULTURE INDEX: AN APPLICATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA","authors":"M. Nacka","doi":"10.55302/jafes19732070n","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55302/jafes19732070n","url":null,"abstract":"Gender inequality has important implications for any society and is particularly important for developing economies because of their large reliance on the agricultural sector where it is especially pronounced. Women are often a crucial resource in agriculture and the rural economy but face constraints that reduce their productivity and hinder their competitiveness in the sector. In this study we measure the Abbreviated Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index, as a standardized methodology that directly capture women’s empowerment and inclusion of women in the agricultural sector, and quantify the level of women empowerment in the agricultural sector in the Republic of North Macedonia. Results show that women are disempowered in all domains in agriculture compared to men. More precisely, women are significantly disempowered in ownership of assets, input in decision making and control over use of income. Positive impact on the higher empowerment of the households and smaller gender parity gap is when women are responsible for farm accountancy within the agricultural household.","PeriodicalId":414064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129284178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Tuna, A. M. Stojcheska, I. J. Stamenkovska, A. Simonovska
Economic performance and competiveness of commercial farms, in producing and selling organic products, is often dependent on the structure of networks and the organization of supply chains. Networks play an important role in information dissemination, particularly in the otherwise scarce information flow in rural areas. Informal networks are in most cases a valuable source of social capital and information exchange. The aim of this paper is to understand network and stakeholder position and relations in the information channels among the actors in the supply chain for organic productions, by mapping information diffusion on horizontal level - farmer’s relations with other farmers. A survey on 122 organic farms was carried out in 2018 in the Republic of North Macedonia. The data were processed in UCINET. Mapping social capital structure contributes in identifying key individuals (social capital hubs), that can be activated for information dissemination and ultimately for active mobilization of organic production networks. The findings confirm that farmers with similar production type are more likely to cooperate and share information among each other.
{"title":"NETWORKS IN THE MACEDONIAN ORGANIC PRODUCTION CONTEXT","authors":"E. Tuna, A. M. Stojcheska, I. J. Stamenkovska, A. Simonovska","doi":"10.55302/jafes19732047t","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55302/jafes19732047t","url":null,"abstract":"Economic performance and competiveness of commercial farms, in producing and selling organic products, is often dependent on the structure of networks and the organization of supply chains. Networks play an important role in information dissemination, particularly in the otherwise scarce information flow in rural areas. Informal networks are in most cases a valuable source of social capital and information exchange. The aim of this paper is to understand network and stakeholder position and relations in the information channels among the actors in the supply chain for organic productions, by mapping information diffusion on horizontal level - farmer’s relations with other farmers. A survey on 122 organic farms was carried out in 2018 in the Republic of North Macedonia. The data were processed in UCINET. Mapping social capital structure contributes in identifying key individuals (social capital hubs), that can be activated for information dissemination and ultimately for active mobilization of organic production networks. The findings confirm that farmers with similar production type are more likely to cooperate and share information among each other.","PeriodicalId":414064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123289282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mile Jakimovski, I. J. Stamenkovska, A. M. Stojcheska
Contributing to the already existing vulnerability and risks for the agricultural producers, natural disasters influence the development of agricultural production and in most instances with a negative connotation. Agricultural production is greatly reliant on weather conditions, and is often adversely affected by disasters related to weather and climate circumstances. In August 2016, North Macedonia and especially the region around the capital city of Skopje was heavily hit by floods, causing considerable damage to the agricultural production in this region. This natural disaster is expected to have a prolonged impact and assessing the damage for the perennial crops is important for the farmers, but would also contribute in the evidence based research on the topic. The results presented in this paper are based actual data, collected immediately after the flood. The analysis includes the reported damages in crop production, their structure, area affected, etc. The damage estimations are based on standard valuation methods published in the national Official Gazette. The data set contains information that provide damage assessment, but also gives grounds for compensation of farmers who were most affected. There is an urgent need to mitigate the effects of natural disasters in the agricultural sector, as well as highlight the need of permanent prevention and insurance practices in the sector.
{"title":"DAMAGE ASSESSMENT IN AGRICULTURE – FLOOD DAMAGES IN PERENNIAL CROPS","authors":"Mile Jakimovski, I. J. Stamenkovska, A. M. Stojcheska","doi":"10.55302/jafes19732092j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55302/jafes19732092j","url":null,"abstract":"Contributing to the already existing vulnerability and risks for the agricultural producers, natural disasters influence the development of agricultural production and in most instances with a negative connotation. Agricultural production is greatly reliant on weather conditions, and is often adversely affected by disasters related to weather and climate circumstances. In August 2016, North Macedonia and especially the region around the capital city of Skopje was heavily hit by floods, causing considerable damage to the agricultural production in this region. This natural disaster is expected to have a prolonged impact and assessing the damage for the perennial crops is important for the farmers, but would also contribute in the evidence based research on the topic. The results presented in this paper are based actual data, collected immediately after the flood. The analysis includes the reported damages in crop production, their structure, area affected, etc. The damage estimations are based on standard valuation methods published in the national Official Gazette. The data set contains information that provide damage assessment, but also gives grounds for compensation of farmers who were most affected. There is an urgent need to mitigate the effects of natural disasters in the agricultural sector, as well as highlight the need of permanent prevention and insurance practices in the sector.","PeriodicalId":414064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130616162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Regardless of their type, or whether they are higher (vascular) plants or fungi, wild fruits used for human nutrition have other indirect values besides of their market value. This value is commonly characterised under the term ”ecosystem values”. Such a characteristic is mostly based on the fact that this group of fungi and plants are naturally grown, man does not cultivate or process them, but is only involved in the process of their collection. In this respect, there is a need for constructing models and techniques for their economic evaluation, which is different from the product market values, or market values solely based on the supply and demand relation of certain products. Wild fruits belong to the group of renewable natural resources which represent part of the biological funds and according to their location they are usually placed in the group of "public goods", thus their exploitation is causing series of external effects (externalities). For this purpose, it is necessary to identify and specify these externalities in order to create an efficient system for management and protection of these resources. The aim of this paper is to analyze the theoretical concepts and methods that can provide base for building a system for sustainable use of wild fruits. Additional contribution will be provided in form of directions for their efficient management on the basis of theoretically and practically sublimated best practices.
{"title":"EXTERNALITIES AS A BASIS FOR ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WILD FRUITS","authors":"Mile Jakimovski, E. Tuna, I. J. Stamenkovska","doi":"10.55302/jafes19732079j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55302/jafes19732079j","url":null,"abstract":"Regardless of their type, or whether they are higher (vascular) plants or fungi, wild fruits used for human nutrition have other indirect values besides of their market value. This value is commonly characterised under the term ”ecosystem values”. Such a characteristic is mostly based on the fact that this group of fungi and plants are naturally grown, man does not cultivate or process them, but is only involved in the process of their collection. In this respect, there is a need for constructing models and techniques for their economic evaluation, which is different from the product market values, or market values solely based on the supply and demand relation of certain products. Wild fruits belong to the group of renewable natural resources which represent part of the biological funds and according to their location they are usually placed in the group of \"public goods\", thus their exploitation is causing series of external effects (externalities). For this purpose, it is necessary to identify and specify these externalities in order to create an efficient system for management and protection of these resources. The aim of this paper is to analyze the theoretical concepts and methods that can provide base for building a system for sustainable use of wild fruits. Additional contribution will be provided in form of directions for their efficient management on the basis of theoretically and practically sublimated best practices.","PeriodicalId":414064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127075279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The policy of CMO was given little emphasis in the overall accession agenda of the Republic of North Macedonia, in the period 2007-2013. The priority was mainly given to the introduction of direct payments and rural development support measures, and, the policy generally favoured a liberal approach with less-regulated market environment except for incidental non-trade barriers applied for import of wheat and flour. With the economic and financial crisis in 2009, the approach was slightly amended and markets regulation measures were incorporated in the national policy. A system to monitor the markets and improve its certainty was established according to the Law on Agriculture and Rural Development provisions and aimed at improving contractual relations between economic stakeholders (farmers, processors, traders). It includes imposing additional requirements to the buyers of the agricultural products, their registration and having obligatory contracts for all trading transactions. In addition, a sectorial partnership with economic and social partners (the Sub-sectorial Standing Working Groups -SSWGs) at national level was set up to stimulate better market relations and foster private-public communication. However, the implementation of these policies has not been successful. It is estimated that many of agricultural products transaction are taking place outside the legal framework and that the SSWGs, after the initial enthusiasm, are not operational.
{"title":"INTRODUCTION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMON MARKET ORGANISATION MEASURES","authors":"D. Nikolov","doi":"10.55302/jafes19732005n","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55302/jafes19732005n","url":null,"abstract":"The policy of CMO was given little emphasis in the overall accession agenda of the Republic of North Macedonia, in the period 2007-2013. The priority was mainly given to the introduction of direct payments and rural development support measures, and, the policy generally favoured a liberal approach with less-regulated market environment except for incidental non-trade barriers applied for import of wheat and flour. With the economic and financial crisis in 2009, the approach was slightly amended and markets regulation measures were incorporated in the national policy. A system to monitor the markets and improve its certainty was established according to the Law on Agriculture and Rural Development provisions and aimed at improving contractual relations between economic stakeholders (farmers, processors, traders). It includes imposing additional requirements to the buyers of the agricultural products, their registration and having obligatory contracts for all trading transactions. In addition, a sectorial partnership with economic and social partners (the Sub-sectorial Standing Working Groups -SSWGs) at national level was set up to stimulate better market relations and foster private-public communication. However, the implementation of these policies has not been successful. It is estimated that many of agricultural products transaction are taking place outside the legal framework and that the SSWGs, after the initial enthusiasm, are not operational.","PeriodicalId":414064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences","volume":"595 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115857473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main challenge of the bioeconomy is to achieve economic growth, increase the competitiveness of the economy, balanced production and consumption of products, conservation of natural resources, improve the marketing of farms. The aims of this article is to analyze the knowledge needs for the bioeconomy in Bulgaria. We first present the socio-economic benefits of the bioeconomy, with a focus on agriculture as a leading sector, and then identify the basic needs. A three-step approach is applied to cover all stakeholders directly involved in bioeconomic knowledge acquisition: Education and awareness; Dialogue and consult; Co-creation of new knowledge based on cooperation and training. The results imply: identifying the knowledge and technological knowledge needs required for regional specialized bioeconomies; clarification of the knowledge delivery mechanism; knowledge transfer networks; assessment of knowledge in the bioeconomics. The need for bioeconomic knowledge would support a economic growth to more resource efficient use. Increasing the knowledge base and understanding of specific areas of the bio-economy will be based on obtaining more data, generating better information and systematic analysis.
{"title":"THE NECESSITY OF KNOWLEDGE, SERVING THE NEEDS OF THE BIO-ECONOMY IN BULGARIA","authors":"A. Sarov, Daniela Tsvyatkova","doi":"10.55302/jafes19732098s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55302/jafes19732098s","url":null,"abstract":"The main challenge of the bioeconomy is to achieve economic growth, increase the competitiveness of the economy, balanced production and consumption of products, conservation of natural resources, improve the marketing of farms. The aims of this article is to analyze the knowledge needs for the bioeconomy in Bulgaria. We first present the socio-economic benefits of the bioeconomy, with a focus on agriculture as a leading sector, and then identify the basic needs. A three-step approach is applied to cover all stakeholders directly involved in bioeconomic knowledge acquisition: Education and awareness; Dialogue and consult; Co-creation of new knowledge based on cooperation and training. The results imply: identifying the knowledge and technological knowledge needs required for regional specialized bioeconomies; clarification of the knowledge delivery mechanism; knowledge transfer networks; assessment of knowledge in the bioeconomics. The need for bioeconomic knowledge would support a economic growth to more resource efficient use. Increasing the knowledge base and understanding of specific areas of the bio-economy will be based on obtaining more data, generating better information and systematic analysis.","PeriodicalId":414064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117256558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bringing national agricultural policy in line with the Common Agricultural Policy of EU, among other things, requires an understanding of how local agricultural producers with their production will fit into the EU single market. The general point that needs to be made in this regard is grasping the big picture on how agricultural products move through the value chain on their way to the final consumer. This is important not just for the actors involved, but also for the policy-makers since the logic Common Organisation of Agricultural Markets (CMO) within the EU is to reinforce the economic position of producers in the market. In this sense, analysing impacts of policy options through value chains provides decision makers and other stakeholders with anticipated evidence on likely changes directly induced by policies. The complexity of this task and the need for successful implementation of CMO measures in the Republic of North Macedonia required methodological approach that has been developed within the Project “Introduction and implementation of Common Market Organization measures”. Developed methodological approach that enables assess on quantitative grounds the impacts that policy option have upon certain product (commodity) is presented in this paper.
{"title":"METHODOLOGICAL CONTEXT AND DOMAINS OF VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS FOR POLICY MAKING: CASE IN REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA","authors":"N. Daniloska, D. Nikolov, Andrijana Velevska","doi":"10.55302/jafes19732107d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55302/jafes19732107d","url":null,"abstract":"Bringing national agricultural policy in line with the Common Agricultural Policy of EU, among other things, requires an understanding of how local agricultural producers with their production will fit into the EU single market. The general point that needs to be made in this regard is grasping the big picture on how agricultural products move through the value chain on their way to the final consumer. This is important not just for the actors involved, but also for the policy-makers since the logic Common Organisation of Agricultural Markets (CMO) within the EU is to reinforce the economic position of producers in the market. In this sense, analysing impacts of policy options through value chains provides decision makers and other stakeholders with anticipated evidence on likely changes directly induced by policies. The complexity of this task and the need for successful implementation of CMO measures in the Republic of North Macedonia required methodological approach that has been developed within the Project “Introduction and implementation of Common Market Organization measures”. Developed methodological approach that enables assess on quantitative grounds the impacts that policy option have upon certain product (commodity) is presented in this paper.","PeriodicalId":414064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115723652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.55302/jafes19732006ch
M. Čep, J. Turk, J. Prišenk
The main purpose of the research is to analyze the recent tax legislation of supplementary activities on farms and to determine if the implementation of fiscal cash registers affects its number. This survey covers 90 holders of subsidiary activities in northeast Slovenia. It was determined that the implementation had mainly affected activities with a yearly income of 3,500 EUR or less. 62% of respondents have been considering resigning. 26% of holders with less than 3,500 EUR of yearly income have resigned. Even though the analysis shows the implementation of fiscal cash registers is not the main cause of resigning, while 29 % of all holders resigned. In general, it represents 5.75% of all registered agricultural holders with supplementary activities. Research also includes farmer's feedback on legal novelties that have been implemented between 2015 and 2018.
{"title":"ANALYSIS OF FISCAL CASH REGISTERS INTRODUCTION AND TAX LEGISLATION NOVELTIES OF THE SUPPLEMENTARY ACTIVITIES ON THE FARM","authors":"M. Čep, J. Turk, J. Prišenk","doi":"10.55302/jafes19732006ch","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55302/jafes19732006ch","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of the research is to analyze the recent tax legislation of supplementary activities on farms and to determine if the implementation of fiscal cash registers affects its number. This survey covers 90 holders of subsidiary activities in northeast Slovenia. It was determined that the implementation had mainly affected activities with a yearly income of 3,500 EUR or less. 62% of respondents have been considering resigning. 26% of holders with less than 3,500 EUR of yearly income have resigned. Even though the analysis shows the implementation of fiscal cash registers is not the main cause of resigning, while 29 % of all holders resigned. In general, it represents 5.75% of all registered agricultural holders with supplementary activities. Research also includes farmer's feedback on legal novelties that have been implemented between 2015 and 2018.","PeriodicalId":414064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences","volume":"42 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124966685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Bećirović, Sabahudin Bajramovic, I. J. Stamenkovska, J. Žgajnar
A significant number of small farms in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) produce berry fruits. Some of them achieve good economic results, however many have significant potential for further improvement. Due to several beneficial factors, many farms decide for cultivation of a single berry fruit activity, however this decision implies a potential risk in case of unfavourable production or market conditions for that crop. The aim of this analysis is therefore to observe the extent of risk reduction by application of different diversification strategies, using two types of berry fruits; and the most efficient production plans for such a farm from a risk perspective. A linear program was utilized to prepare an optimal production plan, while quadratic risk programming served to analyse risk. Results show that diversification could be a significantly important possibility for risk reduction on such farm type. It is possible to reduce risk with capital and labour less intensive production activities. Production of the highly intensive strawberry variety Clery has highest Estimated Gross Margin (EGM), but is also associated with very high risk. If one includes raspberries or blueberries into the production plan, it is possible to significantly reduce risk while almost keeping EGM at the same level. On the other hand, if the farmer is risk averse, the highest opportunity cost for risk reduction on such a farm type is in production of raspberry and blueberry, where it is necessary to give up 3.25 EUR on average for decreasing risk for one EUR. In the other two scenarios, production of strawberry – blueberry and strawberry – raspberry, risk gradient values are almost the same with amount 2.57 EUR sand 2.56 EUR, respectively.
{"title":"SMALL BERRY FRUIT FARMS AND DIVERSIFICATION POTENTIAL ON REDUCTION OF PRODUCTION RISK","authors":"E. Bećirović, Sabahudin Bajramovic, I. J. Stamenkovska, J. Žgajnar","doi":"10.55302/jafes19732020b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55302/jafes19732020b","url":null,"abstract":"A significant number of small farms in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) produce berry fruits. Some of them achieve good economic results, however many have significant potential for further improvement. Due to several beneficial factors, many farms decide for cultivation of a single berry fruit activity, however this decision implies a potential risk in case of unfavourable production or market conditions for that crop. The aim of this analysis is therefore to observe the extent of risk reduction by application of different diversification strategies, using two types of berry fruits; and the most efficient production plans for such a farm from a risk perspective. A linear program was utilized to prepare an optimal production plan, while quadratic risk programming served to analyse risk. Results show that diversification could be a significantly important possibility for risk reduction on such farm type. It is possible to reduce risk with capital and labour less intensive production activities. Production of the highly intensive strawberry variety Clery has highest Estimated Gross Margin (EGM), but is also associated with very high risk. If one includes raspberries or blueberries into the production plan, it is possible to significantly reduce risk while almost keeping EGM at the same level. On the other hand, if the farmer is risk averse, the highest opportunity cost for risk reduction on such a farm type is in production of raspberry and blueberry, where it is necessary to give up 3.25 EUR on average for decreasing risk for one EUR. In the other two scenarios, production of strawberry – blueberry and strawberry – raspberry, risk gradient values are almost the same with amount 2.57 EUR sand 2.56 EUR, respectively.","PeriodicalId":414064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132924244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper indicates the depopulation of the rural areas in Serbia during the period from 1961 to 2011. Based on the research on a number of indicators, there have been significant changes in the rural society and the rural areas in Serbia, primarily expressed through the processes of: depopulation, ageing and migrations that have affected socioeconomic and rural development. The theoretical framework for the sociological study of the villages was based on the monographic method for the qualitative and quantitative description of the village settlements and regions. The analytical method was used for the interpretation of cause and functional relations within the rural area. The analysis of documents, the official statistical data and publications (Population and households of Serbia according to the 2002 census, Population of Serbia at the beginning of the 21st century, Villages in Serbia; the changes in structure and the problem of sustainable development. Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in 2011 (Census of Agriculture 2012 related to the process of depopulation of the rural areas in Serbia were used for the research. The changes occurred in the rural areas of Serbia have resulted in the depopulation of many villages which are without inhabitants now. Today’s population structure in villages shows the trend of reducing the share of the young population and the increase in elderly population, all of which affect the demographic picture of the rural areas in Serbia. Such situation leads to the change in the structure of the working age population, with the further tendency of the village depopulation, especially in the mountainous areas where the fertile contingent has almost disappeared.
{"title":"DEPOPULATION OF RURAL AREAS","authors":"S. Jelić, T. Jovanović, A. Milojevic","doi":"10.55302/jafes19732038j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55302/jafes19732038j","url":null,"abstract":"This paper indicates the depopulation of the rural areas in Serbia during the period from 1961 to 2011. Based on the research on a number of indicators, there have been significant changes in the rural society and the rural areas in Serbia, primarily expressed through the processes of: depopulation, ageing and migrations that have affected socioeconomic and rural development. The theoretical framework for the sociological study of the villages was based on the monographic method for the qualitative and quantitative description of the village settlements and regions. The analytical method was used for the interpretation of cause and functional relations within the rural area. The analysis of documents, the official statistical data and publications (Population and households of Serbia according to the 2002 census, Population of Serbia at the beginning of the 21st century, Villages in Serbia; the changes in structure and the problem of sustainable development. Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in 2011 (Census of Agriculture 2012 related to the process of depopulation of the rural areas in Serbia were used for the research. The changes occurred in the rural areas of Serbia have resulted in the depopulation of many villages which are without inhabitants now. Today’s population structure in villages shows the trend of reducing the share of the young population and the increase in elderly population, all of which affect the demographic picture of the rural areas in Serbia. Such situation leads to the change in the structure of the working age population, with the further tendency of the village depopulation, especially in the mountainous areas where the fertile contingent has almost disappeared.","PeriodicalId":414064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences","volume":"143 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129459008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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