{"title":"The formation of existential constructions in Western Serengeti – a micro-comparative exploration of variation and change","authors":"R. Bernander, Antti Laine","doi":"10.2143/AL.26.0.3289087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/AL.26.0.3289087","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41483,"journal":{"name":"Africana Linguistica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83399581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, we assess the genealogical validity of West‑Coastal Bantu (WCB) as a major subclade of the Bantu family by means of the Comparative Method. Based on a comparative dataset of 66 different cognate series, we demonstrate that languages previously classified as WCB according to lexicon‑based quantitative methods share at least one common phonological innovation: the phonemic merger of the Proto‑Bantu velar stops *g and *k due to the devoicing of *g when not preceded by a nasal. We show that the velar merger is a unique phonological innovation distinguishing WCB from other Bantu phylogenetic groups such as South‑Western and Eastern. It probably also separates WCB from North‑Western and Central‑Western Bantu, where *g did devoice, but not always before *k became zero. However, at this stage, there is not enough empirical evidence and especially not sufficient systematic historical‑comparative linguistic research to further test this hypothesis. In any event, building on Mohlig (1981), we speculate that the recurrent devoicing of *g in several ancestral Bantu languages of the rainforest could be diagnostic of a pre‑Bantu hunter‑gatherer substrate.
{"title":"The proto-West-Coastal Bantu velar merger","authors":"Sara Pacchiarotti, K. Bostoen","doi":"10.2143/AL.26.0.3289089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/AL.26.0.3289089","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we assess the genealogical validity of West‑Coastal Bantu (WCB) as a major subclade of the Bantu family by means of the Comparative Method. Based on a comparative dataset of 66 different cognate series, we demonstrate that languages previously classified as WCB according to lexicon‑based quantitative methods share at least one common phonological innovation: the phonemic merger of the Proto‑Bantu velar stops *g and *k due to the devoicing of *g when not preceded by a nasal. We show that the velar merger is a unique phonological innovation distinguishing WCB from other Bantu phylogenetic groups such as South‑Western and Eastern. It probably also separates WCB from North‑Western and Central‑Western Bantu, where *g did devoice, but not always before *k became zero. However, at this stage, there is not enough empirical evidence and especially not sufficient systematic historical‑comparative linguistic research to further test this hypothesis. In any event, building on Mohlig (1981), we speculate that the recurrent devoicing of *g in several ancestral Bantu languages of the rainforest could be diagnostic of a pre‑Bantu hunter‑gatherer substrate.","PeriodicalId":41483,"journal":{"name":"Africana Linguistica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89299824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sara Pacchiarotti, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, K. Bostoen
In this paper we deal with the identification, geography and internal phylogeny of Bantu B50-80 languages. According to lexicostatistical and lexicon-based phylogenetic studies, these languages belong to the West-Coastal branch of the Bantu family along with the Kikongo Language Cluster. First, we present an updated list of nearly 100 language varieties falling into Guthrie’s B50-80 groups along with corresponding updated geographical coordinate values. We dissipate confusion surrounding some glossonyms and point out misinterpretations that led to conflation of different varieties and misnumbering in non-genetic, referential classifications. Second, we present the results of a new phylogenetic study including all B50-80 varieties in our sample to be later compared to an internal classification based on shared phonological innovations. Our results show that: (i) previous internal subgroupings of Guthrie’s B50-80 languages within West-Coastal Bantu either need to be revised or are no longer valid against new evidence; and (ii) the new internal structure of the West-Coastal branch suggests that the homeland of Proto-West-Coastal Bantu speakers is not to be found, as previously believed, somewhere in between the Bateke Plateau and the Bandundu region in the DRC but rather much more eastward, i.e. somewhere between the Kamtsha and Kasai Rivers in the DRC.
{"title":"Untangling the West-Coastal Bantu mess: identification, geography and phylogeny of the Bantu B50-80 languages","authors":"Sara Pacchiarotti, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, K. Bostoen","doi":"10.2143/AL.25.0.3287234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/AL.25.0.3287234","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we deal with the identification, geography and internal phylogeny of Bantu B50-80 languages. According to lexicostatistical and lexicon-based phylogenetic studies, these languages belong to the West-Coastal branch of the Bantu family along with the Kikongo Language Cluster. First, we present an updated list of nearly 100 language varieties falling into Guthrie’s B50-80 groups along with corresponding updated geographical coordinate values. We dissipate confusion surrounding some glossonyms and point out misinterpretations that led to conflation of different varieties and misnumbering in non-genetic, referential classifications. Second, we present the results of a new phylogenetic study including all B50-80 varieties in our sample to be later compared to an internal classification based on shared phonological innovations. Our results show that: (i) previous internal subgroupings of Guthrie’s B50-80 languages within West-Coastal Bantu either need to be revised or are no longer valid against new evidence; and (ii) the new internal structure of the West-Coastal branch suggests that the homeland of Proto-West-Coastal Bantu speakers is not to be found, as previously believed, somewhere in between the Bateke Plateau and the Bandundu region in the DRC but rather much more eastward, i.e. somewhere between the Kamtsha and Kasai Rivers in the DRC.","PeriodicalId":41483,"journal":{"name":"Africana Linguistica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89511553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Tanzanian Bantu languages Rangi and Mbugwe both employ a double negation marking strategy. In Rangi, verbal negation is achieved through the presence of a pre-verbal negative marker and a negative marker which appears either post-verbally or in a clause-final position. In Mbugwe, negation is indicated by a prefix that appears on the verb form and an optional post- verbal negative marker. This paper presents a descriptive account of negation in these two closely related languages, as well as exploring possible origins and grammaticalisation pathways involved in the development of the respective negation strategies in each instance. We propose that negation in these two languages shows evidence of the stages of Jespersen’s cycle: with what started out as a single marker of negation giving way to a bipartite negation strategy. We present data exemplifying negation in the two languages, contributing to the discussion of the development of negation in Bantu and the applicability of Jespersen’s cycle in the language family, as well as highlighting the possible role played by language contact in the development of negation in these languages.
{"title":"Cycles of negation in Rangi and Mbugwe","authors":"Hannah Gibson, Vera Wilhelmsen","doi":"10.2143/AL.21.0.3122582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/AL.21.0.3122582","url":null,"abstract":"The Tanzanian Bantu languages Rangi and Mbugwe both employ a double negation marking strategy. In Rangi, verbal negation is achieved through the presence of a pre-verbal negative marker and a negative marker which appears either post-verbally or in a clause-final position. In Mbugwe, negation is indicated by a prefix that appears on the verb form and an optional post- verbal negative marker. This paper presents a descriptive account of negation in these two closely related languages, as well as exploring possible origins and grammaticalisation pathways involved in the development of the respective negation strategies in each instance. We propose that negation in these two languages shows evidence of the stages of Jespersen’s cycle: with what started out as a single marker of negation giving way to a bipartite negation strategy. We present data exemplifying negation in the two languages, contributing to the discussion of the development of negation in Bantu and the applicability of Jespersen’s cycle in the language family, as well as highlighting the possible role played by language contact in the development of negation in these languages.","PeriodicalId":41483,"journal":{"name":"Africana Linguistica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86909533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Creissels, Sokhna Bao-Diop, Alain-Christian Bassène, M. Cissé, Alexander Cobbinah, E. Dieye, D. Ndao, Sylvie Nouguier-Voisin, N. Quint, Marie Renaudier, A. Sall, Guillaume Segerer
La plupart des descriptions de langues ouest‑africaines ne soulevent pas la question de la reconnaissance de constructions impersonnelles, au sens de constructions predicatives qui posent probleme pour la reconnaissance d'un sujet canonique. Cet article montre que des phenomenes syntaxiques largement comparables a ceux pour lesquels cette notion est couramment utilisee se rencontrent aussi en Afrique de l'Ouest, notamment dans les langues de la region Senegambienne (Senegal, Cap‑Vert, Gambie, Guinee Bissau). Cinq domaines fonctionnels dans lesquels l'absence de sujet canonique est dans les langues du monde un phenomene courant sont successivement passes en revue : (1) phrases decrivant des phenomenes meteorologiques, (2) phrases se caracterisant par le caractere indefini ou generique de l'argument qui pourrait etre pris comme sujet, (3) phrases se caracterisant par le caractere non topical de l'argument qui pourrait etre pris comme sujet, (4) phrases se caracterisant par le faible degre d'animeite de l'argument qui pourrait etre pris comme sujet, (5) phrases se caracterisant par le faible degre d'agentivite de l'argument qui pourrait etre pris comme sujet.
{"title":"L’impersonnalité dans les langues de la région sénégambienne","authors":"D. Creissels, Sokhna Bao-Diop, Alain-Christian Bassène, M. Cissé, Alexander Cobbinah, E. Dieye, D. Ndao, Sylvie Nouguier-Voisin, N. Quint, Marie Renaudier, A. Sall, Guillaume Segerer","doi":"10.2143/AL.21.0.3122578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/AL.21.0.3122578","url":null,"abstract":"La plupart des descriptions de langues ouest‑africaines ne soulevent pas la question de la reconnaissance de constructions impersonnelles, au sens de constructions predicatives qui posent probleme pour la reconnaissance d'un sujet canonique. Cet article montre que des phenomenes syntaxiques largement comparables a ceux pour lesquels cette notion est couramment utilisee se rencontrent aussi en Afrique de l'Ouest, notamment dans les langues de la region Senegambienne (Senegal, Cap‑Vert, Gambie, Guinee Bissau). Cinq domaines fonctionnels dans lesquels l'absence de sujet canonique est dans les langues du monde un phenomene courant sont successivement passes en revue : (1) phrases decrivant des phenomenes meteorologiques, (2) phrases se caracterisant par le caractere indefini ou generique de l'argument qui pourrait etre pris comme sujet, (3) phrases se caracterisant par le caractere non topical de l'argument qui pourrait etre pris comme sujet, (4) phrases se caracterisant par le faible degre d'animeite de l'argument qui pourrait etre pris comme sujet, (5) phrases se caracterisant par le faible degre d'agentivite de l'argument qui pourrait etre pris comme sujet.","PeriodicalId":41483,"journal":{"name":"Africana Linguistica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89806684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pedro Dias, S.J. (1621/1622-1700) published the first known grammar book of Kimbundu, entitled Arte da Lingua de Angola, oeferecida (sic) a Virgem Senhora N[ossa] do Rosario, Mãy, e Senhora dos mesmos Pretos (Lisbon 1697) [Grammar of the Language of Angola, offered to our Virgin Mother of the Rosary, and Lady of the Negroes] for use by the Jesuit missionaries, particularly in the north-eastern of Brazil, to instruct and convert the several Angolan and other Bantu western African slaves living there. This paper describes Dias’ grammar book relevance to the Portuguese, Brazilian and Angolan linguistic historiography. Dias’ Arte, although a small book (only 48 pages) with no theoretical explanation, is a pioneering Bantu linguistic work, being the first known systematic grammar of (Kahenda-Mbaka) Kimbundu used as general or common language in Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the 17th century, and the second printed grammar of any Bantu language, preceded only by Vetralla’s Regulae quaedam pro difficillimi Congensium idiomatis faciliori captu ad grammaticae normam (Rome 1659) [Some rules to better understand the most difficult language of the Congo people, using grammar norms]. This paper also demonstrates that the Arte da Lingua de Angola, in addition to the influence of Pacconio and Couto’s catechism (1642), is based on Manuel Álvares’ ars minor (Lisbon 1573), in spite of his ars maior (Lisbon 1572).
佩德罗·迪亚斯(Pedro Dias, S.J.， 1621/1622-1700)出版了第一本已知的金邦杜语法书，书名为《安哥拉语言的语法》(Arte da Lingua de Angola, oeferecida(原文如此)a Virgem Senhora N[ossa] do Rosario, m y, e Senhora dos mesmos Pretos，里斯本1697)[安哥拉语言的语法，献给圣母玫瑰经圣母和黑人圣母]，供耶稣会传教士使用，特别是在巴西东北部。来指导和改变生活在那里的安哥拉和其他班图西非奴隶的信仰。本文描述了迪亚斯的语法书与葡萄牙，巴西和安哥拉语言史学的相关性。Dias ' Arte虽然是一本没有任何理论解释的小书(只有48页)，但却是一本开创性的班图语著作，是17世纪巴伊亚和巴西里约热内卢作为通用或通用语言使用的(Kahenda-Mbaka) Kimbundu语法的第一本已知的系统语法，也是班图语的第二本印刷语法。在此之前，只有Vetralla的《Regulae quaedam pro difficilllimi Congensium idiomatis faciliori captu and grammaticae normam》(罗马，1659年)[使用语法规范来更好地理解刚果人最难的语言的一些规则]。本文还证明，安哥拉语言艺术，除了Pacconio和Couto的教理问答(1642)的影响，是基于曼纽尔Álvares的ars minor(里斯本1573)，尽管他的ars major(里斯本1572)。
{"title":"The First Known Grammar of (Kahenda-Mbaka) Kimbundu (Lisbon 1697) and Álvares' ars minor (Lisbon 1573)","authors":"Gonçalo Fernandes","doi":"10.3406/AFLIN.2015.1046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/AFLIN.2015.1046","url":null,"abstract":"Pedro Dias, S.J. (1621/1622-1700) published the first known grammar book of Kimbundu, entitled Arte da Lingua de Angola, oeferecida (sic) a Virgem Senhora N[ossa] do Rosario, Mãy, e Senhora dos mesmos Pretos (Lisbon 1697) [Grammar of the Language of Angola, offered to our Virgin Mother of the Rosary, and Lady of the Negroes] for use by the Jesuit missionaries, particularly in the north-eastern of Brazil, to instruct and convert the several Angolan and other Bantu western African slaves living there. This paper describes Dias’ grammar book relevance to the Portuguese, Brazilian and Angolan linguistic historiography. Dias’ Arte, although a small book (only 48 pages) with no theoretical explanation, is a pioneering Bantu linguistic work, being the first known systematic grammar of (Kahenda-Mbaka) Kimbundu used as general or common language in Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the 17th century, and the second printed grammar of any Bantu language, preceded only by Vetralla’s Regulae quaedam pro difficillimi Congensium idiomatis faciliori captu ad grammaticae normam (Rome 1659) [Some rules to better understand the most difficult language of the Congo people, using grammar norms]. This paper also demonstrates that the Arte da Lingua de Angola, in addition to the influence of Pacconio and Couto’s catechism (1642), is based on Manuel Álvares’ ars minor (Lisbon 1573), in spite of his ars maior (Lisbon 1572).","PeriodicalId":41483,"journal":{"name":"Africana Linguistica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75778662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. D. Schryver, R. Grollemund, S. Branford, K. Bostoen
It is shown how past lexicostatistic efforts eventually led to lexically‑driven phylogenetic classifications of the Bantu languages. As a new case study, 95 North‑West and West Bantu language varieties are sampled across geographical space, with a focus on the wider Lower Congo region. This leads to the discovery of a discrete clade within West‑Coastal Bantu, which we term the Kikongo Language Cluster (KLC), a disparate continuum of closely related Bantu languages. Both a branching tree and a continuum model are called in to ‘define’ the true nature of the KLC, and pre‑historical implications are drawn from this. ------------------------- Durant le XXe siecle, de nombreuses etudes lexicostatistiques ont ete realisees sur les langues bantu permettant ainsi une meilleure comprehension de celles-ci. Par la suite, le developpement des methodes de classification a permis d'appliquer aux donnees linguistiques les methodes appelees «phylogenetiques» empruntees au domaine de la biologie. Pour cette nouvelle etude, nous avons selectionne le lexique de base de 95 langues bantu representatives des zones nord-ouest et ouest, avec une attention particuliere portee sur la region du Bas-Congo. Les resultats mettent en exergue la decouverte d'un groupe particulier que nous avons nomme «agglomerat linguistique kikongo» (Kikongo Language Cluster - KLC), qui se situe au sein du groupe bantu de la cote ouest. Ce groupe, compose de langues bantu proches, constitue cependant un groupe heterogene. Afin de mieux definir la vraie nature du KLC, nous avons applique a nos donnees les methodes phylogenetiques. Les arbres et reseaux obtenus permettent de commencer a reconstruire l'histoire et l'evolution de cet agglomerat linguistique.
它显示了过去的词汇统计工作如何最终导致班图语的词汇驱动的系统发育分类。作为一项新的案例研究，95种西北和西班图语言品种在地理空间上进行了抽样，重点是更广泛的下刚果地区。这导致在西海岸班图语中发现了一个独立的分支，我们称之为Kikongo语言集群(KLC)，这是一个密切相关的班图语的不同连续体。分支树和连续体模型都被用来“定义”KLC的真实性质，并从中得出史前的含义。------------------------- Durant le xx世纪，de nombreuses研究词汇统计，研究语言在渗透和语言理解方面的现实意义。分类方法的发展，语言学的应用，系统发生学的发展，生物学领域的发展。我们特别注意到，下刚果大区的代表，包括西北和西部地区的代表，以及95种语言的基础语言的选择，特别是下刚果大区的代表。结果表明，kikongo语言集群(英语:agglomerat linguistique kikongo)，即kikongo语言集群(英语:groupe bantu de la cote west)。这些类群，构成了两个语言的班图族，构成了独立的类群异质。在KLC的定义中，我们发现了一种新的方法，即系统发育学。语言凝聚的历史和演化的重建:语言凝聚的历史和演化。
{"title":"Introducing a state-of-the-art phylogenetic classification of the Kikongo Language Cluster","authors":"G. D. Schryver, R. Grollemund, S. Branford, K. Bostoen","doi":"10.2143/AL.21.0.3122579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/AL.21.0.3122579","url":null,"abstract":"It is shown how past lexicostatistic efforts eventually led to lexically‑driven phylogenetic classifications of the Bantu languages. As a new case study, 95 North‑West and West Bantu language varieties are sampled across geographical space, with a focus on the wider Lower Congo region. This leads to the discovery of a discrete clade within West‑Coastal Bantu, which we term the Kikongo Language Cluster (KLC), a disparate continuum of closely related Bantu languages. Both a branching tree and a continuum model are called in to ‘define’ the true nature of the KLC, and pre‑historical implications are drawn from this. ------------------------- Durant le XXe siecle, de nombreuses etudes lexicostatistiques ont ete realisees sur les langues bantu permettant ainsi une meilleure comprehension de celles-ci. Par la suite, le developpement des methodes de classification a permis d'appliquer aux donnees linguistiques les methodes appelees «phylogenetiques» empruntees au domaine de la biologie. Pour cette nouvelle etude, nous avons selectionne le lexique de base de 95 langues bantu representatives des zones nord-ouest et ouest, avec une attention particuliere portee sur la region du Bas-Congo. Les resultats mettent en exergue la decouverte d'un groupe particulier que nous avons nomme «agglomerat linguistique kikongo» (Kikongo Language Cluster - KLC), qui se situe au sein du groupe bantu de la cote ouest. Ce groupe, compose de langues bantu proches, constitue cependant un groupe heterogene. Afin de mieux definir la vraie nature du KLC, nous avons applique a nos donnees les methodes phylogenetiques. Les arbres et reseaux obtenus permettent de commencer a reconstruire l'histoire et l'evolution de cet agglomerat linguistique.","PeriodicalId":41483,"journal":{"name":"Africana Linguistica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87725852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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