Pub Date : 2013-03-24DOI: 10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525822
A. Pinomaa, J. Ahola, A. Kosonen, P. Nuutinen
It has been shown that high-frequency (HF) band power-line communication (PLC) is a suitable data transmission method for the smart grid concept, namely a low-voltage direct current (LVDC) distribution system. In this paper, the PLC channel analysis in the LVDC system is continued with a detailed noise analysis. Noise signals from the terminals of PLC couplers are measured in the time domain. Noise power spectral densities (PSDs) are derived from the measured noise voltage, and the variation in the noise PSDs in the time domain is analyzed. The effects of noise on the performance of the HF band PLC are analyzed theoretically and by communication tests. The noise voltages are measured, and communication tests are carried out both in the LVDC laboratory system and in an LVDC field pilot system. The noise PSD is observed in the frequency band between 100 kHz and 30 MHz, which covers the band applied to the PLC in the channel. The results show that noise (mainly impulsive) in the channel has a major effect on the performance of the PLC.
{"title":"Noise analysis of a power-line communication channel in an LVDC smart grid concept","authors":"A. Pinomaa, J. Ahola, A. Kosonen, P. Nuutinen","doi":"10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525822","url":null,"abstract":"It has been shown that high-frequency (HF) band power-line communication (PLC) is a suitable data transmission method for the smart grid concept, namely a low-voltage direct current (LVDC) distribution system. In this paper, the PLC channel analysis in the LVDC system is continued with a detailed noise analysis. Noise signals from the terminals of PLC couplers are measured in the time domain. Noise power spectral densities (PSDs) are derived from the measured noise voltage, and the variation in the noise PSDs in the time domain is analyzed. The effects of noise on the performance of the HF band PLC are analyzed theoretically and by communication tests. The noise voltages are measured, and communication tests are carried out both in the LVDC laboratory system and in an LVDC field pilot system. The noise PSD is observed in the frequency band between 100 kHz and 30 MHz, which covers the band applied to the PLC in the channel. The results show that noise (mainly impulsive) in the channel has a major effect on the performance of the PLC.","PeriodicalId":415075,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Power Line Communications and Its Applications","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126361349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-03-24DOI: 10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525861
Gao Hongjian, G. Bumiller
It is common to have a large noise and/or a strong interference around the frequency band of a Power Line Communication (PLC) system due to the fact that the PLC channel is not designed for communication. If there are no efficient operations at the receiver to suppress this out-of-band noise and interference to some extent, the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) will decrease and system will suffer performance loss consequently. Normally, the effort of Analog Front End (AFE) on the suppression of out-of-band interference is finite and it is uneconomic to change the AFE structure to make a performance improvement. Therefore, an appropriate structure of Digital Front End (DFE) at the receiver is necessary to reduce the impact of out-of-band noise and interference furthermore. In this paper, three different kinds of DFE structure at the receiver are introduced: classic DFE, time domain Nyquist windowing and Equivalent Complex Baseband (ECB) approach. The performance of these DFE structures is compared, not only from the aspect of out-of-band suppression, but also from the system overhead they need.
{"title":"Comparison of different digital front end structures at the OFDM receiver","authors":"Gao Hongjian, G. Bumiller","doi":"10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525861","url":null,"abstract":"It is common to have a large noise and/or a strong interference around the frequency band of a Power Line Communication (PLC) system due to the fact that the PLC channel is not designed for communication. If there are no efficient operations at the receiver to suppress this out-of-band noise and interference to some extent, the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) will decrease and system will suffer performance loss consequently. Normally, the effort of Analog Front End (AFE) on the suppression of out-of-band interference is finite and it is uneconomic to change the AFE structure to make a performance improvement. Therefore, an appropriate structure of Digital Front End (DFE) at the receiver is necessary to reduce the impact of out-of-band noise and interference furthermore. In this paper, three different kinds of DFE structure at the receiver are introduced: classic DFE, time domain Nyquist windowing and Equivalent Complex Baseband (ECB) approach. The performance of these DFE structures is compared, not only from the aspect of out-of-band suppression, but also from the system overhead they need.","PeriodicalId":415075,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Power Line Communications and Its Applications","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128270673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-03-24DOI: 10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525856
N. Andreadou, A. Tonello
In this paper, we study the performance of Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes and we introduce an optimized version of these codes when applied on the short data blocks of a narrowband (NB) power line communications (PLC) system. We compare their performance with the one obtained when the G3 standard coding scheme is applied on the system, namely the scheme that concatenated convolutional with Reed-Solomon codes. Multipath propagation together with two noise scenarios are considered: background AWGN noise with and without the presence of impulsive noise. The results indicate that under the considered channel and noise conditions the introduced optimized LDPC codes can operate better than the concatenated scheme used in the G3 standard. The optimized irregular LDPC codes are obtained from the well-established method of differential evolution for finding a degree distribution pair that improves the performance. The evaluation of each candidate code, is proposed to be carried out with a method that takes into account the actual channel and noise conditions. The equivalent optimized degree distribution pairs are presented.
{"title":"Short LDPC codes for NB-PLC channel with a differential evolution construction method","authors":"N. Andreadou, A. Tonello","doi":"10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525856","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we study the performance of Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes and we introduce an optimized version of these codes when applied on the short data blocks of a narrowband (NB) power line communications (PLC) system. We compare their performance with the one obtained when the G3 standard coding scheme is applied on the system, namely the scheme that concatenated convolutional with Reed-Solomon codes. Multipath propagation together with two noise scenarios are considered: background AWGN noise with and without the presence of impulsive noise. The results indicate that under the considered channel and noise conditions the introduced optimized LDPC codes can operate better than the concatenated scheme used in the G3 standard. The optimized irregular LDPC codes are obtained from the well-established method of differential evolution for finding a degree distribution pair that improves the performance. The evaluation of each candidate code, is proposed to be carried out with a method that takes into account the actual channel and noise conditions. The equivalent optimized degree distribution pairs are presented.","PeriodicalId":415075,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Power Line Communications and Its Applications","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114673132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-03-24DOI: 10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525845
A. D. Familua, Ling Cheng
One of the many challenges which power line communication (PLC) has to overcome is noise and disturbances. Amidst the four frequency bands classified by the European CENELEC standard, the A-band is the most noise susceptible characterized by noise sources consisting of various electrical appliances. This paper aims at modeling the noise and disturbances present on the in-house CENELEC A-band based on experimental measurement. The outputs are the channel models of the three major types of noise present on the PLC. These models are achieved through the use of Fritchman model, to depict the power line channel and evaluate the noise impairment caused by the different types of noise. The Baum-Welch algorithm is implemented for the Fritchman model parameter estimation through likelihood evaluation by computing the probabilities of three different noise observation sequences obtained from the experimental measurement. These channel models can then be used to evaluate and optimize coding and modulation schemes for PLC.
{"title":"Modeling of in-house CENELEC A-band PLC channel using Fritchman model and Baum-Welch algorithm","authors":"A. D. Familua, Ling Cheng","doi":"10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525845","url":null,"abstract":"One of the many challenges which power line communication (PLC) has to overcome is noise and disturbances. Amidst the four frequency bands classified by the European CENELEC standard, the A-band is the most noise susceptible characterized by noise sources consisting of various electrical appliances. This paper aims at modeling the noise and disturbances present on the in-house CENELEC A-band based on experimental measurement. The outputs are the channel models of the three major types of noise present on the PLC. These models are achieved through the use of Fritchman model, to depict the power line channel and evaluate the noise impairment caused by the different types of noise. The Baum-Welch algorithm is implemented for the Fritchman model parameter estimation through likelihood evaluation by computing the probabilities of three different noise observation sequences obtained from the experimental measurement. These channel models can then be used to evaluate and optimize coding and modulation schemes for PLC.","PeriodicalId":415075,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Power Line Communications and Its Applications","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129941611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-03-24DOI: 10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525860
T. Shongwe, A. Vinck
Three functional blocks of the PRIME and PLC G3 technologies (encoder/decoder, interleaver, and modulator) are studied in detail, for a PLC channel with narrow-band interference (NBI). The study reveals that these three blocks can be used together effectively so as to improve the performance of the overall system in the presence of NBI. We therefore present effective methods for combating NBI in PRIME and PLC G3, based on these three functional blocks.
{"title":"Interleaving and nulling to combat narrow-band interference in PLC standard technologies PLC G3 and PRIME","authors":"T. Shongwe, A. Vinck","doi":"10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525860","url":null,"abstract":"Three functional blocks of the PRIME and PLC G3 technologies (encoder/decoder, interleaver, and modulator) are studied in detail, for a PLC channel with narrow-band interference (NBI). The study reveals that these three blocks can be used together effectively so as to improve the performance of the overall system in the presence of NBI. We therefore present effective methods for combating NBI in PRIME and PLC G3, based on these three functional blocks.","PeriodicalId":415075,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Power Line Communications and Its Applications","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128221743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-03-24DOI: 10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525853
M. Wachter, M. Koch, C. Schwing, H. Hirsch
In order to compare radiation measurements in powerline communication systems, the detected values in the applied measurement distance need to be converted to a normative distance using an extrapolation factor. In this paper we determine the extrapolation factor within the frequency range 150 kHz to 500 kHz using analytical, numerical and experimental approaches.
{"title":"The extrapolation factor for PLC radiation measurements in the 150–500 kHz frequency range","authors":"M. Wachter, M. Koch, C. Schwing, H. Hirsch","doi":"10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525853","url":null,"abstract":"In order to compare radiation measurements in powerline communication systems, the detected values in the applied measurement distance need to be converted to a normative distance using an extrapolation factor. In this paper we determine the extrapolation factor within the frequency range 150 kHz to 500 kHz using analytical, numerical and experimental approaches.","PeriodicalId":415075,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Power Line Communications and Its Applications","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124384230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-03-24DOI: 10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525874
M. P. Sibanda, P. V. Van Rensburg, H. Ferreira
Most coupling circuits for PLC make use of the impedance transformation properties of a coupling transformer. Previous attempts to eliminate this costly component, while maintaining impedance adaptation, have not been successful in reducing component cost nor physical size. In this paper, a novel approach is followed: (1) a suitable band-pass matching circuit as for ordinary electronics is designed, and (2) the specifications of the components are upgraded to function safely in the power-grid environment. Therefore a matching circuit is transformed into a PLC coupler, resulting in a compact coupler which further exhibits band-pass filtering and excellent impedance-adapting performance. The design of such a coupler, and its evaluation in the laboratory as well as an office block, is described in this paper.
{"title":"A compact economical PLC band-pass coupler with impedance matching","authors":"M. P. Sibanda, P. V. Van Rensburg, H. Ferreira","doi":"10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525874","url":null,"abstract":"Most coupling circuits for PLC make use of the impedance transformation properties of a coupling transformer. Previous attempts to eliminate this costly component, while maintaining impedance adaptation, have not been successful in reducing component cost nor physical size. In this paper, a novel approach is followed: (1) a suitable band-pass matching circuit as for ordinary electronics is designed, and (2) the specifications of the components are upgraded to function safely in the power-grid environment. Therefore a matching circuit is transformed into a PLC coupler, resulting in a compact coupler which further exhibits band-pass filtering and excellent impedance-adapting performance. The design of such a coupler, and its evaluation in the laboratory as well as an office block, is described in this paper.","PeriodicalId":415075,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Power Line Communications and Its Applications","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131488745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-03-24DOI: 10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525854
A. Emleh, A. D. de Beer, H. Ferreira, A. Vinck
A number of measurements show the results of the harmonics and conducted emissions from “Energy-Savings” Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) when connected to the power-line communications channel. Different CFL's from different manufacturers were investigated. The paper covers the CENELEC band, as well as the broadband communications channel: 150kHz-30MHz. The obtained results show the levels of harmonics and interference that these types of lamps produce. It shows that CFL's produce interference in the 3kHz-150kHz band, but this pose no risk for PLC. Some CFL's do however produce interference in the 150kHz-30MHz band that can interfere with power-line communications.
{"title":"The impact of the CFL lamps on the power-line communications channel","authors":"A. Emleh, A. D. de Beer, H. Ferreira, A. Vinck","doi":"10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPLC.2013.6525854","url":null,"abstract":"A number of measurements show the results of the harmonics and conducted emissions from “Energy-Savings” Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) when connected to the power-line communications channel. Different CFL's from different manufacturers were investigated. The paper covers the CENELEC band, as well as the broadband communications channel: 150kHz-30MHz. The obtained results show the levels of harmonics and interference that these types of lamps produce. It shows that CFL's produce interference in the 3kHz-150kHz band, but this pose no risk for PLC. Some CFL's do however produce interference in the 150kHz-30MHz band that can interfere with power-line communications.","PeriodicalId":415075,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Power Line Communications and Its Applications","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126355175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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