Pub Date : 2017-10-17DOI: 10.1163/21540993-00801003
M. H. Kurfi
In the past, sacred Islamic calligraphies were used strictly in sacred places, whereas profane calligraphies were used in secular spheres. However, the trend now among some Hausa artists is to extend the sacred Islamic calligraphic tradition to the social domain. Some Hausa calligraphers do so by “desacralizing” their Islamic-inspired calligraphies. This article deals with the extension of Islamic decorations to secular social domains in Kano, Northern Nigeria. Such works are produced by calligraphers like Sharu Mustapha Gabari. I show how Hausa calligraphers like Mustapha Gabari creatively extend their arts, talents, and skills to other social domains. These domains include the human body, clothing, houses, and other objects. This article describes the ways in which the sacred and the secular realms overlap, and illustrates some key processes of enrichment the Islamic arts have undergone in sub-Saharan Africa. These processes exemplify the ʿAjamization of Islamic arts in Africa, especially how sub-Saharan African Muslims continue to creatively appropriate and enrich the Islamic calligraphic and decorative traditions to fit their local realities and address their preoccupations.
{"title":"Hausa Calligraphic and Decorative Traditions of Northern Nigeria: From the Sacred to the Social","authors":"M. H. Kurfi","doi":"10.1163/21540993-00801003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/21540993-00801003","url":null,"abstract":"In the past, sacred Islamic calligraphies were used strictly in sacred places, whereas profane calligraphies were used in secular spheres. However, the trend now among some Hausa artists is to extend the sacred Islamic calligraphic tradition to the social domain. Some Hausa calligraphers do so by “desacralizing” their Islamic-inspired calligraphies. This article deals with the extension of Islamic decorations to secular social domains in Kano, Northern Nigeria. Such works are produced by calligraphers like Sharu Mustapha Gabari. I show how Hausa calligraphers like Mustapha Gabari creatively extend their arts, talents, and skills to other social domains. These domains include the human body, clothing, houses, and other objects. This article describes the ways in which the sacred and the secular realms overlap, and illustrates some key processes of enrichment the Islamic arts have undergone in sub-Saharan Africa. These processes exemplify the ʿAjamization of Islamic arts in Africa, especially how sub-Saharan African Muslims continue to creatively appropriate and enrich the Islamic calligraphic and decorative traditions to fit their local realities and address their preoccupations.","PeriodicalId":41507,"journal":{"name":"Islamic Africa","volume":"574 1","pages":"13-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81652025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-02DOI: 10.1163/21540993-00702006
S. M. Lliteras
{"title":"Muslims and New Media in West Africa: Pathways to God , written by Dorothea E. Schulz","authors":"S. M. Lliteras","doi":"10.1163/21540993-00702006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/21540993-00702006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41507,"journal":{"name":"Islamic Africa","volume":"41 1","pages":"283-286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77556646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-02DOI: 10.1163/21540993-00702003
F. Nicoll
The powerful call (daʿwa) of Muḥammad Aḥmad, the self-styled Mahdī, and his ensuing jihad against Ottoman-Egyptian rule in Sudan provoked a variety of responses within the larger Muslim community. The ʿulamāʾ, al-Azhar-trained orthodox legal and religious scholars in Khartoum and Cairo, responded with outrage and detailed legal arguments, challenging the credentials of an individual they insisted was an impostor, and rehearsing instead the legitimacy of the Ottoman Sultan as the bona fide leader of the faithful. Beyond the establishment hierarchy, politically- and religiously-motivated activists and propagandists, in Sudan, Egypt and beyond, joined the debate over Muḥammad Aḥmad’s credibility: at stake was a substantial body of susceptible Muslim opinion, in the Ottoman provinces of the Hejaz and Syria and as far away as British-ruled India. This article describes in detail the spiritual and legal arguments over a personality whose claimed mandate had implications for two of the world’s largest empires.
{"title":"Fatwa and Propaganda: Contemporary Muslim Responses to the Sudanese Mahdiyya","authors":"F. Nicoll","doi":"10.1163/21540993-00702003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/21540993-00702003","url":null,"abstract":"The powerful call (daʿwa) of Muḥammad Aḥmad, the self-styled Mahdī, and his ensuing jihad against Ottoman-Egyptian rule in Sudan provoked a variety of responses within the larger Muslim community. The ʿulamāʾ, al-Azhar-trained orthodox legal and religious scholars in Khartoum and Cairo, responded with outrage and detailed legal arguments, challenging the credentials of an individual they insisted was an impostor, and rehearsing instead the legitimacy of the Ottoman Sultan as the bona fide leader of the faithful. Beyond the establishment hierarchy, politically- and religiously-motivated activists and propagandists, in Sudan, Egypt and beyond, joined the debate over Muḥammad Aḥmad’s credibility: at stake was a substantial body of susceptible Muslim opinion, in the Ottoman provinces of the Hejaz and Syria and as far away as British-ruled India. This article describes in detail the spiritual and legal arguments over a personality whose claimed mandate had implications for two of the world’s largest empires.","PeriodicalId":41507,"journal":{"name":"Islamic Africa","volume":"24 1","pages":"239-265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84376850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-02DOI: 10.1163/21540993-00702010
S. Edwin
Some literary discussions on Islam in West Africa argue that African Muslims owe allegiance more to Arab race and culture since the religion has an Arab origin while owing less to indigenous and therefore “authentic” African cultures. Most notably, in his famous quarrel with Ali Mazrui, the Nobel laureate Wole Soyinka wrenches race to serve a tendentious historicism about African Muslims as racially Arab and therefore foreign to African culture. In their fiction, two new West African writers, Mohammed Naseehu Ali and Abubakar Adam Ibrahim, allegorize African Islamic identity as tied to Arab race and culture as madness, lunacy and even death. In particular, Ali’s short story “The Prophet of Zongo Street” engages with this obsessive dialectic between African Islamic identity and Arab race. Although not explicitly thematizing Islamic identity as tied to Arab race or culture, three other stories by the same authors, Ali’s story “Mallam Sile” and Ibrahim’s stories “The Whispering Trees” and “Closure,” gender the dialectic between race and Islamic identity. Ali and Ibrahim show African Muslim women’s abilities to effect change in difficult situations and relationships—marriage, romance, legal provisions on inheritance, prayer and honor. In so doing, I argue, these authors reflect a potential solution to the difficult debate in African literary criticism on Islamic identity and Arab race and culture.
一些关于西非伊斯兰教的文学讨论认为，非洲穆斯林更多地效忠于阿拉伯种族和文化，因为伊斯兰教起源于阿拉伯，而不太依赖于本土的、因此是“真实的”非洲文化。最值得注意的是，在他与阿里·马兹瑞(Ali Mazrui)的著名争吵中，诺贝尔奖得主沃勒·索因卡(wolle soinka)扭曲了种族，以服务于一种有倾倾性的历史主义，即非洲穆斯林是阿拉伯人，因此是非洲文化的异类。在他们的小说中，两位西非新作家，穆罕默德·纳西胡·阿里和阿布巴卡尔·亚当·易卜拉欣，将非洲的伊斯兰身份与阿拉伯种族和文化联系在一起，寓言为疯狂、疯狂甚至死亡。特别是，阿里的短篇小说《宗戈街的先知》(The Prophet of Zongo Street)涉及了非洲伊斯兰身份与阿拉伯种族之间令人着迷的辩证关系。虽然没有明确地将伊斯兰身份与阿拉伯种族或文化联系在一起，但同一作者的另外三个故事，阿里的故事《Mallam sili》和易卜拉欣的故事《低语的树》和《关闭》，性别化了种族和伊斯兰身份之间的辩证法。阿里和易卜拉欣展示了非洲穆斯林妇女在困难的处境和关系中——婚姻、浪漫、关于遗产的法律规定、祈祷和荣誉——影响改变的能力。我认为，在这样做的过程中，这些作者反映了非洲文学批评中关于伊斯兰身份、阿拉伯种族和文化的艰难辩论的潜在解决方案。
{"title":"Racing Away from Race: The Literary Aesthetics of Islam and Gender in Mohammed Naseehu Ali’s The Prophet of Zongo Street and Abubakar Adam Ibrahim’s The Whispering Trees","authors":"S. Edwin","doi":"10.1163/21540993-00702010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/21540993-00702010","url":null,"abstract":"Some literary discussions on Islam in West Africa argue that African Muslims owe allegiance more to Arab race and culture since the religion has an Arab origin while owing less to indigenous and therefore “authentic” African cultures. Most notably, in his famous quarrel with Ali Mazrui, the Nobel laureate Wole Soyinka wrenches race to serve a tendentious historicism about African Muslims as racially Arab and therefore foreign to African culture. In their fiction, two new West African writers, Mohammed Naseehu Ali and Abubakar Adam Ibrahim, allegorize African Islamic identity as tied to Arab race and culture as madness, lunacy and even death. In particular, Ali’s short story “The Prophet of Zongo Street” engages with this obsessive dialectic between African Islamic identity and Arab race. Although not explicitly thematizing Islamic identity as tied to Arab race or culture, three other stories by the same authors, Ali’s story “Mallam Sile” and Ibrahim’s stories “The Whispering Trees” and “Closure,” gender the dialectic between race and Islamic identity. Ali and Ibrahim show African Muslim women’s abilities to effect change in difficult situations and relationships—marriage, romance, legal provisions on inheritance, prayer and honor. In so doing, I argue, these authors reflect a potential solution to the difficult debate in African literary criticism on Islamic identity and Arab race and culture.","PeriodicalId":41507,"journal":{"name":"Islamic Africa","volume":"21 1","pages":"133-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87936200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-02DOI: 10.1163/21540993-00702001
Frédérick Madore, M. Gomez-Perez
This paper examines how visibility and legitimacy have been defined and achieved by Muslim women who have contributed to the development of Islam in Burkina Faso since the 1970s. We undertake a transversal study of the trajectories of women belonging to different cohorts of Arabic- and French-educated Muslims. In doing so, we highlight identity markers closely associated with key moments in their lives (activism through associations or personal initiatives, religious studies, the pilgrimage to Mecca, and media activities). Through the lens of performativity, we show how women have progressively gained visibility within the Muslim community. And although figures of religious authority remain uniformly male, women are increasingly able to claim legitimacy thanks to their flexible approach.
{"title":"Muslim women in Burkina Faso since the 1970s : toward recognition as figures of religious authority?","authors":"Frédérick Madore, M. Gomez-Perez","doi":"10.1163/21540993-00702001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/21540993-00702001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines how visibility and legitimacy have been defined and achieved by Muslim women who have contributed to the development of Islam in Burkina Faso since the 1970s. We undertake a transversal study of the trajectories of women belonging to different cohorts of Arabic- and French-educated Muslims. In doing so, we highlight identity markers closely associated with key moments in their lives (activism through associations or personal initiatives, religious studies, the pilgrimage to Mecca, and media activities). Through the lens of performativity, we show how women have progressively gained visibility within the Muslim community. And although figures of religious authority remain uniformly male, women are increasingly able to claim legitimacy thanks to their flexible approach.","PeriodicalId":41507,"journal":{"name":"Islamic Africa","volume":"51 1","pages":"185-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88748093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-02DOI: 10.1163/21540993-00702008
Terje Østebø
{"title":"The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century, written by Henri Lauzière","authors":"Terje Østebø","doi":"10.1163/21540993-00702008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/21540993-00702008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41507,"journal":{"name":"Islamic Africa","volume":"214 1","pages":"291-294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72836804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-02DOI: 10.1163/21540993-00702007
Meikal Mumin
{"title":"Voices of Africa’s Pasts, edited by Viera Pawliková-Vilhanvová and Seyni Moumouni","authors":"Meikal Mumin","doi":"10.1163/21540993-00702007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/21540993-00702007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41507,"journal":{"name":"Islamic Africa","volume":"31 1","pages":"287-290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/21540993-00702007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72523987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-02DOI: 10.1163/21540993-00702004
Amir Syed
In this article, I provide one example of how a careful engagement with poetry can enrich our understanding of West African history. In 1852, al-ḤājjʿUmar Fūtī Tāl (d.1864) completed his panegyric of the Prophet Muḥammad—Safīnat al-saʿāda li-ahl ḍuʿf wa-l-najāda or The Vessel of Happiness and Assistance for the Weak. Through an analysis of Safīnat al-saʿāda, I explain Tāl’s creative use of two older poems that were widespread in West Africa—al-ʿIshrīniyyāt—The Twenties—of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Fāzāzī (d. 1230), and its takhmīs (pentastich) by Abū Bakr ibn Muhīb (n.d.). Though Safīnat al-saʿāda was primarily meant for devotion, it also reflected Tāl’s scholarly prestige and claims he made about his religious authority. In the long prose introduction to the poem, Tāl claimed that he was a vicegerent of the Prophet, and therefore had authority to guide and lead the Muslims of West Africa. His composition of Safīnat al-saʿāda was partly meant to prove this point.
在这篇文章中，我提供了一个例子，说明仔细研究诗歌如何能丰富我们对西非历史的理解。1852年，al-Ḥājj al- Umar Fūtī Tāl (d.1864)完成了他对先知的赞歌Muḥammad-Safīnat al-sa - āda li-ahl ḍu - f wa-l-najāda或幸福和帮助弱者的容器。通过对saf nat al-sa ā āda的分析，我解释了Tāl对在西非广泛流传的两首更古老的诗歌的创造性使用:al- ā Ishrīniyyāt-The二十年代的al- Abd ā al-Raḥmān al-Fāzāzī(公元1230年)，以及阿布·巴克尔·伊本·穆赫ā b (n.d.)的takhm ā s(五音体)。虽然safj ā nat al-sa ā āda主要是为了奉献，但它也反映了Tāl的学术声望和他对自己宗教权威的主张。在这首诗的长篇散文介绍中，Tāl声称他是先知的代理人，因此有权指导和领导西非的穆斯林。他的作品saf nat al-sa - āda部分是为了证明这一点。
{"title":"Poetics of Praise: Love and Authority in al-ḤājjʿUmar Tāl’s Safīnat al-saʿāda li-ahl ḍuʿf wa-l-najāda","authors":"Amir Syed","doi":"10.1163/21540993-00702004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/21540993-00702004","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I provide one example of how a careful engagement with poetry can enrich our understanding of West African history. In 1852, al-ḤājjʿUmar Fūtī Tāl (d.1864) completed his panegyric of the Prophet Muḥammad—Safīnat al-saʿāda li-ahl ḍuʿf wa-l-najāda or The Vessel of Happiness and Assistance for the Weak. Through an analysis of Safīnat al-saʿāda, I explain Tāl’s creative use of two older poems that were widespread in West Africa—al-ʿIshrīniyyāt—The Twenties—of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Fāzāzī (d. 1230), and its takhmīs (pentastich) by Abū Bakr ibn Muhīb (n.d.). Though Safīnat al-saʿāda was primarily meant for devotion, it also reflected Tāl’s scholarly prestige and claims he made about his religious authority. In the long prose introduction to the poem, Tāl claimed that he was a vicegerent of the Prophet, and therefore had authority to guide and lead the Muslims of West Africa. His composition of Safīnat al-saʿāda was partly meant to prove this point.","PeriodicalId":41507,"journal":{"name":"Islamic Africa","volume":"6 1","pages":"210-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85687404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-02DOI: 10.1163/21540993-00702005
S. Reese
{"title":"Foundational Scholars of Islam in Africa: Professor Abdul Sheriff","authors":"S. Reese","doi":"10.1163/21540993-00702005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/21540993-00702005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41507,"journal":{"name":"Islamic Africa","volume":"77-78 1","pages":"272-282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83296560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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