Pub Date : 2005-02-25DOI: 10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2005.02.0185
Lv Heng, Jiang Nan, Li Xinguo
The characteristic and theory of water quality of inland lake monitoring using remote sensing are addressed in this paper. Inland lake water quality remote sensing differs from ocean color remote sensing, which demands remote sensing data with high spatial spectral resolution and complex inversion algorithm. The advantages and disadvantages of three common methods of water quality quantity inversion: empirical model, bio-optical model, artificial neural network model are discussed in this paper. Empirical model is a simple and convenient model, but not an universal model, the model only fit to the given region and lake, and to construct the empiric model needs a lot of sampling data, furthermore the empirical model just only precisely retrieve the water quality parameters in the given range, and the retrieve precision will fall greatly beyond the range. Bio-optical model is an universal and robust model, which can retrieve water quality parameters only from radiance or reflectance on the remote sensor without the support of in-site data, However, this is based on the comprehension of the absorption coefficient, scatter coefficient and volume scatter of the pure water , suspended substance , chlorophyll and yellow substances. Neural network model is an efficient inversion way, which can simulate complex relation and utilize various kinds of remote sensing data, and which can deal with vast data in the litter time, but the neural network model is dependent on the training data and the model construction needs a lot of time and much experience. The neural network model is a “classifier” not an “extractor”. The factors determining water quality retrieval accuracy are also analyzed, the atmosphere plays an important role in the water quality parameters inversion, and the accurate atmosphere correction model must be developed for water quality remote sensing. Finally, the future directions and the key points in this filed are proposed, the water quality parameters solar reflection response rule should be carefully investigated and the spectral reflection database of characteristic water of China is supposed to build in the near future. Radar remote sensing and hyperspectral technology should be emphasized in the future research on the water quality remote sensing. In China, researches on the theory of bio-optical model and the measurement of absorption coefficient and scatter coefficient of water quality parameters of Chinese characteristic lakes ought to be strengthen.
{"title":"THE STUDY ON WATER QUALITY OF INLAND LAKE MONITORING BY REMOTE SENSING","authors":"Lv Heng, Jiang Nan, Li Xinguo","doi":"10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2005.02.0185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2005.02.0185","url":null,"abstract":"The characteristic and theory of water quality of inland lake monitoring using remote sensing are addressed in this paper. Inland lake water quality remote sensing differs from ocean color remote sensing, which demands remote sensing data with high spatial spectral resolution and complex inversion algorithm. The advantages and disadvantages of three common methods of water quality quantity inversion: empirical model, bio-optical model, artificial neural network model are discussed in this paper. Empirical model is a simple and convenient model, but not an universal model, the model only fit to the given region and lake, and to construct the empiric model needs a lot of sampling data, furthermore the empirical model just only precisely retrieve the water quality parameters in the given range, and the retrieve precision will fall greatly beyond the range. Bio-optical model is an universal and robust model, which can retrieve water quality parameters only from radiance or reflectance on the remote sensor without the support of in-site data, However, this is based on the comprehension of the absorption coefficient, scatter coefficient and volume scatter of the pure water , suspended substance , chlorophyll and yellow substances. Neural network model is an efficient inversion way, which can simulate complex relation and utilize various kinds of remote sensing data, and which can deal with vast data in the litter time, but the neural network model is dependent on the training data and the model construction needs a lot of time and much experience. The neural network model is a “classifier” not an “extractor”. The factors determining water quality retrieval accuracy are also analyzed, the atmosphere plays an important role in the water quality parameters inversion, and the accurate atmosphere correction model must be developed for water quality remote sensing. Finally, the future directions and the key points in this filed are proposed, the water quality parameters solar reflection response rule should be carefully investigated and the spectral reflection database of characteristic water of China is supposed to build in the near future. Radar remote sensing and hyperspectral technology should be emphasized in the future research on the water quality remote sensing. In China, researches on the theory of bio-optical model and the measurement of absorption coefficient and scatter coefficient of water quality parameters of Chinese characteristic lakes ought to be strengthen.","PeriodicalId":415150,"journal":{"name":"Advance in Earth Sciences","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134609901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-02-25DOI: 10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2005.02.0216
Wei Li-jia, Li Yuansheng, Tan De-jun, Zhou Li-ya, Y. Ming, Hu Kai, Wen Jiahong, S. Bo, Liu Lei-bao
There are various kinds of information recorded in the polar ice core. In the past research, microparticles have been playing a significant role in implicating paleo-environment and paleo-climate. To sum up, the concentration of microparticles is high in winter and low in summer, and moreover, it behaves high in cold term and low in warm term. Past work on microparticles in ice core is discussed in this paper as a summary. Emphasis is laid on the achievement acquired from the ice cores drilled in Polar region. Ice age can be determined based on the seasonal character of microparticles. For shallow ice cores, dating is accurate just according to microparticles. But for deep ice cores, it must be carried on together with oxygen isotopes. The mineral and radius characteristics can implicate the source and the background value. Furthermore, information of atmosphere circumfluence, intensity of the wind power, droughts, volcano, sandstorm, etc will also be recorded in them. Human factors in global change are always the hotspot of research. In recent years, burning source and carbon are talked much more than before. In the analysis of Euro-core in Greenland, three different types of burning source are found, which will be much helpful in tracing the hunman information. In spite of the immense achievement people have got, there are still lots of difficulties in analysis and sampling. In the past decades, much work has been done on the analysis technique of particles. There are four main methods now in use. Firstly, optics microscope and XEDS are used in the analysis of the single particle, but it is limited to 5μm. Secondly and regularly, Counlter analyzer is used in measuring the quantity and radius of microparticles by the current between the two electrodes. This method is fit for the scale between 0.4~1200μm. Third, after getting enough samples by largely melting, XRD, microscopes, thermionization mass spectrum are utilized in finding out the characters of microparticles on mineralogy, isotopes and granularity. Finally, volcano particles analysis is used in recent years. Volcanic glass and eruptible chippings are transfer to the polar region by atmospheric circumfluence after huge volcano eruption. It is findable of volcanic layers in the ice core of Antarctic. Restrict by the geography and the low concentration of particles, it is hard but necessary to largely sample in Antarctica. It will be advantageous to analyze the ice core directly in the field. But now the technology remains exiguous. Biscaye has explored a new method in Greenland by melting a great amount of ice to get particles in the field. But it is hard to realize in Antarctica. Exterior factors also block the precision of analysis, such as the ice drape, the low accumulation rate, etc.
{"title":"REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON INSOLUBLE MICROPARTICLES IN THE POLAR CORES","authors":"Wei Li-jia, Li Yuansheng, Tan De-jun, Zhou Li-ya, Y. Ming, Hu Kai, Wen Jiahong, S. Bo, Liu Lei-bao","doi":"10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2005.02.0216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2005.02.0216","url":null,"abstract":"There are various kinds of information recorded in the polar ice core. In the past research, microparticles have been playing a significant role in implicating paleo-environment and paleo-climate. To sum up, the concentration of microparticles is high in winter and low in summer, and moreover, it behaves high in cold term and low in warm term. Past work on microparticles in ice core is discussed in this paper as a summary. Emphasis is laid on the achievement acquired from the ice cores drilled in Polar region. Ice age can be determined based on the seasonal character of microparticles. For shallow ice cores, dating is accurate just according to microparticles. But for deep ice cores, it must be carried on together with oxygen isotopes. The mineral and radius characteristics can implicate the source and the background value. Furthermore, information of atmosphere circumfluence, intensity of the wind power, droughts, volcano, sandstorm, etc will also be recorded in them. Human factors in global change are always the hotspot of research. In recent years, burning source and carbon are talked much more than before. In the analysis of Euro-core in Greenland, three different types of burning source are found, which will be much helpful in tracing the hunman information. In spite of the immense achievement people have got, there are still lots of difficulties in analysis and sampling. In the past decades, much work has been done on the analysis technique of particles. There are four main methods now in use. Firstly, optics microscope and XEDS are used in the analysis of the single particle, but it is limited to 5μm. Secondly and regularly, Counlter analyzer is used in measuring the quantity and radius of microparticles by the current between the two electrodes. This method is fit for the scale between 0.4~1200μm. Third, after getting enough samples by largely melting, XRD, microscopes, thermionization mass spectrum are utilized in finding out the characters of microparticles on mineralogy, isotopes and granularity. Finally, volcano particles analysis is used in recent years. Volcanic glass and eruptible chippings are transfer to the polar region by atmospheric circumfluence after huge volcano eruption. It is findable of volcanic layers in the ice core of Antarctic. Restrict by the geography and the low concentration of particles, it is hard but necessary to largely sample in Antarctica. It will be advantageous to analyze the ice core directly in the field. But now the technology remains exiguous. Biscaye has explored a new method in Greenland by melting a great amount of ice to get particles in the field. But it is hard to realize in Antarctica. Exterior factors also block the precision of analysis, such as the ice drape, the low accumulation rate, etc.","PeriodicalId":415150,"journal":{"name":"Advance in Earth Sciences","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128184666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-02-25DOI: 10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2005.02.0180
Cai Shu-qun, Hu Qi-zhou, Dong Dan-peng, Long Xiao-min, Wang Sheng-an
Kelvin wave and Rossby wave are the boundary waves that appear frequently in the ocean. The complex coastline, sharp topography and non-uniformity in spatial-temporal structure of temperature and salinity fields in the South China Sea are favor to the formation of forced Kelvin wave and topographic Rossby wave. According to the current studies, most of the meso-scale eddies in the South China Sea are formed near the major islands in the east. These eddies, after being formed, move westward by the β effect and then dissipate in the western boundary; generally speaking, the associated fluctuation propagates westward by Rossby wave. Thus, there exist some relationship between the multi-eddy structure of the South China Sea circulation and meso-scale fluctuation. In the northern South China Sea, the meso-scale eddies are mainly induced by the intrusion of Kuroshio and wind stress curl, whilst in the southern South China Sea they are induced by the wind stress curl. It is put forward that, by using a linear dynamic model to study and analyze the characteristics and rule of the wind-driven meso-scale fluctuation in the southern South China Sea, a corresponding numerical model is set up based on the above results to reveal the dynamic and thermodynamic mechanisms of the circulation in this sea area, so that the inner relationship between the seasonal variation of the current field and meso-scale fluctuation in the southern South China Sea could be understood.
{"title":"PROGRESS OF THE STUDY ON THE MESO-SCALE FLUCTUATION PHENOMENA IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA","authors":"Cai Shu-qun, Hu Qi-zhou, Dong Dan-peng, Long Xiao-min, Wang Sheng-an","doi":"10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2005.02.0180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2005.02.0180","url":null,"abstract":"Kelvin wave and Rossby wave are the boundary waves that appear frequently in the ocean. The complex coastline, sharp topography and non-uniformity in spatial-temporal structure of temperature and salinity fields in the South China Sea are favor to the formation of forced Kelvin wave and topographic Rossby wave. According to the current studies, most of the meso-scale eddies in the South China Sea are formed near the major islands in the east. These eddies, after being formed, move westward by the β effect and then dissipate in the western boundary; generally speaking, the associated fluctuation propagates westward by Rossby wave. Thus, there exist some relationship between the multi-eddy structure of the South China Sea circulation and meso-scale fluctuation. In the northern South China Sea, the meso-scale eddies are mainly induced by the intrusion of Kuroshio and wind stress curl, whilst in the southern South China Sea they are induced by the wind stress curl. It is put forward that, by using a linear dynamic model to study and analyze the characteristics and rule of the wind-driven meso-scale fluctuation in the southern South China Sea, a corresponding numerical model is set up based on the above results to reveal the dynamic and thermodynamic mechanisms of the circulation in this sea area, so that the inner relationship between the seasonal variation of the current field and meso-scale fluctuation in the southern South China Sea could be understood.","PeriodicalId":415150,"journal":{"name":"Advance in Earth Sciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121847675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-02-25DOI: 10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2005.02.0248
Li Qing-mou
The Multifractal-Krige method developed in this study can not only interpolate irregular distributed values into regular distributed grids, but also extract the high frequency, local and weak signals, which are useful in feature retrieval or pattern recognition, from temporal-spatial signals. The signal from observing science is often distributed irregularly and it is often critical to interpolate irregular distributed signal into regular grids or estimate values at some points. For examples, in reservoir, coal bed and mineral tonnage estimations or in engineering parametric estimations, regional harmonious insects inspections, the interpolation is necessary. The Krige method had been widely used even though it is a low-pass filter and can not construct the high frequency, local and weak signals which are often play more important role in related study. The low-pass filtering property of Krige method is studied from the filtering points of view in frequency domain and it was found that Krige method is a low pass filters. In contrary, Multifractal interpolation method can reconstruct part of these signals. To implement the fractal interpolation, which keeps more high frequency information, the measure and scale pairs are defined, formula and procedures are studied in this study. The integration of Krige and Multifractal method produced Multifractal-Krige method that keeps benefits of both Krige and Multifractal interpolations. The core density data from Hole 1143A of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) 184th cruise is used to test the algorithm. The interpolated results and power spectra are compared to show the benefits of Multifractal interpolation and Krige-Multifractal method. The results proved that the Multifractal-Krige interpolation approximates known points better and had richer high frequency frequencies than other methods. Factors that affect the method, such as uncertainty in the value estimation problems, had also been studied quantitatively. Further more, the local singularities, regression index and standard errors got from the interpolation procedure are good approximation of the high frequency, local and weak signals. So, Krige-Multifractal interpolation method can also be used in other kinds of applications, such as information retrieval, enhancement and pattern recognition.
{"title":"MULTIFRACTAL-KRIGE INTERPOLATION METHOD","authors":"Li Qing-mou","doi":"10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2005.02.0248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2005.02.0248","url":null,"abstract":"The Multifractal-Krige method developed in this study can not only interpolate irregular distributed values into regular distributed grids, but also extract the high frequency, local and weak signals, which are useful in feature retrieval or pattern recognition, from temporal-spatial signals. The signal from observing science is often distributed irregularly and it is often critical to interpolate irregular distributed signal into regular grids or estimate values at some points. For examples, in reservoir, coal bed and mineral tonnage estimations or in engineering parametric estimations, regional harmonious insects inspections, the interpolation is necessary. The Krige method had been widely used even though it is a low-pass filter and can not construct the high frequency, local and weak signals which are often play more important role in related study. The low-pass filtering property of Krige method is studied from the filtering points of view in frequency domain and it was found that Krige method is a low pass filters. In contrary, Multifractal interpolation method can reconstruct part of these signals. To implement the fractal interpolation, which keeps more high frequency information, the measure and scale pairs are defined, formula and procedures are studied in this study. The integration of Krige and Multifractal method produced Multifractal-Krige method that keeps benefits of both Krige and Multifractal interpolations. The core density data from Hole 1143A of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) 184th cruise is used to test the algorithm. The interpolated results and power spectra are compared to show the benefits of Multifractal interpolation and Krige-Multifractal method. The results proved that the Multifractal-Krige interpolation approximates known points better and had richer high frequency frequencies than other methods. Factors that affect the method, such as uncertainty in the value estimation problems, had also been studied quantitatively. Further more, the local singularities, regression index and standard errors got from the interpolation procedure are good approximation of the high frequency, local and weak signals. So, Krige-Multifractal interpolation method can also be used in other kinds of applications, such as information retrieval, enhancement and pattern recognition.","PeriodicalId":415150,"journal":{"name":"Advance in Earth Sciences","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133800629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-25DOI: 10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2005.01.0029
Shi Ping Wang Dongxiao Du Yan Chen Ju
High resolution PR rainfall data, which is collected by the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM), is used to study the spatial distribution and seasonal variability of the rainfall in SCSA. Annual mean field shows that the rainfall distribution is highly non-uniform. In general, rainfall in southern SCSA is higher than that in northern SCSA and rainfall in eastern SCSA is higher than that in western SCSA. Restricted by the land topographies, heavy rainfall mainly occurs at the sidehill of more than 500 m. On the side facing the air current with full water vapor, the rainfall is much higher than the other side. PR's monthly mean rainfall fields show that the rainfall in SCSA has significant seasonal variability, and the monsoons push the heavy rainfall belt northward in summer and southward in winter. Compared with that of CPC Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP), PR rainfall has similar scale and spatial features. However, PR rainfall fields imply more mesoscale information, and reveal more details of the effect of the mountains. Compared with the observed rainfall at the observation stations, time series of PR's monthly mean rainfall are well consistent with the gauges measurement. As a result, the PR measurement can be widely used to study the regional rainfall.
{"title":"SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND SEASONAL VARIABILITY OF THE RAINFALL OBSERVED FROM TRMM PRECIPITATION RADAR (PR) IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AREA(SCSA)","authors":"Shi Ping Wang Dongxiao Du Yan Chen Ju","doi":"10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2005.01.0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2005.01.0029","url":null,"abstract":"High resolution PR rainfall data, which is collected by the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM), is used to study the spatial distribution and seasonal variability of the rainfall in SCSA. Annual mean field shows that the rainfall distribution is highly non-uniform. In general, rainfall in southern SCSA is higher than that in northern SCSA and rainfall in eastern SCSA is higher than that in western SCSA. Restricted by the land topographies, heavy rainfall mainly occurs at the sidehill of more than 500 m. On the side facing the air current with full water vapor, the rainfall is much higher than the other side. PR's monthly mean rainfall fields show that the rainfall in SCSA has significant seasonal variability, and the monsoons push the heavy rainfall belt northward in summer and southward in winter. Compared with that of CPC Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP), PR rainfall has similar scale and spatial features. However, PR rainfall fields imply more mesoscale information, and reveal more details of the effect of the mountains. Compared with the observed rainfall at the observation stations, time series of PR's monthly mean rainfall are well consistent with the gauges measurement. As a result, the PR measurement can be widely used to study the regional rainfall.","PeriodicalId":415150,"journal":{"name":"Advance in Earth Sciences","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127250758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-12-01DOI: 10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.06.1045
Zhou Xiao-gang, Luo Yun-feng
The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is operated by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) with support from the National Science Foundation (NSF).Since NCAR's inception, this three-node structure has been a unique and successful model of management and partnership. As a federally funded research and development center of the NSF, it has played a key role in helping to shape the scientific agenda for the agency of the U.S. government and made fundamental scientific contributions. Here is the introduction about NCAR divisions and their future research direction.
{"title":"THE CURRENT NCAR DIVISIONS AND THEIR FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTION","authors":"Zhou Xiao-gang, Luo Yun-feng","doi":"10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.06.1045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.06.1045","url":null,"abstract":"The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is operated by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) with support from the National Science Foundation (NSF).Since NCAR's inception, this three-node structure has been a unique and successful model of management and partnership. As a federally funded research and development center of the NSF, it has played a key role in helping to shape the scientific agenda for the agency of the U.S. government and made fundamental scientific contributions. Here is the introduction about NCAR divisions and their future research direction.","PeriodicalId":415150,"journal":{"name":"Advance in Earth Sciences","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115222982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-12-01DOI: 10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.06.0931
L. Xi-wu
Up to now, around 490 hydrothermal fields have been reported on the world ocean floor since 1965. Data of the water depth of each of the reported hydrothermal activity fields is collected. The tectonic settings and surface distribution of the reported hydrothermal activity fields are analyzed in this paper. The paper points out that almost all the hydrothermal activity fields distribute within a lower latitude belt between 40°N and 40°S and along oceanic ridges or back arc basins or intra plate volcanoes roughly striking in a north-south direction which are separated from each other by 60 degree along longitude. The water depth of the hydrothermal activity fields varies from several meters to more than 5 000 meters, but mainly between 1 300～3 700 m with average water depth of (2 532) m. Statistic study shows that most of the hydrothermal fields occur at water depth around 2 600 m,and some others occur at (1 700 m)、1 900 m、2 200 m and 3 000 m. Hydrothermal activity occurs within 6 kinds of tectonic settings like axial valley on the spreading ridge, seafloor volcanic crater, spreading ridge without axial valley, continental rifting basin, triple junction ridge and sediment covered back arc basin. The first two tectonic settings are the most favorite tectonic environment to develop hydrothermal activity, and more than half of the total hydrothermal activity fields occur in the axial valley on the spreading ridge. The paper also points out that the hydrothermal activity mainly occurs in the area of active tectonic zone, but the active tectonic zone is not necessarily always the place where hydrothermal field occurred, i.e. the hydrothermal activity is not correlated directly with the tectonic activity, but the magma activity is. The development of the hydrothermal activity is controlled by and occurs after the magma activity,and it is the form of heat releasing of the magma activity
{"title":"DISTRIBUTION AND TECTONIC ENVIRONMENTS OF THE HYDROTHERMAL FIELDS","authors":"L. Xi-wu","doi":"10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.06.0931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.06.0931","url":null,"abstract":"Up to now, around 490 hydrothermal fields have been reported on the world ocean floor since 1965. Data of the water depth of each of the reported hydrothermal activity fields is collected. The tectonic settings and surface distribution of the reported hydrothermal activity fields are analyzed in this paper. The paper points out that almost all the hydrothermal activity fields distribute within a lower latitude belt between 40°N and 40°S and along oceanic ridges or back arc basins or intra plate volcanoes roughly striking in a north-south direction which are separated from each other by 60 degree along longitude. The water depth of the hydrothermal activity fields varies from several meters to more than 5 000 meters, but mainly between 1 300～3 700 m with average water depth of (2 532) m. Statistic study shows that most of the hydrothermal fields occur at water depth around 2 600 m,and some others occur at (1 700 m)、1 900 m、2 200 m and 3 000 m. Hydrothermal activity occurs within 6 kinds of tectonic settings like axial valley on the spreading ridge, seafloor volcanic crater, spreading ridge without axial valley, continental rifting basin, triple junction ridge and sediment covered back arc basin. The first two tectonic settings are the most favorite tectonic environment to develop hydrothermal activity, and more than half of the total hydrothermal activity fields occur in the axial valley on the spreading ridge. The paper also points out that the hydrothermal activity mainly occurs in the area of active tectonic zone, but the active tectonic zone is not necessarily always the place where hydrothermal field occurred, i.e. the hydrothermal activity is not correlated directly with the tectonic activity, but the magma activity is. The development of the hydrothermal activity is controlled by and occurs after the magma activity,and it is the form of heat releasing of the magma activity","PeriodicalId":415150,"journal":{"name":"Advance in Earth Sciences","volume":"191 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124256256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-01DOI: 10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.05.0699
Guo Zheng-tang, Wu Hai-bin
The advances during the 20(th) century in the field of Solid Earth Science have numerously contributed to the emergence of Earth System Science (ESS). ESS aims at understanding the Earth as a synthetic system driven by complex internal and external processes, with special emphasis given to the interactions of geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. It should answer a series of questions about the Earth, such as (1) How the Earth system evolved in the past? What are the driving forces and mechanisms of these changes? What occurs presently in the system with numerous human disturbances and what will be its future? The fundamental of the Earth System Science is to view the Earth located within a crucial region for understanding the basic Earth system processes. The study of ESS also meets China's social requirements as it is likely faced with most serious natural environmental and resource problems. We suggest a number of issues relevant to the traditional Solid Earth Science, which appear to be of importance in the ESS studies in China.
{"title":"ON THE SOLID EARTH SCIENCE AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE","authors":"Guo Zheng-tang, Wu Hai-bin","doi":"10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.05.0699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.05.0699","url":null,"abstract":"The advances during the 20(th) century in the field of Solid Earth Science have numerously contributed to the emergence of Earth System Science (ESS). ESS aims at understanding the Earth as a synthetic system driven by complex internal and external processes, with special emphasis given to the interactions of geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. It should answer a series of questions about the Earth, such as (1) How the Earth system evolved in the past? What are the driving forces and mechanisms of these changes? What occurs presently in the system with numerous human disturbances and what will be its future? The fundamental of the Earth System Science is to view the Earth located within a crucial region for understanding the basic Earth system processes. The study of ESS also meets China's social requirements as it is likely faced with most serious natural environmental and resource problems. We suggest a number of issues relevant to the traditional Solid Earth Science, which appear to be of importance in the ESS studies in China.","PeriodicalId":415150,"journal":{"name":"Advance in Earth Sciences","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132353581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-01DOI: 10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.05.0695
Ren Mei-e
This paper is a result of interdisciplinary research between natural and social science.Evidences of more rapid development in the loess plateau than in the Yangtze delta in ancient time are given.It is suggested that this might be due to the fact that Holocene climate warming had different effect on the development of the loess plateau and the Yangtze delta. Finally,causes of three great population migration of the Han People from north China to the lower Yangtze valley are elucidated.The ro1e of three great population migration in rapid economic development of the Yangtze delta since the 7th century is also briefly discussed.
{"title":"THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGES ON POLITICAL,ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN EAST CHINA SINCE HOLOCENCE","authors":"Ren Mei-e","doi":"10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.05.0695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.05.0695","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is a result of interdisciplinary research between natural and social science.Evidences of more rapid development in the loess plateau than in the Yangtze delta in ancient time are given.It is suggested that this might be due to the fact that Holocene climate warming had different effect on the development of the loess plateau and the Yangtze delta. Finally,causes of three great population migration of the Han People from north China to the lower Yangtze valley are elucidated.The ro1e of three great population migration in rapid economic development of the Yangtze delta since the 7th century is also briefly discussed.","PeriodicalId":415150,"journal":{"name":"Advance in Earth Sciences","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125041051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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