Pub Date : 2004-08-01DOI: 10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.04.0564
Pan Guitang, Liao Zhongli, Duan Li-ping, Mo Xuanxue, Zhu Dicheng
One of the major tectonic questions in the study of Tibetan Plateau geology is what was the precise age of collision between India and Eurasia. Obviously, the arc-continental, continent-continental collision between the India and Asian continents is a process that is rather difficult to define. Many controversies have focused on the age of initial collision between these two continents in recent years. As for the definition of collision, the collision process of arc-continent, continent-continent between India and Eurasia has been divided into three stages, which consist of initial collision, the climax of collision and post-collision, every stage could continues for a long period. Based on the synthetic analysis of paleo-geomagnetism, stratigraphy, and paleontology, this paper firstly discusses the age of initial collision between the India and Asian continents and points out that the age of initial collision between India and Asia might start in the late part of Late Cretaceous (about 70～65 Ma). The ages of climax of collision and post-collision have been preliminary discussed in this paper according to the response events of petrology and structural deformation in the process of collision between India and Eurasia. The authors suggest that the ages of climax of collision and post-collision between India and Eurasia maybe occur at about 55～50 Ma and 45～35 Ma respectively, and subsequently shift to intra-continental convergent stage.
{"title":"THE AGE OF COLLISION BETWEEN INDIA AND EURASIA","authors":"Pan Guitang, Liao Zhongli, Duan Li-ping, Mo Xuanxue, Zhu Dicheng","doi":"10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.04.0564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.04.0564","url":null,"abstract":"One of the major tectonic questions in the study of Tibetan Plateau geology is what was the precise age of collision between India and Eurasia. Obviously, the arc-continental, continent-continental collision between the India and Asian continents is a process that is rather difficult to define. Many controversies have focused on the age of initial collision between these two continents in recent years. As for the definition of collision, the collision process of arc-continent, continent-continent between India and Eurasia has been divided into three stages, which consist of initial collision, the climax of collision and post-collision, every stage could continues for a long period. Based on the synthetic analysis of paleo-geomagnetism, stratigraphy, and paleontology, this paper firstly discusses the age of initial collision between the India and Asian continents and points out that the age of initial collision between India and Asia might start in the late part of Late Cretaceous (about 70～65 Ma). The ages of climax of collision and post-collision have been preliminary discussed in this paper according to the response events of petrology and structural deformation in the process of collision between India and Eurasia. The authors suggest that the ages of climax of collision and post-collision between India and Eurasia maybe occur at about 55～50 Ma and 45～35 Ma respectively, and subsequently shift to intra-continental convergent stage.","PeriodicalId":415150,"journal":{"name":"Advance in Earth Sciences","volume":"217 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115981279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-08-01DOI: 10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.04.0585
Wu Bing-fang, Zeng Yuan, Huang Jin-liang
Vegetation biophysical variables, LAI and FPAR, are the most important terrestrial properties. For acquiring these variables in local scale, the most effective approach is by remote sensing models combined with the ground-based validation. Spectral index model and radiant transmission model are two kinds of key methods. Through the precise radiometric and atmospheric correction, it is possible to obtain the LAI/FPAR products with a high accuracy. There are several factors influencing the accuracy of these products, such as the pixel heterogeneity, vegetation types and growing seasons. LAI and FPAR have the compact relationship with crop yield and they are also the basic variables of many crop growth models. Using them could realize the true yield prediction, especially for estimating the production in the global scale.
{"title":"OVERVIEW OF LAI/FPAR RETRIEVAL FROM REMOTELY SENSED DATA","authors":"Wu Bing-fang, Zeng Yuan, Huang Jin-liang","doi":"10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.04.0585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.04.0585","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetation biophysical variables, LAI and FPAR, are the most important terrestrial properties. For acquiring these variables in local scale, the most effective approach is by remote sensing models combined with the ground-based validation. Spectral index model and radiant transmission model are two kinds of key methods. Through the precise radiometric and atmospheric correction, it is possible to obtain the LAI/FPAR products with a high accuracy. There are several factors influencing the accuracy of these products, such as the pixel heterogeneity, vegetation types and growing seasons. LAI and FPAR have the compact relationship with crop yield and they are also the basic variables of many crop growth models. Using them could realize the true yield prediction, especially for estimating the production in the global scale.","PeriodicalId":415150,"journal":{"name":"Advance in Earth Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132449879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-06-01DOI: 10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.03.0387
Yan Zhong-qiong
We collected the seismological and explosion seimicdata and other geosciencesdata in Eurasia andwest Pacific regions for inverting the three-dimensional structures lithoshhere model with multi-discipline researches and various inversion methods. The three-dimensional lithosphere model and database in the area havebeenbuiltand providing a reference model for applied in individual geosciences fields. It aimed to discover the structureof lithosphereand asthenosphere. A detail discussion have been made for the structure and inter-action of lithosphericblocks, especialy for the deep dynamic processes of collision of lithosphere in Eurasia andwest Pacific.
{"title":"THE STRUCTURE OF LITHOSPHERE IN EURASIA AND WEST PACIFIC","authors":"Yan Zhong-qiong","doi":"10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.03.0387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.03.0387","url":null,"abstract":"We collected the seismological and explosion seimicdata and other geosciencesdata in Eurasia andwest Pacific regions for inverting the three-dimensional structures lithoshhere model with multi-discipline researches and various inversion methods. The three-dimensional lithosphere model and database in the area havebeenbuiltand providing a reference model for applied in individual geosciences fields. It aimed to discover the structureof lithosphereand asthenosphere. A detail discussion have been made for the structure and inter-action of lithosphericblocks, especialy for the deep dynamic processes of collision of lithosphere in Eurasia andwest Pacific.","PeriodicalId":415150,"journal":{"name":"Advance in Earth Sciences","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132492872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-02-01DOI: 10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.01.0131
Tong Chengli Liu Shoulong Wu Jinshui
Global climatic changes have been world widely concerned, particularly the continuous rise of atmospheric temperature, mainly due to the increase in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. The release of soil organic C during the past century (e.g. due to deforest) has been considered as one of the main source of atmospheric CO2 . It is predicted that, assuming that the global temperature rise by 0.03℃ annually by 2050, about 7% of soil organic C (equivalent to 61×10~(15)g C accumulated in world soil) would release as CO2 into atmosphere. However, information on the responses of soil organic C to climatic changes in different regions shows a lack in many parts of the world, although such information are important knowledge in maintaining soil organic C and fertility in the regions. This paper reports a study of the present trend of organic C in cultivated soils in the subtropical (with warm and moist conditions) and semi-arid (the Loess Plateau) regions in China and the response to global climatic changes, based on predictions using a model (SCNC) recently developed for simulating the turnover of organic matter and nitrogen in cultivated soils in China. The model was tested by data from long-term field experiments in these regions and Rothamsted, UK. Soil management to remedy the detrimental effects of climatic changes on the accumulation of organic C was also discussed. The model predicted that, when the amounts of fresh organic material input and soil clay content are the same, the stock of soil organic C at the equilibrium was 50% smaller in the subtropical region than that in moist temperate zones (using Rothamsted in UK as the representative), whist the amount in the semi-arid region was slightly larger. Because multi-cropping systems in the subtropical region have resulted in the high input rates of fresh organic materials (e.g. crop residues), the amounts of organic C accumulated can consequently maintain generally larger than that in the Loess Plateau region where the input rates of fresh organic materials are generally low, due to the low productivity of crops. Assuming atmospheric temperature rises at the gradients of 1.5 and 3℃ by 2050 (equivalent to annually mean rises of 0.03℃ and 0.06℃, respectively), and fresh organic material input maintains steady, the amounts of soil organic C would decrease by 5.6%～10.9% in the subtropical region and 3.6% ～ (9.4%) in the semi-arid region. The percentages of decreases were dependent on the present amounts of soil organic C, and were slightly smaller than that predicted for moist temperate zones (e.g. 5.1%～10.3% for Rothamsted soils). When 40% ～ 60% of crop straw produced incorporates into the soils, the amount of organic C in these regions can increase by over 40% by 2050. Thus, it is proposed that increasing the incorporation of crop residues and manure is essential for maintaining the pool of soil organic C in the regions.
{"title":"RESPONSES OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGES IN CULTIVATED SOILS IN THE SUBTROPICAL AND THE LOESS PLATEAU REGIONS","authors":"Tong Chengli Liu Shoulong Wu Jinshui","doi":"10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.01.0131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2004.01.0131","url":null,"abstract":"Global climatic changes have been world widely concerned, particularly the continuous rise of atmospheric temperature, mainly due to the increase in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. The release of soil organic C during the past century (e.g. due to deforest) has been considered as one of the main source of atmospheric CO2 . It is predicted that, assuming that the global temperature rise by 0.03℃ annually by 2050, about 7% of soil organic C (equivalent to 61×10~(15)g C accumulated in world soil) would release as CO2 into atmosphere. However, information on the responses of soil organic C to climatic changes in different regions shows a lack in many parts of the world, although such information are important knowledge in maintaining soil organic C and fertility in the regions. This paper reports a study of the present trend of organic C in cultivated soils in the subtropical (with warm and moist conditions) and semi-arid (the Loess Plateau) regions in China and the response to global climatic changes, based on predictions using a model (SCNC) recently developed for simulating the turnover of organic matter and nitrogen in cultivated soils in China. The model was tested by data from long-term field experiments in these regions and Rothamsted, UK. Soil management to remedy the detrimental effects of climatic changes on the accumulation of organic C was also discussed. The model predicted that, when the amounts of fresh organic material input and soil clay content are the same, the stock of soil organic C at the equilibrium was 50% smaller in the subtropical region than that in moist temperate zones (using Rothamsted in UK as the representative), whist the amount in the semi-arid region was slightly larger. Because multi-cropping systems in the subtropical region have resulted in the high input rates of fresh organic materials (e.g. crop residues), the amounts of organic C accumulated can consequently maintain generally larger than that in the Loess Plateau region where the input rates of fresh organic materials are generally low, due to the low productivity of crops. Assuming atmospheric temperature rises at the gradients of 1.5 and 3℃ by 2050 (equivalent to annually mean rises of 0.03℃ and 0.06℃, respectively), and fresh organic material input maintains steady, the amounts of soil organic C would decrease by 5.6%～10.9% in the subtropical region and 3.6% ～ (9.4%) in the semi-arid region. The percentages of decreases were dependent on the present amounts of soil organic C, and were slightly smaller than that predicted for moist temperate zones (e.g. 5.1%～10.3% for Rothamsted soils). When 40% ～ 60% of crop straw produced incorporates into the soils, the amount of organic C in these regions can increase by over 40% by 2050. Thus, it is proposed that increasing the incorporation of crop residues and manure is essential for maintaining the pool of soil organic C in the regions.","PeriodicalId":415150,"journal":{"name":"Advance in Earth Sciences","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122154715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-12-01DOI: 10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2003.06.0852
L. Hang
{"title":"QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU UPLIFT AND ITS IMPACT ON TETHYS FLORA","authors":"L. Hang","doi":"10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2003.06.0852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2003.06.0852","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":415150,"journal":{"name":"Advance in Earth Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115780734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-06-01DOI: 10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2003.03.0476
Gao Yu-shu
The idea of modern geoanalysis is briefly describe d . Modern technologies and methods of geoanalysis are introduced and reviewed from six aspects: bulk analysis; micro-(in situ)analysis and element distribution analysis; structure, image and valence state analysis; organic and speciation analysis; age-dating and stable-isotope methods; and field(in situ) analysis techniques. The main content of each part is as follows: The idea of modern geoanalysis is shown by describing its history,development ,formation of the idea and development trends in the future. Currently,the most important Bulk Analysis techniques are X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry(XRF), Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry(ICP-AES), ICP Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS), Instrument Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA)and Total Reflection XRF(TRXRF). Microanalysis(in situ)and Element Distribution Analysis(element map) techniques include:①Electron micro-beam techniques: Electron Microprobe Analysis(EMPA), Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), Analytical Electron Microscopy (AEM)and Transmitted Electron Microscopy (TEM);②X-ray and high-energy ion-beam techniques: Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Microprobe(SRXRM)and Scanning Nuclear Microprobe(SNM);③Laser and low energy ion-beam techniques: Laser Ablation ICP-MS(LA-ICP-MS) and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry(SIMS). Structure,image, and valence state analysis techniques involve: X-Ray Diffraction (XRD),various Electron Microscopy(EMPA, SEM, AEM and TEM)and some surface analysis techniques: Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis(ESCA),Auger Electron Spectroscopy(AES), Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure(EXAFS), X -ray Absorption Near Edge Structure(XANES) and Scanning Tunneling Microscope(STM )or Atomic Force Microscope(AFM). As a result of demands of energy-minerals and environment-geoscience research,the organic component and speciation analysis has been other important field in modern geoanalysis. Main techniques are Gas Chromatography(GC),Mass Spectrometry(MS),High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC),Capillary Electrophoresis(CE), Laser Laman Spectroscopy(LLS),Fourier Infrared Spectrometry(FIRS), chemical sensor and their combined techniques.Dating and stable isotope analysis techniques include: the conventional TIMS,NIMS and new micro-dating techniques: SIMS,SHRIMP,LA-ICP-MS,AMS and Laser probe Ar/Ar dating.The field and in situ analysis techniques include: the geochemical detect of extraterrestrial materials, the analysis techniques on board and under water for marine mineral resources, the field analysis for general survey, mining, drill core and well logging.
{"title":"MODERN ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN EARTH SCIENCES","authors":"Gao Yu-shu","doi":"10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2003.03.0476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2003.03.0476","url":null,"abstract":"The idea of modern geoanalysis is briefly describe d . Modern technologies and methods of geoanalysis are introduced and reviewed from six aspects: bulk analysis; micro-(in situ)analysis and element distribution analysis; structure, image and valence state analysis; organic and speciation analysis; age-dating and stable-isotope methods; and field(in situ) analysis techniques. The main content of each part is as follows: The idea of modern geoanalysis is shown by describing its history,development ,formation of the idea and development trends in the future. Currently,the most important Bulk Analysis techniques are X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry(XRF), Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry(ICP-AES), ICP Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS), Instrument Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA)and Total Reflection XRF(TRXRF). Microanalysis(in situ)and Element Distribution Analysis(element map) techniques include:①Electron micro-beam techniques: Electron Microprobe Analysis(EMPA), Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), Analytical Electron Microscopy (AEM)and Transmitted Electron Microscopy (TEM);②X-ray and high-energy ion-beam techniques: Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Microprobe(SRXRM)and Scanning Nuclear Microprobe(SNM);③Laser and low energy ion-beam techniques: Laser Ablation ICP-MS(LA-ICP-MS) and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry(SIMS). Structure,image, and valence state analysis techniques involve: X-Ray Diffraction (XRD),various Electron Microscopy(EMPA, SEM, AEM and TEM)and some surface analysis techniques: Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis(ESCA),Auger Electron Spectroscopy(AES), Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure(EXAFS), X -ray Absorption Near Edge Structure(XANES) and Scanning Tunneling Microscope(STM )or Atomic Force Microscope(AFM). As a result of demands of energy-minerals and environment-geoscience research,the organic component and speciation analysis has been other important field in modern geoanalysis. Main techniques are Gas Chromatography(GC),Mass Spectrometry(MS),High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC),Capillary Electrophoresis(CE), Laser Laman Spectroscopy(LLS),Fourier Infrared Spectrometry(FIRS), chemical sensor and their combined techniques.Dating and stable isotope analysis techniques include: the conventional TIMS,NIMS and new micro-dating techniques: SIMS,SHRIMP,LA-ICP-MS,AMS and Laser probe Ar/Ar dating.The field and in situ analysis techniques include: the geochemical detect of extraterrestrial materials, the analysis techniques on board and under water for marine mineral resources, the field analysis for general survey, mining, drill core and well logging.","PeriodicalId":415150,"journal":{"name":"Advance in Earth Sciences","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128956033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-06-01DOI: 10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2003.03.0374
Gong Zi-tong
Abundance distribution models and diversity-area relationships are tools of biological diversity analysis that have been used by ecologists for decades. In a case study by Ibez et al., these techniques are considered in a mor e general setting, and have been applied to explore notions such as pedodiversity (as an example of geodiversity in a broad sense, including also geomorphic diversity), in order to detect the differences and similarities between both natural resources, biological and non-biological.The discussion has mainly been conducted through the study of the Aegean Islands by the Spanish research team. Standard statistical techniques have been applied to analyze how the pedotaxa-abundance distribution conforms to the abundance distribution models and how pedorichness-area data fit to the diversity-area models.No statistically significant difference has been observed between the abundance distribution models and the diversity-area relationships followed by biodiversity and pedodiversity data in similar situations. Thus, the studied results may suggest that some assumptions underlying biodiversity analysis ought to be carefully re-examined.Since results in ecological literature are usually interpreted in biological terms, the analysis by Ibaez et al. may be relevant to offer some suggestions to the following questions: What are the reasons for the similarities obtained between biotic and soil resources? Should the ecological theory modify some of its constructs once the said similarities have been proven? and what are its implications for environmental management and assessment?
{"title":"SOME MOST RECENT RESEARCH PROGRESS ON PEDODIVERSITY","authors":"Gong Zi-tong","doi":"10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2003.03.0374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2003.03.0374","url":null,"abstract":"Abundance distribution models and diversity-area relationships are tools of biological diversity analysis that have been used by ecologists for decades. In a case study by Ibez et al., these techniques are considered in a mor e general setting, and have been applied to explore notions such as pedodiversity (as an example of geodiversity in a broad sense, including also geomorphic diversity), in order to detect the differences and similarities between both natural resources, biological and non-biological.The discussion has mainly been conducted through the study of the Aegean Islands by the Spanish research team. Standard statistical techniques have been applied to analyze how the pedotaxa-abundance distribution conforms to the abundance distribution models and how pedorichness-area data fit to the diversity-area models.No statistically significant difference has been observed between the abundance distribution models and the diversity-area relationships followed by biodiversity and pedodiversity data in similar situations. Thus, the studied results may suggest that some assumptions underlying biodiversity analysis ought to be carefully re-examined.Since results in ecological literature are usually interpreted in biological terms, the analysis by Ibaez et al. may be relevant to offer some suggestions to the following questions: What are the reasons for the similarities obtained between biotic and soil resources? Should the ecological theory modify some of its constructs once the said similarities have been proven? and what are its implications for environmental management and assessment?","PeriodicalId":415150,"journal":{"name":"Advance in Earth Sciences","volume":"160 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114583332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-06-01DOI: 10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2003.03.0345
Ma Jianwen Li Qiqing Hasi Bagan
The assumption of statistical model is not needed for Neura l Networks (NN) while most traditional classification method for remote sensing data assumed normal distribution model. More and more NN application cases have been found in remote sensing data classification. In this paper, we proposed a method of Kohonen Self- organizing feature map based on clustering analysis. ASTER data is a new remote sensing data, which includes 3 bands of 15 m resolution an d 3 bands of 30m resolution. ASTER data of Beijing have been chosen for our research. The land cover classification result in neural networks method has been shown in this paper after wavelet fusion of data. The classification has 9% of accuracy ratio more than MLH classification.The idea of neural networks came from the basic structure of functioning of the human brain. In the modern field of science and engineering, the neural networks have strengthened their importance with numerous applications ranging from pattern recognition, fields of classification etc. There are different k inds of the neural networks available depending on the task to be performed. In this study the Kohonen self-organized network is used. There are 6 notes in import layer of t he structure of Kohonen self-organized network and ASTER data bands 1,2,3N,5,7,9 corresponding to one note in import layer. Output layer has the structure of 25×25 neural notes. Learning speed α starting value is 0.9, α reduced to 0.001 stopped with net calculation processing. Maximum circulation time is 2 500. ASTER is the only instrument to fly on the EOS AM-1 plate form that will acquire high-resolution image. The primary goal of the ASTER mission is to obtain high-resolution image data in 15 channels over targeted areas of the Earth's surface, as well as black-and-white stereo images, with a revisit time between 4 and 16 days. Band 1、2 are visible bands, band 3N,3B are near inferred bands, the resolution is 15 m; Band from 4 to 9 are group of short wave inferred bands, th e resolution is 30 m; Band from 10～14 are thermal bands, the resolution is 90m. W ith ASTER's merits earth scientists to address a wide range of globule-change topics. In the paper we introduce Kohonen self-organized network in classification of land cover in Beijing area in 2001 by using ASTER data.
{"title":"STUDY ON ASTER DATA CLASSIFICATION USING SELF-ORGANIZING NEURAL NETWORK METHOD","authors":"Ma Jianwen Li Qiqing Hasi Bagan","doi":"10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2003.03.0345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2003.03.0345","url":null,"abstract":"The assumption of statistical model is not needed for Neura l Networks (NN) while most traditional classification method for remote sensing data assumed normal distribution model. More and more NN application cases have been found in remote sensing data classification. In this paper, we proposed a method of Kohonen Self- organizing feature map based on clustering analysis. ASTER data is a new remote sensing data, which includes 3 bands of 15 m resolution an d 3 bands of 30m resolution. ASTER data of Beijing have been chosen for our research. The land cover classification result in neural networks method has been shown in this paper after wavelet fusion of data. The classification has 9% of accuracy ratio more than MLH classification.The idea of neural networks came from the basic structure of functioning of the human brain. In the modern field of science and engineering, the neural networks have strengthened their importance with numerous applications ranging from pattern recognition, fields of classification etc. There are different k inds of the neural networks available depending on the task to be performed. In this study the Kohonen self-organized network is used. There are 6 notes in import layer of t he structure of Kohonen self-organized network and ASTER data bands 1,2,3N,5,7,9 corresponding to one note in import layer. Output layer has the structure of 25×25 neural notes. Learning speed α starting value is 0.9, α reduced to 0.001 stopped with net calculation processing. Maximum circulation time is 2 500. ASTER is the only instrument to fly on the EOS AM-1 plate form that will acquire high-resolution image. The primary goal of the ASTER mission is to obtain high-resolution image data in 15 channels over targeted areas of the Earth's surface, as well as black-and-white stereo images, with a revisit time between 4 and 16 days. Band 1、2 are visible bands, band 3N,3B are near inferred bands, the resolution is 15 m; Band from 4 to 9 are group of short wave inferred bands, th e resolution is 30 m; Band from 10～14 are thermal bands, the resolution is 90m. W ith ASTER's merits earth scientists to address a wide range of globule-change topics. In the paper we introduce Kohonen self-organized network in classification of land cover in Beijing area in 2001 by using ASTER data.","PeriodicalId":415150,"journal":{"name":"Advance in Earth Sciences","volume":"7 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113936064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-04-01DOI: 10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2003.02.0236
Liu Wenhui Zheng Junwei Shi Dou
In recent years, the concept of deep seated gas was commonly mixed up with deep gas in some published articles. In sedimentary, it is better to make the main oil and gas generating zone (oil generating window) as the limit of hydrocarbon generating depth, and the gas that seated in the strata between the depth and sedimentary basement should be named deep seated gas. But to the earth, it is better to name the gas that seated in and under sedimentary crystalline basement as deep gas. Of course, the gas that generated in deeper strata but reserved in shallower strata should also be a important kind of deep seated gas. The generation of deep seated gas relate to the vertical zonation of hydrocarbon generation in earth crust. The theory of oil and gas generating zonation for sedimentary basin have effect on exploration practice in some historical period or in some basins. But with the development of oil and gas geology theory study and exploration practice, the limit of threshold indicate that was made for oil phase disappearing and gas phase appearing in the theory of oil and gas generating zonation was find by scientists. Different basin has different depth for main oil generating zone, so for main gas generating zone (dry gas zone). The sapropeltype organic matter evolution need higher temperature and biger depth and its main gas generating zone is deeper than humictype organic matter's. Evolution of organic matter in main gas generating zone is controlled by many different factors, including some important factors, such as temperature, depth and time. The causes that lead temperature higher are earth dynamics, heat flux in earth deep, and so on. The important geological events taken place before Paleozoic have prepared abundant organic matter and evolution condition for deep seated gas generating. So taken from matter base, there have a great resource potential for deep seated gas. Earth dynamics for oil and gas generating and other new idea offer a new way for deep seated gas study. The resources of hydrocarbon in lithosphere are not used up, but also all resources that have been proved and mined are only a small part of the whole. The main of hydrocarbon resources may be explored in the deep.
{"title":"THEORY ANALYSIS ON DEEP SEATED GAS AND ITS POTENTIAL STUDY","authors":"Liu Wenhui Zheng Junwei Shi Dou","doi":"10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2003.02.0236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2003.02.0236","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the concept of deep seated gas was commonly mixed up with deep gas in some published articles. In sedimentary, it is better to make the main oil and gas generating zone (oil generating window) as the limit of hydrocarbon generating depth, and the gas that seated in the strata between the depth and sedimentary basement should be named deep seated gas. But to the earth, it is better to name the gas that seated in and under sedimentary crystalline basement as deep gas. Of course, the gas that generated in deeper strata but reserved in shallower strata should also be a important kind of deep seated gas. The generation of deep seated gas relate to the vertical zonation of hydrocarbon generation in earth crust. The theory of oil and gas generating zonation for sedimentary basin have effect on exploration practice in some historical period or in some basins. But with the development of oil and gas geology theory study and exploration practice, the limit of threshold indicate that was made for oil phase disappearing and gas phase appearing in the theory of oil and gas generating zonation was find by scientists. Different basin has different depth for main oil generating zone, so for main gas generating zone (dry gas zone). The sapropeltype organic matter evolution need higher temperature and biger depth and its main gas generating zone is deeper than humictype organic matter's. Evolution of organic matter in main gas generating zone is controlled by many different factors, including some important factors, such as temperature, depth and time. The causes that lead temperature higher are earth dynamics, heat flux in earth deep, and so on. The important geological events taken place before Paleozoic have prepared abundant organic matter and evolution condition for deep seated gas generating. So taken from matter base, there have a great resource potential for deep seated gas. Earth dynamics for oil and gas generating and other new idea offer a new way for deep seated gas study. The resources of hydrocarbon in lithosphere are not used up, but also all resources that have been proved and mined are only a small part of the whole. The main of hydrocarbon resources may be explored in the deep.","PeriodicalId":415150,"journal":{"name":"Advance in Earth Sciences","volume":"251 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128708406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-06-01DOI: 10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2002.03.0331
Wang Wen-jin
A series of light dark gray marine clastic and carbonate rocks of middle Cretaceous (late Cenomanian to early Turonian) are well exposed in the Gongzha Section of Tingri in southern Tibet. The strata near the Cenomanian Turonian boundary can be subdivided into the Lengqingre and Gangbacunkou formations in ascending order, and the Cenomanian Turonian boundary located in the upper part of Lengqingre formation. The characteristics of microfauna and geochemistry from the strata show that tremendous changes took place in marine middle Cretaceous. In this paper, we mainly study the middle Cretaceous geochemical characteristics and their response to sea level changes in southern Tibet of China. The carbon, strontium and Uranium (U), Thorium (Th), Kalium (K) isotope composition of marine rocks are mainly controlled by global events that are related to the changes of sea level, such as relative amount of organic accumulation, changes in seafloor spreading rate and palaeoclimate variation etc. The δ 13 C curve of Tingri in middle Cretaceous is characterized by low high low cycle change, and the positive excursion of δ 13 C values happens near the Cenomanian Turonian boundary. Those characteristics coincide with sea level changes, accumulation of organic carbon and oceanic anoxic event during this period. The changes of U, Th and K abundance values near Cenomanian Turonian boundary in Tingri indicate that their compositions are higher during oceanic anoxic period because of increase of organic materials and clay minerals, which are the results from the changes of sea level. In southern Tibet, the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio in middle Cretaceous is 0.7076. It is obvious that the value is rather low. We suspect that it should be related to the tectonic activity and big change of sea level in this time. In southern Tibet of China, middle Cretaceous is a period of short time expansion of the Tethyan ocean, which brings about sea level rises, accumulation of large amount of organic carbon and oceanic anoxic event. Some geochemical anomaly changes during this period, such as the positive excursion of δ 13 C values and U, Th and K abundance values, the relatively low 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio and so on, correspond to the sea level rises. There is no doubt that those geochemical anomaly changes are sensitive indicators of the sea level changes in middle Cretaceous.
{"title":"MID-CRETACEOUS GEOCHEMICAL ANOMALY AND THEIR RESPONSES TO SEA-LEVEL CHANGES IN TINGRI OF TIBET","authors":"Wang Wen-jin","doi":"10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2002.03.0331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11867/J.ISSN.1001-8166.2002.03.0331","url":null,"abstract":"A series of light dark gray marine clastic and carbonate rocks of middle Cretaceous (late Cenomanian to early Turonian) are well exposed in the Gongzha Section of Tingri in southern Tibet. The strata near the Cenomanian Turonian boundary can be subdivided into the Lengqingre and Gangbacunkou formations in ascending order, and the Cenomanian Turonian boundary located in the upper part of Lengqingre formation. The characteristics of microfauna and geochemistry from the strata show that tremendous changes took place in marine middle Cretaceous. In this paper, we mainly study the middle Cretaceous geochemical characteristics and their response to sea level changes in southern Tibet of China. The carbon, strontium and Uranium (U), Thorium (Th), Kalium (K) isotope composition of marine rocks are mainly controlled by global events that are related to the changes of sea level, such as relative amount of organic accumulation, changes in seafloor spreading rate and palaeoclimate variation etc. The δ 13 C curve of Tingri in middle Cretaceous is characterized by low high low cycle change, and the positive excursion of δ 13 C values happens near the Cenomanian Turonian boundary. Those characteristics coincide with sea level changes, accumulation of organic carbon and oceanic anoxic event during this period. The changes of U, Th and K abundance values near Cenomanian Turonian boundary in Tingri indicate that their compositions are higher during oceanic anoxic period because of increase of organic materials and clay minerals, which are the results from the changes of sea level. In southern Tibet, the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio in middle Cretaceous is 0.7076. It is obvious that the value is rather low. We suspect that it should be related to the tectonic activity and big change of sea level in this time. In southern Tibet of China, middle Cretaceous is a period of short time expansion of the Tethyan ocean, which brings about sea level rises, accumulation of large amount of organic carbon and oceanic anoxic event. Some geochemical anomaly changes during this period, such as the positive excursion of δ 13 C values and U, Th and K abundance values, the relatively low 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio and so on, correspond to the sea level rises. There is no doubt that those geochemical anomaly changes are sensitive indicators of the sea level changes in middle Cretaceous.","PeriodicalId":415150,"journal":{"name":"Advance in Earth Sciences","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128598466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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