Abstract The provenance study of the artificial products among the archaeological artifacts is an important content of the archaeological research. The relevant methods applied in the academic field at present all have their effectiveness as well as limitations. Focusing on the practices and experiences in the study on the bronze mirror casting industry in the Linzi City Site of the Qi State in Shandong, this paper puts forward the provenance estimation method based on the styles and distributions of the artificial products, which suggests that different production places (origins) produced different local styles, while the products made in each origin were circulated in the zone with the origin as the center. Therefore, according to the spatial distribution of the artificial products, the location with the most densely distributed products with this style could be inferred as their origin. Then, this paper discussed the identification and summarization of the “origin style”, the observation and analyses of the regional distribution and the estimation and confirmation of the origins, the scope of application of this method and other relevant issues in the application of this provenance estimation method.
{"title":"On the provenance study method of the archaeological relics based on styles and distributions","authors":"Yunxiang Bai","doi":"10.1515/char-2018-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/char-2018-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The provenance study of the artificial products among the archaeological artifacts is an important content of the archaeological research. The relevant methods applied in the academic field at present all have their effectiveness as well as limitations. Focusing on the practices and experiences in the study on the bronze mirror casting industry in the Linzi City Site of the Qi State in Shandong, this paper puts forward the provenance estimation method based on the styles and distributions of the artificial products, which suggests that different production places (origins) produced different local styles, while the products made in each origin were circulated in the zone with the origin as the center. Therefore, according to the spatial distribution of the artificial products, the location with the most densely distributed products with this style could be inferred as their origin. Then, this paper discussed the identification and summarization of the “origin style”, the observation and analyses of the regional distribution and the estimation and confirmation of the origins, the scope of application of this method and other relevant issues in the application of this provenance estimation method.","PeriodicalId":41590,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Archaeology","volume":"18 1","pages":"146 - 154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/char-2018-0014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46866899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2015 and 2016, the Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology excavated the Jartai Pass (Jirentai Goukou) Site in Nilka County, Ili Prefecture. The excavation recovered 2500sq m in total, finding 20 house foundations and eight early burials as well as over 1000 artifacts including pottery, stone objects, and bronzes. The Jartai Pass Site was assigned to the Andronovo Culture with a date of about 3600 BP. It thus is the largest and earliest settlement site of the Bronze Age in the Ili River valley found to date. At this site, the earliest evidence for coal use in the world was found as well as evidence for bronze smelting and casting industries and iron ingots of an earlier period. This excavation provided important data for establishing the sequence of the prehistoric archaeological cultures in this area.
{"title":"The Jartai Pass Site in Nilka County, Xinjiang","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/char-2018-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/char-2018-0004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In 2015 and 2016, the Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology excavated the Jartai Pass (Jirentai Goukou) Site in Nilka County, Ili Prefecture. The excavation recovered 2500sq m in total, finding 20 house foundations and eight early burials as well as over 1000 artifacts including pottery, stone objects, and bronzes. The Jartai Pass Site was assigned to the Andronovo Culture with a date of about 3600 BP. It thus is the largest and earliest settlement site of the Bronze Age in the Ili River valley found to date. At this site, the earliest evidence for coal use in the world was found as well as evidence for bronze smelting and casting industries and iron ingots of an earlier period. This excavation provided important data for establishing the sequence of the prehistoric archaeological cultures in this area.","PeriodicalId":41590,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/char-2018-0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44087411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The burial M8 excavated at the Zhoujiazhai Cemetery in Suizhou City, Hubei Province in 2014 was a vertical earthen shaft pit burial with one coffin chamber and one coffin. The grave goods unearthed from this burial were mainly lacquered and wooden wares, including flask, eared cup, lian-cosmetic case, figurines, bi-disc, ladder-shaped object, T-shaped object, liubo-game board, bamboo case, etc. The occupant of this burial is estimated to be a lower-ranking official in the reign of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty. In the bamboo case unearthed from the burial, ink-written “gaodishu (letter informing the underground)” on wooden tablets are found, and hundreds of bamboo slips with text of“ rishu (almanac) ” were also unearthed, which are significantly meaningful for the studies on the rishu of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the date-selecting system in ancient China.
{"title":"The excavation of the burial M8 at the Zhoujiazhai Cemetery in Suizhou, Hubei","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/char-2018-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/char-2018-0010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The burial M8 excavated at the Zhoujiazhai Cemetery in Suizhou City, Hubei Province in 2014 was a vertical earthen shaft pit burial with one coffin chamber and one coffin. The grave goods unearthed from this burial were mainly lacquered and wooden wares, including flask, eared cup, lian-cosmetic case, figurines, bi-disc, ladder-shaped object, T-shaped object, liubo-game board, bamboo case, etc. The occupant of this burial is estimated to be a lower-ranking official in the reign of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty. In the bamboo case unearthed from the burial, ink-written “gaodishu (letter informing the underground)” on wooden tablets are found, and hundreds of bamboo slips with text of“ rishu (almanac) ” were also unearthed, which are significantly meaningful for the studies on the rishu of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the date-selecting system in ancient China.","PeriodicalId":41590,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/char-2018-0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47294404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Based on the periodization and zoning of the burials of the Mongol Khanate period and the Yuan Dynasty and referring to the textual materials of the stone tablets and epitaphs and the different funeral customs, this paper classified these burials into the burials of the Mongol people, the burials of the “Mongolized” people, the burials of the “Semu ren (Miscellaneous aliens)” and that of the Han people, and preliminarily summarized the features of the funeral customs of the tombs of the Mongol people, provided references for identifying the tombs of the Mongol Khanate period and the Yuan Dynasty without inscriptions.
{"title":"A preliminary research on the burials of the Mongol Khanate period and Yuan Dynasty in northern area","authors":"Xin-mei Dong","doi":"10.1515/char-2018-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/char-2018-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Based on the periodization and zoning of the burials of the Mongol Khanate period and the Yuan Dynasty and referring to the textual materials of the stone tablets and epitaphs and the different funeral customs, this paper classified these burials into the burials of the Mongol people, the burials of the “Mongolized” people, the burials of the “Semu ren (Miscellaneous aliens)” and that of the Han people, and preliminarily summarized the features of the funeral customs of the tombs of the Mongol people, provided references for identifying the tombs of the Mongol Khanate period and the Yuan Dynasty without inscriptions.","PeriodicalId":41590,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Archaeology","volume":"18 1","pages":"164 - 171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/char-2018-0016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45953674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2014 to 2016, Liaoning Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Longcheng District Museum of Chaoyang City conducted rescue excavation to the Banlashan (Half Hill) Cemetery. This cemetery was carefully designed and constructed, on the ground of which earthen mounds were built up and the burials and sacrificial facilities were all arranged on these mounds. In the late stage of the use of this cemetery, functional zoning appeared: the burial zone was in the south of the cemetery and the sacrificial zone was in the north. In total, 78 burials, one sacrificial altar, one architectural foundation and 29 sacrificial pits were recovered, from which pottery wares, stone implements and jades were unearthed. The discovery of this cemetery, especially the concentrated discovery of sacrificial remains, gave us a brand-new understanding to the functions and structures of the cairn cemeteries of the Hongshan Culture and provided important evidences for the studies on the ancient funeral customs.
{"title":"The Banlashan Cemetery of Hongshan Culture in Chaoyang City, Liaoning","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/char-2018-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/char-2018-0001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In 2014 to 2016, Liaoning Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Longcheng District Museum of Chaoyang City conducted rescue excavation to the Banlashan (Half Hill) Cemetery. This cemetery was carefully designed and constructed, on the ground of which earthen mounds were built up and the burials and sacrificial facilities were all arranged on these mounds. In the late stage of the use of this cemetery, functional zoning appeared: the burial zone was in the south of the cemetery and the sacrificial zone was in the north. In total, 78 burials, one sacrificial altar, one architectural foundation and 29 sacrificial pits were recovered, from which pottery wares, stone implements and jades were unearthed. The discovery of this cemetery, especially the concentrated discovery of sacrificial remains, gave us a brand-new understanding to the functions and structures of the cairn cemeteries of the Hongshan Culture and provided important evidences for the studies on the ancient funeral customs.","PeriodicalId":41590,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/char-2018-0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48451272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2011, Chongqing Municipal Institute of Cultural Heritage excavated the cliff-side sculptures of the Qianfosi (Thousand-Buddha Temple) in Tongnan County, Chongqing. The excavation uncovered 500sq m in total, from which 43 grottoes and niches, 283 statues and 27 textual inscriptions were recovered. Meanwhile, architectural remains like eaves or porches were also found on the cliffs, the date of which was around the Song to Ming Dynasties. The statues had rich motifs and were carved with exquisite craftsmanship, which provided important materials for the researches on the Buddhist cave temples in the Sichuan and Chongqing areas and the routes of the diffusion of the later Buddhism in the western Chongqing and eastern Sichuan.
{"title":"The recovering of the Qianfosi cliff sculptures in Tongnan County, Chongqing","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/char-2018-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/char-2018-0011","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In 2011, Chongqing Municipal Institute of Cultural Heritage excavated the cliff-side sculptures of the Qianfosi (Thousand-Buddha Temple) in Tongnan County, Chongqing. The excavation uncovered 500sq m in total, from which 43 grottoes and niches, 283 statues and 27 textual inscriptions were recovered. Meanwhile, architectural remains like eaves or porches were also found on the cliffs, the date of which was around the Song to Ming Dynasties. The statues had rich motifs and were carved with exquisite craftsmanship, which provided important materials for the researches on the Buddhist cave temples in the Sichuan and Chongqing areas and the routes of the diffusion of the later Buddhism in the western Chongqing and eastern Sichuan.","PeriodicalId":41590,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/char-2018-0011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49005373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper concerns the development of soldering in early China. Soldering requires the use of an additional heating of metal to join two or more existing metal items together. The paper defines the different soft and hard soldering materials. It also describes the evolution from joining two pieces, an animal head and a vessel with additional pour of bronze as an extension of the casting process. The next step was the use of hard solder, using bronze or copper related materials. There were two ways to join the existing bronze sections: the most common was “tenon soldering”. Less common but equally significant was “injection soldering”. In the late Spring-and-Autumn Period, soft soldering with tin and lead was developed. This step allowed much more extravagant decoration of bronzes, leading to new bronze vessel styles and also to much greater sub-division of labor in the production process.
{"title":"The development and formation of soldering technique on the bronze ritual vessel casting of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties","authors":"Changping Zhang","doi":"10.1515/char-2018-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/char-2018-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper concerns the development of soldering in early China. Soldering requires the use of an additional heating of metal to join two or more existing metal items together. The paper defines the different soft and hard soldering materials. It also describes the evolution from joining two pieces, an animal head and a vessel with additional pour of bronze as an extension of the casting process. The next step was the use of hard solder, using bronze or copper related materials. There were two ways to join the existing bronze sections: the most common was “tenon soldering”. Less common but equally significant was “injection soldering”. In the late Spring-and-Autumn Period, soft soldering with tin and lead was developed. This step allowed much more extravagant decoration of bronzes, leading to new bronze vessel styles and also to much greater sub-division of labor in the production process.","PeriodicalId":41590,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Archaeology","volume":"18 1","pages":"180 - 191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/char-2018-0018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48274344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Imperial City Terrace (Huangchengtai), a high terrace clad with stone retaining walls on all sides, was the core area of the Shimao Archaic City Site enclosed by the inner city and outer city. In 2016, the gate remains and the upper part of the northern section of the eastern retaining wall, which was the best preserved part of the retaining walls of the Imperial City Terrace, were excavated. The gate remains of the Imperial City Terrace consisted of the square, the outer barbican, the bastions, and the inner barbican. The square was in front of the gate, and the gateway was paved with stone slabs. The entire gate has more complex structure, more magnificent scale and more elaborate construction techniques than that of the eastern gate of the Outer City. This excavation sets a new starting point for the exploration of the large-scale stone city settlement pattern of the Longshan Age.
{"title":"The Imperial City Terrace Locality of the Shimao City Site in Shenmu County, Shaanxi Province","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/char-2018-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/char-2018-0003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Imperial City Terrace (Huangchengtai), a high terrace clad with stone retaining walls on all sides, was the core area of the Shimao Archaic City Site enclosed by the inner city and outer city. In 2016, the gate remains and the upper part of the northern section of the eastern retaining wall, which was the best preserved part of the retaining walls of the Imperial City Terrace, were excavated. The gate remains of the Imperial City Terrace consisted of the square, the outer barbican, the bastions, and the inner barbican. The square was in front of the gate, and the gateway was paved with stone slabs. The entire gate has more complex structure, more magnificent scale and more elaborate construction techniques than that of the eastern gate of the Outer City. This excavation sets a new starting point for the exploration of the large-scale stone city settlement pattern of the Longshan Age.","PeriodicalId":41590,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/char-2018-0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42902714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2006, a burial of the Shang Dynasty (numbered as 2006ATSM89) was found in the Shang Dynasty bone workshop zone on Tiesan Road in the south portion of the Yinxu Site. This burial, which dated to Phase II of the Yinxu Period, was a small, rectangular, vertical shaft pit burial. The grave goods included only one set of a bronze gu-goblet and a jue-cup, but there were numerous jades, ranging from a jade qi-battle ax with a bronze hilt and jade spearheads with bronze sockets – symbols of rather high status – to semi-finished jade products, jade castoffs, and jade-working tools. Based on an inscription in the shape of a jade scepter appearing on the bronze gu-goblet, the occupant of this burial is surmised to have been a petty aristocrat in charge of the production of jades and management of jade workshops. His clan might have been specialized jade workers, and there might be jade workshops of the Yinxu Period near this burial. As the first burial found at the Yinxu Site whose occupant can be tentatively identified as a jade worker, M89 is of great significance to the study of craft production of the Yinxu Period.
{"title":"The excavation of burial M89 at Tiesan Road at the Yinxu Site in Anyang, Henan","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/char-2018-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/char-2018-0009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In 2006, a burial of the Shang Dynasty (numbered as 2006ATSM89) was found in the Shang Dynasty bone workshop zone on Tiesan Road in the south portion of the Yinxu Site. This burial, which dated to Phase II of the Yinxu Period, was a small, rectangular, vertical shaft pit burial. The grave goods included only one set of a bronze gu-goblet and a jue-cup, but there were numerous jades, ranging from a jade qi-battle ax with a bronze hilt and jade spearheads with bronze sockets – symbols of rather high status – to semi-finished jade products, jade castoffs, and jade-working tools. Based on an inscription in the shape of a jade scepter appearing on the bronze gu-goblet, the occupant of this burial is surmised to have been a petty aristocrat in charge of the production of jades and management of jade workshops. His clan might have been specialized jade workers, and there might be jade workshops of the Yinxu Period near this burial. As the first burial found at the Yinxu Site whose occupant can be tentatively identified as a jade worker, M89 is of great significance to the study of craft production of the Yinxu Period.","PeriodicalId":41590,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/char-2018-0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47423774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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