In 2016 and 2017, rich remains of the mid and late phases of the Dawenkou Culture were found at the Jiaojia Site in Zhangqiu District, including rammed-earth walls, ditches (moats), burials, house foundations and a pottery kiln, from which pottery wares, jades, turtle shell objects and so on were unearthed. The discoveries of the rammed-earth walls, the ditches surrounding the walls and a set of high-ranking burials, plus large quantity of high-quality artifacts – jades, white pottery and color-painted pottery wares indicated that during the mid and late phases of the Dawenkou Culture, the Jiaojia Site was a large-scale settlement with the properties of the political, economic and cultural centers in the ancient Ji River valley in northern Shandong; the systematic examination and interpretation to this site will be significantly meaningful for the complete understandings to the cultural connotation, regional relationship and social nature of the Dawenkou Culture.
{"title":"The Jiaojia Site of the Neolithic Age in Zhangqiu District, Jinan","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/char-2019-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/char-2019-0002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In 2016 and 2017, rich remains of the mid and late phases of the Dawenkou Culture were found at the Jiaojia Site in Zhangqiu District, including rammed-earth walls, ditches (moats), burials, house foundations and a pottery kiln, from which pottery wares, jades, turtle shell objects and so on were unearthed. The discoveries of the rammed-earth walls, the ditches surrounding the walls and a set of high-ranking burials, plus large quantity of high-quality artifacts – jades, white pottery and color-painted pottery wares indicated that during the mid and late phases of the Dawenkou Culture, the Jiaojia Site was a large-scale settlement with the properties of the political, economic and cultural centers in the ancient Ji River valley in northern Shandong; the systematic examination and interpretation to this site will be significantly meaningful for the complete understandings to the cultural connotation, regional relationship and social nature of the Dawenkou Culture.","PeriodicalId":41590,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/char-2019-0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48908857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2014 through 2017, Jilin Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology of Jilin University excavated the god temple site for the Changbai Mountains. The main body of the site was an enclosed unit in rectangular plan surrounded by outer walls, in the middle slightly to the north of which is a courtyard centered by an 工-shaped hall and surrounded by covered walkways; outside the courtyard, architecture and water well remains were found. The artifacts unearthed from this site were mainly architectural component parts; based on the jade tablets bearing the characters “guichou 癸丑” unearthed from this site, this site is estimated to be the temple built in the Jin Dynasty for worshipping the god of the Changbai Mountains. The layout and construction rules of this site matched that in the historical textual records, providing valuable materials for the studies on the official-style architecture of the Jin Dynasty. This site is the first case of the state mountain sacrificial ceremonies found beyond the Central Plains area, which is significantly meaningful for the understandings to the layouts of the shrines and temples of the gods of the “yue (sacred mounts) zhen (mounts for pacifying the directions they are located) hai (seas) du (rivers)” in the Song and Jin Dynasties and the development of the ritual system of the Jin Dynasty.
{"title":"The Changbai Mountain god temple site of the Jin Dynasty in Antu County, Jilin","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/char-2019-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/char-2019-0004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In 2014 through 2017, Jilin Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology of Jilin University excavated the god temple site for the Changbai Mountains. The main body of the site was an enclosed unit in rectangular plan surrounded by outer walls, in the middle slightly to the north of which is a courtyard centered by an 工-shaped hall and surrounded by covered walkways; outside the courtyard, architecture and water well remains were found. The artifacts unearthed from this site were mainly architectural component parts; based on the jade tablets bearing the characters “guichou 癸丑” unearthed from this site, this site is estimated to be the temple built in the Jin Dynasty for worshipping the god of the Changbai Mountains. The layout and construction rules of this site matched that in the historical textual records, providing valuable materials for the studies on the official-style architecture of the Jin Dynasty. This site is the first case of the state mountain sacrificial ceremonies found beyond the Central Plains area, which is significantly meaningful for the understandings to the layouts of the shrines and temples of the gods of the “yue (sacred mounts) zhen (mounts for pacifying the directions they are located) hai (seas) du (rivers)” in the Song and Jin Dynasties and the development of the ritual system of the Jin Dynasty.","PeriodicalId":41590,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Archaeology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/char-2019-0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the years 2012 to 2017, archaeological excavations were conducted at the localities of Cave 3, Cave 4 and Hilltop of the Nanshan (South Hill) Site. A total of 450sqm was excavated, revealing eight burials, two large-scale cisterns, about a dozen ash pits, and near 100 postholes. The excavation yielded more than 1000 artifacts made of pottery, stone and bone, as well as large amount of charred grains. The excavation uncovered important material for the discussion of prehistoric behavioral models, subsistence, human migration, cultural interaction, environmental evolution, the origins and development of the prehistoric cultures of Fujian and Taiwan, as well as the origin and dispersal of Austronesian groups.
{"title":"The Nanshan Site in Mingxi County, Fujian","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/char-2019-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/char-2019-0001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000During the years 2012 to 2017, archaeological excavations were conducted at the localities of Cave 3, Cave 4 and Hilltop of the Nanshan (South Hill) Site. A total of 450sqm was excavated, revealing eight burials, two large-scale cisterns, about a dozen ash pits, and near 100 postholes. The excavation yielded more than 1000 artifacts made of pottery, stone and bone, as well as large amount of charred grains. The excavation uncovered important material for the discussion of prehistoric behavioral models, subsistence, human migration, cultural interaction, environmental evolution, the origins and development of the prehistoric cultures of Fujian and Taiwan, as well as the origin and dispersal of Austronesian groups.","PeriodicalId":41590,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/char-2019-0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45527929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2016, the Tongmuling metallurgical site was excavated, by which the multi-metal smelting remains centered by zinc-smelting ones were recovered, including zinc-smelting furnaces, calcining platforms, house foundations, storage cellars, mud-kneading pits, refining stoves, etc., and associated house foundations, from which smelting implements such as retorts, condensers, condensing bags, condensing bag lids, refining pots, cushions and iron rods, as well as utensils for daily use were unearthed. This site is the best-preserved zinc-smelting site found to date in China having the clearest structure and functions and yielding the richest artifacts, which is very meaningful for the researches on the arrangements, functions and smelting techniques of the zinc-production sites of ancient China.
{"title":"The excavation of Tongmuling zinc-smelting site in Guiyang County, Hunan Province","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/char-2019-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/char-2019-0010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In 2016, the Tongmuling metallurgical site was excavated, by which the multi-metal smelting remains centered by zinc-smelting ones were recovered, including zinc-smelting furnaces, calcining platforms, house foundations, storage cellars, mud-kneading pits, refining stoves, etc., and associated house foundations, from which smelting implements such as retorts, condensers, condensing bags, condensing bag lids, refining pots, cushions and iron rods, as well as utensils for daily use were unearthed. This site is the best-preserved zinc-smelting site found to date in China having the clearest structure and functions and yielding the richest artifacts, which is very meaningful for the researches on the arrangements, functions and smelting techniques of the zinc-production sites of ancient China.","PeriodicalId":41590,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/char-2019-0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48199234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In March through July 2017, School of History and Culture of Shandong University and other institutions conducted the second term of excavation in the Ancient City Site of the Zhu State, which recovered over 350 features of various types belonging to the Spring-and-Autumn and Warring-States Periods and the Han and Tang Dynasties. Among them, the water well J3 was in a cylindrical vertical pit shape and lined with rectangular bricks and pottery well curbs; the artifacts unearthed from it included pottery wares, iron implements and bronze weighing instruments of the Xin Dynasty (Wang Mang Interregnum, 8–23 CE). The main period of using of J3 was the late Western Han Dynasty, and it was abandoned at the end of the Western Han Dynasty to the Xin Dynasty. The unearthing of the bronze weighing instruments from J3 provided important materials for further exploration to the issues about the measurement system of the Xin Dynasty; the unearthing of the bronze coin master pattern provided important materials for the exploration to the monetary reform in Wang Mang Interregnum. The excavation of this year provided rich data for the establishment of the chronology and cultural genealogy of the site, clarification of the functions and properties of the excavated area and exploration of the evolution of the settlement pattern of the site.
{"title":"The excavation of water well J3 at the Ancient City Site of the Zhu State in Zoucheng City, Shandong Province in 2017","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/char-2019-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/char-2019-0007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In March through July 2017, School of History and Culture of Shandong University and other institutions conducted the second term of excavation in the Ancient City Site of the Zhu State, which recovered over 350 features of various types belonging to the Spring-and-Autumn and Warring-States Periods and the Han and Tang Dynasties. Among them, the water well J3 was in a cylindrical vertical pit shape and lined with rectangular bricks and pottery well curbs; the artifacts unearthed from it included pottery wares, iron implements and bronze weighing instruments of the Xin Dynasty (Wang Mang Interregnum, 8–23 CE). The main period of using of J3 was the late Western Han Dynasty, and it was abandoned at the end of the Western Han Dynasty to the Xin Dynasty. The unearthing of the bronze weighing instruments from J3 provided important materials for further exploration to the issues about the measurement system of the Xin Dynasty; the unearthing of the bronze coin master pattern provided important materials for the exploration to the monetary reform in Wang Mang Interregnum. The excavation of this year provided rich data for the establishment of the chronology and cultural genealogy of the site, clarification of the functions and properties of the excavated area and exploration of the evolution of the settlement pattern of the site.","PeriodicalId":41590,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Archaeology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/char-2019-0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43423810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the years 2015 through 2017, archaeological excavations were conducted to the Gujun Site in Xingtang County, which recovered burials, chariot-and-horse pits and sacrificial pits, house foundations, water wells, ash pits, kilns, ash ditches and other features, from which artifacts made of gold, bronze, jade, stone, bone, horn and antler, shell and cowry, pottery, etc. were unearthed. The date of this site was from the late Spring-and-Autumn Period to the mid and late Warring-States Period, in which the city site, burials and residential areas were existing together; their dates, locations and cultural connotations are all closely related to the Xianyu tribe and Zhongshan State, especially the chariot-and-horse and animal victim pits with unique form were the first archaeologically discovered remains of this type. The discovery of the Gujun Site reflected the convergence and evolutions of the cultures of the ethnic groups in the Northern Frontier Zone and the Huaxia System, and provided important materials for the researches on the processes of the Sinicization of the northern ethnic groups such as Rong and Di and the configuration of the Chinese nation as a pluralistic integration.
{"title":"The Gujun Site of the Eastern Zhou Period in Xingtang County, Hebei","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/char-2019-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/char-2019-0003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In the years 2015 through 2017, archaeological excavations were conducted to the Gujun Site in Xingtang County, which recovered burials, chariot-and-horse pits and sacrificial pits, house foundations, water wells, ash pits, kilns, ash ditches and other features, from which artifacts made of gold, bronze, jade, stone, bone, horn and antler, shell and cowry, pottery, etc. were unearthed. The date of this site was from the late Spring-and-Autumn Period to the mid and late Warring-States Period, in which the city site, burials and residential areas were existing together; their dates, locations and cultural connotations are all closely related to the Xianyu tribe and Zhongshan State, especially the chariot-and-horse and animal victim pits with unique form were the first archaeologically discovered remains of this type. The discovery of the Gujun Site reflected the convergence and evolutions of the cultures of the ethnic groups in the Northern Frontier Zone and the Huaxia System, and provided important materials for the researches on the processes of the Sinicization of the northern ethnic groups such as Rong and Di and the configuration of the Chinese nation as a pluralistic integration.","PeriodicalId":41590,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/char-2019-0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48889595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In 2012, large amounts of white marble Buddhist statues of the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi Dynasties were unearthed from the Buddhist sculpture hoard at Bei Wuzhuang in Ye City Site. This paper makes a comparative study on a bodhisattva statue in meditation seated in half-lotus posture (resting right ankle on the knee of pendent left leg and holding right hand upward) among them and another sculpture of the same type and made in the same period unearthed at the Xiude Monastery site in Dingzhou; from the double-tree, stupa and coiling dragon designs shown by them, this paper explores the commonalities and differences of the Buddhist arts in these two areas. Moreover, this paper reveals that this motif emerged earlier in the Ye City area than in the Dingzhou area, and diffused to the latter after it became popular in the Ye City area. By these conclusions, this paper infers that the white marble meditating statue seated in half-lotus position with the date of the second year of Wuding Era (544 CE) in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, USA was produced in Ye City area.
{"title":"On white marble half-lotus meditation statues carved in Wuding Era of the Eastern Wei Dynasty","authors":"Hyun-sook So","doi":"10.1515/char-2019-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/char-2019-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In 2012, large amounts of white marble Buddhist statues of the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi Dynasties were unearthed from the Buddhist sculpture hoard at Bei Wuzhuang in Ye City Site. This paper makes a comparative study on a bodhisattva statue in meditation seated in half-lotus posture (resting right ankle on the knee of pendent left leg and holding right hand upward) among them and another sculpture of the same type and made in the same period unearthed at the Xiude Monastery site in Dingzhou; from the double-tree, stupa and coiling dragon designs shown by them, this paper explores the commonalities and differences of the Buddhist arts in these two areas. Moreover, this paper reveals that this motif emerged earlier in the Ye City area than in the Dingzhou area, and diffused to the latter after it became popular in the Ye City area. By these conclusions, this paper infers that the white marble meditating statue seated in half-lotus position with the date of the second year of Wuding Era (544 CE) in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, USA was produced in Ye City area.","PeriodicalId":41590,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Archaeology","volume":"19 1","pages":"182 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/char-2019-0014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41729102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Initial animal domestication in early Neolithic China may have resembled the behavior of raising animals as pets for entertainment. During the domestication process, the ecological characteristics and living habits of each animal and the subjective demands of ancient people jointly led to the formation of animal raising behaviors for utilitarian purposes. These commensal interactions involved both the actions of ancient people and the cooperative reactions of the animals themselves. Domestication processes were gradual and involved multiple repeated and progressive co-evolutionary developments.
{"title":"Rethinking the origins of animal domestication in China","authors":"Jing Yuan, Ningning Dong","doi":"10.1515/char-2019-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/char-2019-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Initial animal domestication in early Neolithic China may have resembled the behavior of raising animals as pets for entertainment. During the domestication process, the ecological characteristics and living habits of each animal and the subjective demands of ancient people jointly led to the formation of animal raising behaviors for utilitarian purposes. These commensal interactions involved both the actions of ancient people and the cooperative reactions of the animals themselves. Domestication processes were gradual and involved multiple repeated and progressive co-evolutionary developments.","PeriodicalId":41590,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Archaeology","volume":"19 1","pages":"195 - 200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/char-2019-0015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49529157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Bottoming burials with cinnabar emerged in Phase II of the Erlitou Culture of the Xia Dynasty, which might be an important step of the interment ceremony of the Xia people, especially the elites, with the meaning of laying foundations for the burials in order to bless the deceased in the afterworld. This funeral custom became more common, which might be because of the northward expansion of the Erlitou Culture into southern Shanxi that involved absorbing or replacing local cultural elements. In the early Shang Dynasty, cinnabar-bottomed burials continued to exist, which supports the traditional belief that “Shang people followed the regulations of Xia”. By the time of the late Shang Dynasty, the popularity of waist pit burials increased while the ability of the Shang people to control the cinnabar resource declined, and consequently we see fewer cinnabar-bottomed burials.
{"title":"A study on the cinnabar-bottomed burials of the early Bronze Age","authors":"Guoshuo Zhang, Jun He","doi":"10.1515/char-2019-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/char-2019-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Bottoming burials with cinnabar emerged in Phase II of the Erlitou Culture of the Xia Dynasty, which might be an important step of the interment ceremony of the Xia people, especially the elites, with the meaning of laying foundations for the burials in order to bless the deceased in the afterworld. This funeral custom became more common, which might be because of the northward expansion of the Erlitou Culture into southern Shanxi that involved absorbing or replacing local cultural elements. In the early Shang Dynasty, cinnabar-bottomed burials continued to exist, which supports the traditional belief that “Shang people followed the regulations of Xia”. By the time of the late Shang Dynasty, the popularity of waist pit burials increased while the ability of the Shang people to control the cinnabar resource declined, and consequently we see fewer cinnabar-bottomed burials.","PeriodicalId":41590,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Archaeology","volume":"19 1","pages":"163 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/char-2019-0012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44063780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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