{"title":"How Will TSA Handle the New Threat to Homeland Security—The Bioweapon?","authors":"A. York","doi":"10.1515/jbbbl-2016-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbbbl-2016-0006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130924105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract With the ability to travel among nations comes the risk of spreading infections among disparate populations. Travel and the spread of disease has been a topic of health organizations since the nineteenth century. This paper analyzes these health concerns through the lens of nineteenth century cultural concerns over international travel, addresses them with regards to the various international and US federal regulations that have been enacted, and concludes with potential changes demonstrative of modern cultural concerns with international travel.
{"title":"I Saw it in a Movie: The Effectiveness of Health Regulations on International Travel","authors":"W. W. Wells","doi":"10.1515/JBBBL-2015-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/JBBBL-2015-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract With the ability to travel among nations comes the risk of spreading infections among disparate populations. Travel and the spread of disease has been a topic of health organizations since the nineteenth century. This paper analyzes these health concerns through the lens of nineteenth century cultural concerns over international travel, addresses them with regards to the various international and US federal regulations that have been enacted, and concludes with potential changes demonstrative of modern cultural concerns with international travel.","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129278558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vaccination programs started developing in the late eighteenth century to prevent smallpox. Since then, vaccinations have become one of the most important and widely used public health measures to prevent the spread of epidemic diseases. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) listed vaccinations as the first great public health achievement in the United States from 1900 to 1999. State legal requirements, as well as federal funding, support vaccination programs. Every state in the United States has the power to mandate
{"title":"Implications of the World Health Organization’s Recommendations During Mass Gatherings in Light of Individual Rights in the United States and Other Countries","authors":"Elena K. McCoy","doi":"10.1515/jbbbl-2014-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbbbl-2014-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Vaccination programs started developing in the late eighteenth century to prevent smallpox. Since then, vaccinations have become one of the most important and widely used public health measures to prevent the spread of epidemic diseases. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) listed vaccinations as the first great public health achievement in the United States from 1900 to 1999. State legal requirements, as well as federal funding, support vaccination programs. Every state in the United States has the power to mandate","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"298 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128625281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ripple effect experienced from the continued prevalence of HIV/AIDS in SubSahara African countries is far reaching. The devastation that both the virus and resultant disease has had on the world is not relegated to just the health of African nations, but includes a direct effect on the United States’ national security. That is, “[h]uman behaviour that determines public health security includes decisions and actions taken by individuals at all levels—for example, political leaders, policymakers, military commanders, public health specialists and the general population ....” The U.S. National Intelligence Council has specifically and continuously addressed the concern of deadly infectious disease, including AIDS, by stating that diseases “[threaten American national security because they] endanger US citizens at home and abroad, threaten U.S. armed forces deployed overseas, and exacerbate social and political instability in key countries and regions in which the United States has significant interests ....” The question remains: what is the link between HIV/AIDS and U.S. national security, and what needs to be done to combat this issue? This paper will address how the inadequate surveillance in undeveloped countries, “from a lack of commitment to build effective health systems capable
{"title":"The Elephant in the Room: Is HIV/AIDS a Present National Security Threat and What Needs to be Done to Combat this Issue?","authors":"Nolan McConville","doi":"10.1515/jbbbl-2016-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbbbl-2016-0004","url":null,"abstract":"The ripple effect experienced from the continued prevalence of HIV/AIDS in SubSahara African countries is far reaching. The devastation that both the virus and resultant disease has had on the world is not relegated to just the health of African nations, but includes a direct effect on the United States’ national security. That is, “[h]uman behaviour that determines public health security includes decisions and actions taken by individuals at all levels—for example, political leaders, policymakers, military commanders, public health specialists and the general population ....” The U.S. National Intelligence Council has specifically and continuously addressed the concern of deadly infectious disease, including AIDS, by stating that diseases “[threaten American national security because they] endanger US citizens at home and abroad, threaten U.S. armed forces deployed overseas, and exacerbate social and political instability in key countries and regions in which the United States has significant interests ....” The question remains: what is the link between HIV/AIDS and U.S. national security, and what needs to be done to combat this issue? This paper will address how the inadequate surveillance in undeveloped countries, “from a lack of commitment to build effective health systems capable","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"11 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114702012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The member states bound by the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) have committed to not produce, stock pile, or use biological weapons, but finding the line between what is a biological weapon and what is justified by “prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes” is difficult with the broad wording of the convention. In a world of quickly emerging technology, the gray area created by the broad exceptions to what constitutes a BWC biological weapon produces ever-changing security risks and public policy considerations. Despite the BWC’s attempt to strengthen prohibition on biological weapons of prior agreements, a large exception is carved out for the three justified uses, which hinges on the intent and purpose of the actor. The three permitted purposes are not defined, and there is no objective test for determining the intention of the actor.
{"title":"The BWC Gray Area: Locating the Blurry Line of Defining Biological Weapons","authors":"Jennifer Wissinger","doi":"10.1515/jbbbl-2015-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbbbl-2015-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The member states bound by the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) have committed to not produce, stock pile, or use biological weapons, but finding the line between what is a biological weapon and what is justified by “prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes” is difficult with the broad wording of the convention. In a world of quickly emerging technology, the gray area created by the broad exceptions to what constitutes a BWC biological weapon produces ever-changing security risks and public policy considerations. Despite the BWC’s attempt to strengthen prohibition on biological weapons of prior agreements, a large exception is carved out for the three justified uses, which hinges on the intent and purpose of the actor. The three permitted purposes are not defined, and there is no objective test for determining the intention of the actor.","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134314358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cruises are increasing in popularity. In 2012, 17.2 million people traveled on cruises with 68% of travelers from North America. Passenger vessels also create the ideal environment for the spread of communicable diseases. As a result, they require special attention. First, they bring together groups of people from all over the world who carry a variety of diseases. Second, cruise ship employees typically come from developing countries where vaccinations are not commonplace. Third, passenger vessels encourage close proximity among passengers promoting the spread of disease. More specifically, everyone shares restrooms, buffet lines, swimming pools, as well as other amenities that cruise liners provide. Last, once passengers disembark, they have the potential to spread diseases wherever they go.
{"title":"Lost at Sea – Plunge into Cruise Ship Jurisdiction: Which Governmental Agency Regulates Health on Passenger Vessels, Which Governmental Agency Responds in the Event of a Biological Attack on a Vessel, and What Can Be Done to Prepare?","authors":"M. Tran","doi":"10.1515/jbbbl-2015-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbbbl-2015-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Cruises are increasing in popularity. In 2012, 17.2 million people traveled on cruises with 68% of travelers from North America. Passenger vessels also create the ideal environment for the spread of communicable diseases. As a result, they require special attention. First, they bring together groups of people from all over the world who carry a variety of diseases. Second, cruise ship employees typically come from developing countries where vaccinations are not commonplace. Third, passenger vessels encourage close proximity among passengers promoting the spread of disease. More specifically, everyone shares restrooms, buffet lines, swimming pools, as well as other amenities that cruise liners provide. Last, once passengers disembark, they have the potential to spread diseases wherever they go.","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"275 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115945584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the winter of 2016 a major outbreak of a new influenza strain has occurred in China. As the virus is rapidly spreading throughout major cities, scientists are working to develop a vaccine. A group of scientists in China digitally sequence the genome of the virus and post it to the Internet in hopes that someone could develop a vaccine. Meanwhile, a team of scientists in the United States invents a machine that can print the genome sequence of the virus, and turn the sequence back into a biologic. From this process, they develop a vaccine in less than ten hours to stop the outbreak. This sequence of events may seem like a plot to a science fiction film, however, these events transpired in 2013.
{"title":"Do Not Hit Print: The Impact of 3D Printing on Distributive Justice and Why Regulations are Necessary to Prevent Consumer 3D Vaccine Printers","authors":"J. Foster","doi":"10.1515/jbbbl-2016-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbbbl-2016-0007","url":null,"abstract":"During the winter of 2016 a major outbreak of a new influenza strain has occurred in China. As the virus is rapidly spreading throughout major cities, scientists are working to develop a vaccine. A group of scientists in China digitally sequence the genome of the virus and post it to the Internet in hopes that someone could develop a vaccine. Meanwhile, a team of scientists in the United States invents a machine that can print the genome sequence of the virus, and turn the sequence back into a biologic. From this process, they develop a vaccine in less than ten hours to stop the outbreak. This sequence of events may seem like a plot to a science fiction film, however, these events transpired in 2013.","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116852353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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