According to the Food and Drug Administration, vaccines are the most effective in defending against vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. Some of these vaccinepreventable diseases include: diphtheria, hepatitis A and B, Haemophilus influenza type b, human papillomavirus, influenza, Japanese encephalitis, measles, meningococcal, mumps, pertussis, polio, rabies, rotavirus, rubella, shingles, smallpox, tetanus, typhoid, tuberculosis, varicella, and yellow fever. With diseases such as polio eradicated from the United States by 1979 and smallpox eradicated globally by 1980, vaccines have proven their effectiveness through time. Vaccines work by inducing an immune response within the body when it comes into contact with the targeted disease. The vaccine specifically achieves this by inciting the body’s immune system to recognize antigens from the disease-causing bacteria or viruses and respond by sending antibodies to defend against the disease. Although there are five types of vaccines currently utilized, and each interacts with the body in a slightly different way, they all work by
{"title":"Drugs and Vaccines for Public Health Emergencies – A Comparative Law Analysis","authors":"A. Tan","doi":"10.1515/jbbbl-2016-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbbbl-2016-0008","url":null,"abstract":"According to the Food and Drug Administration, vaccines are the most effective in defending against vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. Some of these vaccinepreventable diseases include: diphtheria, hepatitis A and B, Haemophilus influenza type b, human papillomavirus, influenza, Japanese encephalitis, measles, meningococcal, mumps, pertussis, polio, rabies, rotavirus, rubella, shingles, smallpox, tetanus, typhoid, tuberculosis, varicella, and yellow fever. With diseases such as polio eradicated from the United States by 1979 and smallpox eradicated globally by 1980, vaccines have proven their effectiveness through time. Vaccines work by inducing an immune response within the body when it comes into contact with the targeted disease. The vaccine specifically achieves this by inciting the body’s immune system to recognize antigens from the disease-causing bacteria or viruses and respond by sending antibodies to defend against the disease. Although there are five types of vaccines currently utilized, and each interacts with the body in a slightly different way, they all work by","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125963835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"One Hundred Years of Solitude: The Uses and Limitations of Quarantine as a Tool for Maintaining Global Public Health Since Typhoid Mary","authors":"Nadia E. Haghighatian","doi":"10.1515/JBBBL-2014-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/JBBBL-2014-0003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132129766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
01:01:01 Dr. Sobel: Good evening, everyone. And I would like to start by thanking all the panelists for being here, and we’re delighted we have at least as many participants in the audience as the panel. So Veterans’ Day is a very special day. It commemorates not only public service, but service in the future. And the one characteristic of complex emergency is that you never know who the heroes and the servers are going to be in a complex emergency. Often people are unrecognized and unappreciated until long after the disaster has passed, and the recovery phase has begun. But, I think the purpose of a panel like this is to really emphasize not only the interdisciplinary, but transdisciplinary value of knowledge and capability that is brought to bear in a response in any public health emergency. But, it also brings upon us a number of opportunities to question the things that we do, and the constructs that we teach, and hence, the opportunity here for us all to learn from this emergency.
{"title":"Public Policy Drivers during Global Public Health Emergencies: Focus on Ebola","authors":"A. Sobel","doi":"10.1515/JBBBL-2015-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/JBBBL-2015-0012","url":null,"abstract":"01:01:01 Dr. Sobel: Good evening, everyone. And I would like to start by thanking all the panelists for being here, and we’re delighted we have at least as many participants in the audience as the panel. So Veterans’ Day is a very special day. It commemorates not only public service, but service in the future. And the one characteristic of complex emergency is that you never know who the heroes and the servers are going to be in a complex emergency. Often people are unrecognized and unappreciated until long after the disaster has passed, and the recovery phase has begun. But, I think the purpose of a panel like this is to really emphasize not only the interdisciplinary, but transdisciplinary value of knowledge and capability that is brought to bear in a response in any public health emergency. But, it also brings upon us a number of opportunities to question the things that we do, and the constructs that we teach, and hence, the opportunity here for us all to learn from this emergency.","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121858399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The United States Government has sought to incentivize the development of medical countermeasures for biological agents (as well as other weapons of mass destruction) by establishing the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA). Several legal impediments exist to the development of vaccines targeting the most disconcerting biological agents. This paper identifies the key legal incentives and impediments regarding the development of vaccines for select agents and determine whether these incentives currently outweigh the impediments.
{"title":"Legal Framework Surrounding the Development of Vaccines for Select Agents: Do the Legal Incentives Outweigh the Legal Burdens?","authors":"Joel F. Aldrich","doi":"10.1515/jbbbl-2015-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbbbl-2015-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The United States Government has sought to incentivize the development of medical countermeasures for biological agents (as well as other weapons of mass destruction) by establishing the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA). Several legal impediments exist to the development of vaccines targeting the most disconcerting biological agents. This paper identifies the key legal incentives and impediments regarding the development of vaccines for select agents and determine whether these incentives currently outweigh the impediments.","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"731 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133596843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Although randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are generally considered the “gold standard” for testing experimental treatments, their use for Ebola has been subject to strong criticism by prominent ethicists and international aid organizations, and only one of the ongoing Ebola treatment trials has been designed in this manner. This is not the first time that RCTs in developing countries have provoked ethical controversy, but the objections to the Ebola clinical trials are fundamentally different from the concerns that have been raised in the past. After briefing reviewing the ongoing research on experimental Ebola treatments, this Article examines the current controversies in the context of previous debates over the ethics of international clinical research. It concludes that RCTs provide the most reliable method for developing effective Ebola treatments, and that their methodological rigor is itself a persuasive ethical argument in favor of using them. However, limited departures from the methodologically ideal approach may be necessary to accommodate the expectations of participants and to promote community trust.
{"title":"Control Groups on Trial: The Ethics of Testing Experimental Ebola Treatments","authors":"C. Coleman","doi":"10.1515/jbbbl-2015-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbbbl-2015-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are generally considered the “gold standard” for testing experimental treatments, their use for Ebola has been subject to strong criticism by prominent ethicists and international aid organizations, and only one of the ongoing Ebola treatment trials has been designed in this manner. This is not the first time that RCTs in developing countries have provoked ethical controversy, but the objections to the Ebola clinical trials are fundamentally different from the concerns that have been raised in the past. After briefing reviewing the ongoing research on experimental Ebola treatments, this Article examines the current controversies in the context of previous debates over the ethics of international clinical research. It concludes that RCTs provide the most reliable method for developing effective Ebola treatments, and that their methodological rigor is itself a persuasive ethical argument in favor of using them. However, limited departures from the methodologically ideal approach may be necessary to accommodate the expectations of participants and to promote community trust.","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114173451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The importance of food safety is universal, but the current protocols are not. While most developed countries have regulations in place to protect their own citizens against possible threats to food products, many developing countries often have very limited guidelines for food safety (if they have any at all). This paper will look at the current food regulations—both domestic and international—and propose a more uniform model for international food regulations. The proposed international regulatory scheme will be styled after the “farm to fork” model found in the U.S. Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002. This regulatory system will fit within the existing United Nations (UN) and World Health Organization (WHO) frameworks and should create a simpler and more effective regulatory framework for ensuring food safety on an international scale. Increased uniformity and accountability will provide increased safety for each nation individually, but they will also improve the safety of the international community as a whole; this “international safety” is especially important for those attending mass gatherings—instances like the Olympics and the Hajj—during which many
{"title":"Farm-to-Fork from Argentina to Zimbabwe: Using the U.S. Agroterrorism Model as a Guide for an International Regulatory Scheme to Promote Food Safety in Mass Gatherings","authors":"Kelsey C. Brock","doi":"10.1515/jbbbl-2014-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbbbl-2014-0013","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of food safety is universal, but the current protocols are not. While most developed countries have regulations in place to protect their own citizens against possible threats to food products, many developing countries often have very limited guidelines for food safety (if they have any at all). This paper will look at the current food regulations—both domestic and international—and propose a more uniform model for international food regulations. The proposed international regulatory scheme will be styled after the “farm to fork” model found in the U.S. Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002. This regulatory system will fit within the existing United Nations (UN) and World Health Organization (WHO) frameworks and should create a simpler and more effective regulatory framework for ensuring food safety on an international scale. Increased uniformity and accountability will provide increased safety for each nation individually, but they will also improve the safety of the international community as a whole; this “international safety” is especially important for those attending mass gatherings—instances like the Olympics and the Hajj—during which many","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131777695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The conditions in refugee camps are often strikingly similar to those considered by existent bodies of law governing mass gatherings. Sanitation is a key concern in both cases, as is access to adequate shelter and medical care. However, the laws that govern refugees and mass gatherings are promulgated by different organizations, and the lack of overlap can exacerbate already poor conditions for refugees. This paper examines the various health issues that arise in refugee camps in terms of mass gatherings, analyzes the laws that govern both, and concludes with recommendations on how to address any ineffectiveness in the current models.
{"title":"No Safe Haven: How the Chasm between the Laws Governing Refugees and Mass Gatherings Has Contributed to Health Crises","authors":"G. Preston","doi":"10.1515/jbbbl-2015-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbbbl-2015-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The conditions in refugee camps are often strikingly similar to those considered by existent bodies of law governing mass gatherings. Sanitation is a key concern in both cases, as is access to adequate shelter and medical care. However, the laws that govern refugees and mass gatherings are promulgated by different organizations, and the lack of overlap can exacerbate already poor conditions for refugees. This paper examines the various health issues that arise in refugee camps in terms of mass gatherings, analyzes the laws that govern both, and concludes with recommendations on how to address any ineffectiveness in the current models.","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134150547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2010, Puerto Rico experienced the worst outbreak of dengue fever in the history of the United States. With over 21,000 reported cases, and likely twice as many unreported, this outbreak put scientists and researchers on notice of a growing problem coming north from the tropics. Similarly, Hawaii (2001), Florida (2009–2010), and Texas (2005) all experienced outbreaks of dengue fever in the 21st century. The question posed by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) became: how did these regions manage the outbreaks while continuing to maintain community control over a disease that is not carried by humans, but carried through a specific mosquito vector? Texas, specifically, is posed with the difficult dilemma of controlling the spread of dengue-infected mosquitos, as well as the threat of dengue-infected humans attempting to cross the border from Mexico into the United States. Cities like Brownsville, which have experienced the worst of the recent dengue outbreaks, are considering dengue prevention a top priority and are adjusting the spread of helpful prevention techniques throughout their locale. Through the examination of this disease and control mechanisms set in place by local,
{"title":"Dengue Fever: A Border Threat Without a Safety Net?","authors":"Nicholas Custred","doi":"10.1515/jbbbl-2016-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbbbl-2016-0003","url":null,"abstract":"In 2010, Puerto Rico experienced the worst outbreak of dengue fever in the history of the United States. With over 21,000 reported cases, and likely twice as many unreported, this outbreak put scientists and researchers on notice of a growing problem coming north from the tropics. Similarly, Hawaii (2001), Florida (2009–2010), and Texas (2005) all experienced outbreaks of dengue fever in the 21st century. The question posed by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) became: how did these regions manage the outbreaks while continuing to maintain community control over a disease that is not carried by humans, but carried through a specific mosquito vector? Texas, specifically, is posed with the difficult dilemma of controlling the spread of dengue-infected mosquitos, as well as the threat of dengue-infected humans attempting to cross the border from Mexico into the United States. Cities like Brownsville, which have experienced the worst of the recent dengue outbreaks, are considering dengue prevention a top priority and are adjusting the spread of helpful prevention techniques throughout their locale. Through the examination of this disease and control mechanisms set in place by local,","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129084861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Over the past two decades, the event of eco-terrorism has become a significant threat. The law should encourage the advancement of scientific research by providing criminal penalties for those who engage in eco-terrorism. This article examines the threat eco-terrorists pose to scientific researchers in the United States, and covers the historical use of animal research, notable activists and organizations, and the applicable laws as they currently exist, including potential improvements.
{"title":"Eco-Terrorism: A Legal Update on the Laws Protecting Scientific Research from Extremist Activists","authors":"Josh W. Leamons","doi":"10.1515/JBBBL-2015-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/JBBBL-2015-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Over the past two decades, the event of eco-terrorism has become a significant threat. The law should encourage the advancement of scientific research by providing criminal penalties for those who engage in eco-terrorism. This article examines the threat eco-terrorists pose to scientific researchers in the United States, and covers the historical use of animal research, notable activists and organizations, and the applicable laws as they currently exist, including potential improvements.","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115463549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Since 9/11, the United States and the international community have emphasized the need to protect people from terrorist attacks. The Boston Bombing that took place on April 15, 2013, showed that even with all of the preventive measures in place, the United States is not immune from terrorist attacks. If there had been a bioterrorist attack in Boston instead of a homemade bomb, the amount of casualties would likely have been a lot higher. Many hospitals lack effective emergency preparedness plans that address bioterrorist attacks. One area that will help prepare nations during a mass casualty incident or public health emergency involves implementing effective mass casualty preparedness plans for hospitals. This paper analyzes mass casualty preparedness in hospitals and demonstrates the need to have legislation in place to protect doctors who treat patients during mass casualty events.
{"title":"Die a Hero or Live Long Enough to Become the Villain: Mass Casualty Preparedness in Hospitals and Protecting Doctors from Liability during Mass Casualty Events","authors":"Ashley Tseung","doi":"10.1515/jbbbl-2015-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbbbl-2015-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since 9/11, the United States and the international community have emphasized the need to protect people from terrorist attacks. The Boston Bombing that took place on April 15, 2013, showed that even with all of the preventive measures in place, the United States is not immune from terrorist attacks. If there had been a bioterrorist attack in Boston instead of a homemade bomb, the amount of casualties would likely have been a lot higher. Many hospitals lack effective emergency preparedness plans that address bioterrorist attacks. One area that will help prepare nations during a mass casualty incident or public health emergency involves implementing effective mass casualty preparedness plans for hospitals. This paper analyzes mass casualty preparedness in hospitals and demonstrates the need to have legislation in place to protect doctors who treat patients during mass casualty events.","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117205067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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