{"title":"What We’ve Got Here Is a Failure to Investigate: The Syrian Biological Weapons Threat","authors":"Son Trinh","doi":"10.1515/jbbbl-2014-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbbbl-2014-0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124938819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) defines the public’s fundamental right to information about the government and its functions. Although federal acts and other similar acts implemented at the state level are fundamental, they do create a challenge of balancing. Such balancing involves the weighing of the public’s right to information, and the risk imposed upon government and national security by providing such information. This paper will explore such balancing imposed by the freedom of information. First, this paper will provide a national overview of FOIA and explore the Federal Open Meetings Law implemented by the federal government of the United States. Additionally, this paper will discuss current outsourcing of information requests and other FOIA policies within the Obama Administration. Second, this paper will examine what policies Texas has implemented in regards to FOIA and also discuss the Texas Public Information Act (TPIA) and the Texas Open Meetings Act (TOMA). Additionally, topics regarding public information in the context of the current legislative session, and the current issues and recent litigation regarding TPIA and TOMA will also be examined.
《信息自由法》(Freedom of Information Act, FOIA)规定了公众了解政府及其职能的基本权利。尽管联邦法律和其他在州一级实施的类似法律是基本的，但它们确实带来了平衡的挑战。这种平衡包括权衡公众获得信息的权利，以及提供这些信息给政府和国家安全带来的风险。本文将探讨信息自由所带来的这种平衡。首先，本文将介绍《信息自由法》的全国概况，并探讨美国联邦政府实施的《联邦公开会议法》。此外，本文还将讨论奥巴马政府目前的信息请求外包和其他《信息自由法》政策。其次，本文将考察德克萨斯州在《信息自由法》方面实施了哪些政策，并讨论《德克萨斯州公共信息法》和《德克萨斯州公开会议法》。此外，还将审查当前立法会议背景下的公共信息主题，以及有关TPIA和TOMA的当前问题和最近的诉讼。
{"title":"Should Everyone Know Everything?: The Freedom of Information Act vs. Governmental and National Security","authors":"Peyton S. Kampas","doi":"10.1515/JBBBL-2014-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/JBBBL-2014-0008","url":null,"abstract":"The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) defines the public’s fundamental right to information about the government and its functions. Although federal acts and other similar acts implemented at the state level are fundamental, they do create a challenge of balancing. Such balancing involves the weighing of the public’s right to information, and the risk imposed upon government and national security by providing such information. This paper will explore such balancing imposed by the freedom of information. First, this paper will provide a national overview of FOIA and explore the Federal Open Meetings Law implemented by the federal government of the United States. Additionally, this paper will discuss current outsourcing of information requests and other FOIA policies within the Obama Administration. Second, this paper will examine what policies Texas has implemented in regards to FOIA and also discuss the Texas Public Information Act (TPIA) and the Texas Open Meetings Act (TOMA). Additionally, topics regarding public information in the context of the current legislative session, and the current issues and recent litigation regarding TPIA and TOMA will also be examined.","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122576891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In today’s ever shrinking world, the complexities of the U.S. public health model, and the federalism system in which it operates, jeopardize the government’s ability to effectively and efficiently deal with an outbreak or biological attack. This is clearly demonstrated by the events surrounding the 1999 West Nile outbreak. Problems persist in the public health arena—problems that can be addressed to make public health preparedness more effective and efficient than it is today. The West Nile virus seems to advance farther summer, spreading into new areas and infecting more and more people. Changes need to be made to ensure a system is in place that adequately meets the demands of a natural outbreak or biological terrorism event. The current federal system divides the powers of government between roles allocated to the federal government and roles allocated to the state governments. The principles of federalism seem to be somewhat fluid in meeting the current demands of the country. In the past, levels of federal involvement have increased and decreased over the years. However, public health, which has
{"title":"Outbreak or Attack: The Effects of Federalism on the U.S. Public Health System as Shown by the Emergence of the West Nile Virus","authors":"Adam Varvel","doi":"10.1515/jbbbl-2014-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbbbl-2014-0006","url":null,"abstract":"In today’s ever shrinking world, the complexities of the U.S. public health model, and the federalism system in which it operates, jeopardize the government’s ability to effectively and efficiently deal with an outbreak or biological attack. This is clearly demonstrated by the events surrounding the 1999 West Nile outbreak. Problems persist in the public health arena—problems that can be addressed to make public health preparedness more effective and efficient than it is today. The West Nile virus seems to advance farther summer, spreading into new areas and infecting more and more people. Changes need to be made to ensure a system is in place that adequately meets the demands of a natural outbreak or biological terrorism event. The current federal system divides the powers of government between roles allocated to the federal government and roles allocated to the state governments. The principles of federalism seem to be somewhat fluid in meeting the current demands of the country. In the past, levels of federal involvement have increased and decreased over the years. However, public health, which has","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125206023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Malaysia is one of the State Parties to the Biological Toxins and Weapons Convention (BTWC), which was signed in 1972 and ratified in 1991. National legislation governing laboratory biosecurity is in progress. The Malaysian BTWC Bill, when implemented, will require all organizations working with infectious organisms to develop institutional biorisk policies and implement biorisk management programs to address laboratory biosafety and biosecurity at the workplace. Laboratory biosecurity is a relatively new and evolving paradigm for bioscience laboratories in Malaysia. Compliance with this legislation is a significant challenge and requires major change to organizational and workplace culture. Successful implementation would also require awareness training, resources, and a culture of responsibility among scientists.
{"title":"Legislations on Biosecurity: Compliance Challenges for Malaysian Scientists","authors":"T. Subramaniam","doi":"10.1515/jbbbl-2014-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbbbl-2014-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Malaysia is one of the State Parties to the Biological Toxins and Weapons Convention (BTWC), which was signed in 1972 and ratified in 1991. National legislation governing laboratory biosecurity is in progress. The Malaysian BTWC Bill, when implemented, will require all organizations working with infectious organisms to develop institutional biorisk policies and implement biorisk management programs to address laboratory biosafety and biosecurity at the workplace. Laboratory biosecurity is a relatively new and evolving paradigm for bioscience laboratories in Malaysia. Compliance with this legislation is a significant challenge and requires major change to organizational and workplace culture. Successful implementation would also require awareness training, resources, and a culture of responsibility among scientists.","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127623628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We live in an increasingly globalized world where international business travel, tourism, and trade are commonplace and becoming increasingly available to the world’s populace. Germ theory is understood by most people to be the culprit behind many of the common ailments we might suffer, such as influenza. In recent years, the world has seen H1N1 Swine Flu, SARS, and in many places even diseases that are more formidable, such as extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB). For years now, moviemakers have sensationalized the potential impact of a pandemic event on the silver screen. Even without those sensationalized theatrical accounts, we are well aware that a pandemic could cripple a national or even the global economy. Given these factors, how can we not prioritize the need for effective public health legislation on a national and international level? This article will explore the overall question of how we can utilize the existing legal structure, or make changes to the existing legal structure from an international perspective, to prevent and control XDR-TB in United States before the extreme measure of quarantine is necessary. In exploring this question, we will first examine the origins and evolution of XDR-TB and then assess the contemporary threat posed by XDR-TB. The primary focus is the use of
{"title":"“An Ounce of Prevention Is Worth a Pound of Quarantine”: National and International Quarantine Laws vs Prevention and Control Measures as Applied to XDR-TB","authors":"Bradley E. Lewis","doi":"10.1515/JBBBL-2014-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/JBBBL-2014-0004","url":null,"abstract":"We live in an increasingly globalized world where international business travel, tourism, and trade are commonplace and becoming increasingly available to the world’s populace. Germ theory is understood by most people to be the culprit behind many of the common ailments we might suffer, such as influenza. In recent years, the world has seen H1N1 Swine Flu, SARS, and in many places even diseases that are more formidable, such as extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB). For years now, moviemakers have sensationalized the potential impact of a pandemic event on the silver screen. Even without those sensationalized theatrical accounts, we are well aware that a pandemic could cripple a national or even the global economy. Given these factors, how can we not prioritize the need for effective public health legislation on a national and international level? This article will explore the overall question of how we can utilize the existing legal structure, or make changes to the existing legal structure from an international perspective, to prevent and control XDR-TB in United States before the extreme measure of quarantine is necessary. In exploring this question, we will first examine the origins and evolution of XDR-TB and then assess the contemporary threat posed by XDR-TB. The primary focus is the use of","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"518 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123114843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Plan and Prepare: Formulating an Emergency Response Plan for First Responders and Good Samaritans during a Bioterrorist Act Affecting Thousands","authors":"Austin Carrizales","doi":"10.1515/JBBBL-2014-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/JBBBL-2014-0012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131406149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Imagine an individual who wanted to join the armed forces but the government deemed too frail. However, in order to assist the United States win World War II, he agreed to undergo a military biological test to enhance his body with an experimental serum, thus creating a super solider. In this imaginary world, this man was Steve Rogers, more popularly known as Captain America. As a result of the “Super-Soldier Serum,” Rogers’s body was transformed and capable of performing at the height of human potential in terms of strength, agility, speed, reflexes, durability, and healing. The serum enhanced all of his metabolic functions, thus giving him endurance far surpassing a normal human being by preventing the build-up of lactic acid in his muscles. The United States utilized Captain America during World War II to help the military in endeavors that would have been impossible for a normal soldier.
{"title":"The Non-fiction of Captain America: A Legal Analysis of the Potential and Perils of Genetic Engineering in Modern Warfare","authors":"Lara Wynn","doi":"10.1515/JBBBL-2014-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/JBBBL-2014-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Imagine an individual who wanted to join the armed forces but the government deemed too frail. However, in order to assist the United States win World War II, he agreed to undergo a military biological test to enhance his body with an experimental serum, thus creating a super solider. In this imaginary world, this man was Steve Rogers, more popularly known as Captain America. As a result of the “Super-Soldier Serum,” Rogers’s body was transformed and capable of performing at the height of human potential in terms of strength, agility, speed, reflexes, durability, and healing. The serum enhanced all of his metabolic functions, thus giving him endurance far surpassing a normal human being by preventing the build-up of lactic acid in his muscles. The United States utilized Captain America during World War II to help the military in endeavors that would have been impossible for a normal soldier.","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"54 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131658152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mass gatherings, such as the Olympics, bring together large concentrations of people from throughout the world. Some of these people may be from a particular risk group, such as those who have not received routine vaccinations or are immunocompromised. Such groups increase the chances of infectious diseases spreading in those who are susceptible. The International Health Regulations issued by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2005 and taking effect in 2007 aim at helping the international community prevent and respond to acute public health risks that have the potential to cross borders and threaten people worldwide. The Olympics is a convergence of temporarily relocated people from around the globe, which is the kind of mass gathering that lends itself to susceptibility of diseases that spread quickly in a short period of time. Because of this risk, should Brazil, as the host of 2016 Olympics and as a
{"title":"New Rules to Play By: International Health Regulations and the 2016 Olympics","authors":"Alexandria Dover","doi":"10.1515/jbbbl-2014-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbbbl-2014-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Mass gatherings, such as the Olympics, bring together large concentrations of people from throughout the world. Some of these people may be from a particular risk group, such as those who have not received routine vaccinations or are immunocompromised. Such groups increase the chances of infectious diseases spreading in those who are susceptible. The International Health Regulations issued by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2005 and taking effect in 2007 aim at helping the international community prevent and respond to acute public health risks that have the potential to cross borders and threaten people worldwide. The Olympics is a convergence of temporarily relocated people from around the globe, which is the kind of mass gathering that lends itself to susceptibility of diseases that spread quickly in a short period of time. Because of this risk, should Brazil, as the host of 2016 Olympics and as a","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126608654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We are pleased to publish Volume V of the Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety and Biodefense Law. This volume continues our journal’s tradition of addressing emerging and important issues within the fields of biosecurity, biosafety, and biodefense law, from a practical as well as a theoretical perspective. The lead article of Volume V, Legislations on Biosecurity: Compliance Challenges for Malaysian Scientists by T.S. Saraswathy Subramaniam, focuses on the biosecurity compliance challenges currently faced by laboratories in Malaysia. The remaining articles selected for Volume V address five subjectmatter areas. The first group of articles addresses the various global approaches to quarantine of disease-harboring individuals. The second group of articles discusses the relationship between federalism and biosecurity law. The third group of articles engages in a comparative analysis of the various legal approaches to biosecurity. The fourth group of articles addresses the processes of attribution and justice (or lack thereof) relating to the use of bioweapons. Finally, the fifth group of articles discusses the application of domestic and foreign biosecurity laws to “mass gathering” situations. This marks the first special section for focus in the Journal, and we are pleased to provide this forum for the first published scholarship concerning the scope of interests of the World Health Organization initiative on mass gatherings. The first section provides contextual and historical information regarding the use of quarantine law to prevent the spread of infectious disease. First, Nadia Haghighatian reviews the historical use of quarantine and examines some of its associated limitations in her article One Hundred Years of Solitude: The Uses and Limitations of Quarantine As a Tool for Maintaining Global Public Health Since Typhoid Mary. Subsequently, Bradley Lewis discusses pre-emptive strategies for the prevention and control of XDR-TB in “An Ounce of Prevention is Worth a Pound of Quarantine”: National and International Quarantine Laws vs Prevention and Control Measures as Applied to XDR-TB.
{"title":"Introduction to Volume V","authors":"V. Sutton","doi":"10.1515/jbbbl-2014-1001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbbbl-2014-1001","url":null,"abstract":"We are pleased to publish Volume V of the Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety and Biodefense Law. This volume continues our journal’s tradition of addressing emerging and important issues within the fields of biosecurity, biosafety, and biodefense law, from a practical as well as a theoretical perspective. The lead article of Volume V, Legislations on Biosecurity: Compliance Challenges for Malaysian Scientists by T.S. Saraswathy Subramaniam, focuses on the biosecurity compliance challenges currently faced by laboratories in Malaysia. The remaining articles selected for Volume V address five subjectmatter areas. The first group of articles addresses the various global approaches to quarantine of disease-harboring individuals. The second group of articles discusses the relationship between federalism and biosecurity law. The third group of articles engages in a comparative analysis of the various legal approaches to biosecurity. The fourth group of articles addresses the processes of attribution and justice (or lack thereof) relating to the use of bioweapons. Finally, the fifth group of articles discusses the application of domestic and foreign biosecurity laws to “mass gathering” situations. This marks the first special section for focus in the Journal, and we are pleased to provide this forum for the first published scholarship concerning the scope of interests of the World Health Organization initiative on mass gatherings. The first section provides contextual and historical information regarding the use of quarantine law to prevent the spread of infectious disease. First, Nadia Haghighatian reviews the historical use of quarantine and examines some of its associated limitations in her article One Hundred Years of Solitude: The Uses and Limitations of Quarantine As a Tool for Maintaining Global Public Health Since Typhoid Mary. Subsequently, Bradley Lewis discusses pre-emptive strategies for the prevention and control of XDR-TB in “An Ounce of Prevention is Worth a Pound of Quarantine”: National and International Quarantine Laws vs Prevention and Control Measures as Applied to XDR-TB.","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114910624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Agroterrorism is a subform of bioterrorism with the potential to have a crippling impact on both the agricultural industry and the food supply of a nation. A calculated attack using a miniscule amount of pathogenic or disease causing substances on the livestock or crops in one rural community can spread to animals and metropolitan regions much farther away long before any response from state or federal veterinary or agricultural organizations. Although there have been no large-scale agroterrorism attacks in the United States, there have been historical precedents for agricultural biological warfare and recent examples of unintentional or accidental spread of pathogens in the food supply that have threatened the health and safety of the public. Along with an ongoing push for preparedness to prevent a biological attack on the U.S. agricultural industry, there is a great deal of uncertainty and conflict among landowners, farmers, analysts, and politicians about what methods should be implemented to safeguard the public. In response to this possible threat, the United States government has implemented legislation that it considers preemptive in its ability to safeguard the food supply and manage the public health and/or biological crime response in a widespread agroterrorist attack scenario. However, this requires cooperation on both the state and federal levels, and of several agencies including the department of Health, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Department of Health and Human Services. This paper examines the steps being taken by the USDA in fulfilling the orders of the federal government in response to the looming threat of agroterrorism and how the TAHC works cooperatively with federal agencies and the private agricultural industry to carry out these regulations.
{"title":"Preparing for Agroterror: How is the Texas Animal Health Commission Implementing Federal Food Security Regulations?","authors":"J. Hunter","doi":"10.1515/jbbbl-2015-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbbbl-2015-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Agroterrorism is a subform of bioterrorism with the potential to have a crippling impact on both the agricultural industry and the food supply of a nation. A calculated attack using a miniscule amount of pathogenic or disease causing substances on the livestock or crops in one rural community can spread to animals and metropolitan regions much farther away long before any response from state or federal veterinary or agricultural organizations. Although there have been no large-scale agroterrorism attacks in the United States, there have been historical precedents for agricultural biological warfare and recent examples of unintentional or accidental spread of pathogens in the food supply that have threatened the health and safety of the public. Along with an ongoing push for preparedness to prevent a biological attack on the U.S. agricultural industry, there is a great deal of uncertainty and conflict among landowners, farmers, analysts, and politicians about what methods should be implemented to safeguard the public. In response to this possible threat, the United States government has implemented legislation that it considers preemptive in its ability to safeguard the food supply and manage the public health and/or biological crime response in a widespread agroterrorist attack scenario. However, this requires cooperation on both the state and federal levels, and of several agencies including the department of Health, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Department of Health and Human Services. This paper examines the steps being taken by the USDA in fulfilling the orders of the federal government in response to the looming threat of agroterrorism and how the TAHC works cooperatively with federal agencies and the private agricultural industry to carry out these regulations.","PeriodicalId":415930,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosecurity, Biosafety, and Biodefense Law","volume":"167 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122561209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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