{"title":"¿Es la “Paradoja Baxter” una verdadera paradoja?","authors":"Andrés Sarmiento Lamus","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvx5w88n.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx5w88n.6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41666,"journal":{"name":"Boletin de la Asociacion Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo-International Association of Cooperative Law Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80311036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Un análisis a los desafíos normativos entre el régimen de inversión extranjera y los derechos humanos, una mirada a América Latina:","authors":"Paula Alejandra Angarita Tovar","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvx5w88n.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx5w88n.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41666,"journal":{"name":"Boletin de la Asociacion Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo-International Association of Cooperative Law Journal","volume":"124 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77007862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An outdated ascertainment model:","authors":"Sebastián Cruz","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvx5w88n.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx5w88n.7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41666,"journal":{"name":"Boletin de la Asociacion Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo-International Association of Cooperative Law Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83077730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-22DOI: 10.18543/BAIDC-54-2019PP19-54
Sofía Arana Landín
The lack of a clear and comprehensive regulatory framework for worker cooperatives is one of the main causes for their scarcity in the USA, as it causes ignorance and uncertainty even though cooperatives are one of several forms of doing business recognized by the Internal Revenue Code (like sole proprietorships, partnerships, limited liability companies, LLC’s, and Subchapter S corporations). Tax laws divide businesses into those categories, each with its own special tax provisions and worker cooperatives try to fit into any of those forms of business while “acting on a cooperative basis”, thus, having their own specificities. Even though at a State level there are regulations for agricultural cooperatives in all States, there are only less than 30 States that have either worker cooperative regulations, general cooperative regulations or consumer regulations which worker cooperatives can use. However, the situation in the USA now demands for these entities. The fact that a particular attention is being given to worker cooperatives as an aftermath of the recent crisis is not news, as we have seen, historically2, cooperatives have traditionally emerged in situations where the public sector was unable to provide the response required by the people, for instance in support for financial access, housing, or decent livelihoods. As ZEULI and CROPP state it: “The historical development of cooperative businesses cannot be disconnected from the social and economic forces that shaped them. Co-ops then, as now, were created in times and places of economic stress and social upheaval”. Different studies during the previous recession show how worker cooperatives increase their turnover and number of jobs, while other enterprises shrink, being this the reason why their study at this moment becomes a must. Thus, there should be a minimum understanding and control of what a worker cooperative is in order to be able to register and act like a real worker cooperative. Quoting GUTNECHT “allowing something that is not a cooperative to call itself a cooperative squanders a precious asset – the goodwill and public trust that reposes in the word ‘cooperative’”. Thus, the USA is missing a very important instrument in order to fight against unemployment, inequality, income maldistribution and unsustainable development at a time when there is a conscience by a majority of the population in different movements that demand a change. This change is possible if educational, cultural and legal issues are properly addressed, as it has been done in other countries and higher instances, creating a fairer, equitable and more cohesive and sustainable society, thus a better world to live in. This paper aims to conduct a comparative statutory research on cooperative law for worker cooperatives in the USA, with a view of promoting an increased understanding within the academic and governmental communities, at a national and international level in order to promote worker cooperatives. I
{"title":"A study of the statutory background for worker cooperatives in the US: a proposal for a regulatory framework","authors":"Sofía Arana Landín","doi":"10.18543/BAIDC-54-2019PP19-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18543/BAIDC-54-2019PP19-54","url":null,"abstract":"The lack of a clear and comprehensive regulatory framework for worker cooperatives is one of the main causes for their scarcity in the USA, as it causes ignorance and uncertainty even though cooperatives are one of several forms of doing business recognized by the Internal Revenue Code (like sole proprietorships, partnerships, limited liability companies, LLC’s, and Subchapter S corporations). Tax laws divide businesses into those categories, each with its own special tax provisions and worker cooperatives try to fit into any of those forms of business while “acting on a cooperative basis”, thus, having their own specificities. Even though at a State level there are regulations for agricultural cooperatives in all States, there are only less than 30 States that have either worker cooperative regulations, general cooperative regulations or consumer regulations which worker cooperatives can use. However, the situation in the USA now demands for these entities. The fact that a particular attention is being given to worker cooperatives as an aftermath of the recent crisis is not news, as we have seen, historically2, cooperatives have traditionally emerged in situations where the public sector was unable to provide the response required by the people, for instance in support for financial access, housing, or decent livelihoods. As ZEULI and CROPP state it: “The historical development of cooperative businesses cannot be disconnected from the social and economic forces that shaped them. Co-ops then, as now, were created in times and places of economic stress and social upheaval”. Different studies during the previous recession show how worker cooperatives increase their turnover and number of jobs, while other enterprises shrink, being this the reason why their study at this moment becomes a must. Thus, there should be a minimum understanding and control of what a worker cooperative is in order to be able to register and act like a real worker cooperative. Quoting GUTNECHT “allowing something that is not a cooperative to call itself a cooperative squanders a precious asset – the goodwill and public trust that reposes in the word ‘cooperative’”. Thus, the USA is missing a very important instrument in order to fight against unemployment, inequality, income maldistribution and unsustainable development at a time when there is a conscience by a majority of the population in different movements that demand a change. This change is possible if educational, cultural and legal issues are properly addressed, as it has been done in other countries and higher instances, creating a fairer, equitable and more cohesive and sustainable society, thus a better world to live in. This paper aims to conduct a comparative statutory research on cooperative law for worker cooperatives in the USA, with a view of promoting an increased understanding within the academic and governmental communities, at a national and international level in order to promote worker cooperatives. I","PeriodicalId":41666,"journal":{"name":"Boletin de la Asociacion Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo-International Association of Cooperative Law Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47402584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-22DOI: 10.18543/BAIDC-54-2019PP97-114
Eba Gaminde Egia, Gonzalo Martínez Etxeberria
Some principles and values exist in cooperative organisations and enterprises that constitute distinguishing aspects. However, the complex situation in which modern cooperative trading companies operate tends to doubt about the adherence to cooperative principles, and may play down the cooperative values. Consequently, this can lead to what it really means for a cooperative to become distorted. Education, training and information are absolutely necessary to avoid that not wanted result. The training of those who want to join cooperatives must be done with an increase in cooperative education for the rest of society in which cooperatives act.Received: 04 October 2018Accepted: 07 March 2019Published online: 22 July 2019
{"title":"Training of cooperative values as a decisive element in new jobs to be created by 21st century cooperatives","authors":"Eba Gaminde Egia, Gonzalo Martínez Etxeberria","doi":"10.18543/BAIDC-54-2019PP97-114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18543/BAIDC-54-2019PP97-114","url":null,"abstract":"Some principles and values exist in cooperative organisations and enterprises that constitute distinguishing aspects. However, the complex situation in which modern cooperative trading companies operate tends to doubt about the adherence to cooperative principles, and may play down the cooperative values. Consequently, this can lead to what it really means for a cooperative to become distorted. Education, training and information are absolutely necessary to avoid that not wanted result. The training of those who want to join cooperatives must be done with an increase in cooperative education for the rest of society in which cooperatives act.Received: 04 October 2018Accepted: 07 March 2019Published online: 22 July 2019","PeriodicalId":41666,"journal":{"name":"Boletin de la Asociacion Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo-International Association of Cooperative Law Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42638568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-22DOI: 10.18543/BAIDC-54-2019PP55-73
Santiago Larrazábal Basáñez
This text explains how active employment policies and cooperatives are perfectly suited to fulfil the mandates outlined in the 1978 Spanish Constitution in relation to the promotion of cooperatives (Article 129.2), and to policies oriented towards full employment (Article 40.1), which fall under the overall protection of social rights. After analysing the provisions contained in these two articles, details are provided as to how the economic crisis and the strict balanced budget policies that ensued have also weakened the constitutional protection of social rights, with the adoption of regressive measures whose compatibility with the Constitution has been accepted by the Spanish Constitutional Court (despite divided opinions among the Court’s members). Finally, an analysis is conducted of the options available within the Spanish legal system to protect and encourage cooperative societies. It is then argued that cooperatives can be a very useful instrument to create employment, even within the most innovative and dynamic sectors of the economy. These sectors include, for example, the collaborative economy (which includes the digital economy), the ‘white economy’, the ‘green economy’ and the ‘circular economy’.Received: 01 October 2018Accepted: 07 March 2019Published online: 22 July 2019
{"title":"The synergy between employment policies and cooperatives with regard to new forms of work. An overview based on Spanish constitutional law","authors":"Santiago Larrazábal Basáñez","doi":"10.18543/BAIDC-54-2019PP55-73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18543/BAIDC-54-2019PP55-73","url":null,"abstract":"This text explains how active employment policies and cooperatives are perfectly suited to fulfil the mandates outlined in the 1978 Spanish Constitution in relation to the promotion of cooperatives (Article 129.2), and to policies oriented towards full employment (Article 40.1), which fall under the overall protection of social rights. After analysing the provisions contained in these two articles, details are provided as to how the economic crisis and the strict balanced budget policies that ensued have also weakened the constitutional protection of social rights, with the adoption of regressive measures whose compatibility with the Constitution has been accepted by the Spanish Constitutional Court (despite divided opinions among the Court’s members). Finally, an analysis is conducted of the options available within the Spanish legal system to protect and encourage cooperative societies. It is then argued that cooperatives can be a very useful instrument to create employment, even within the most innovative and dynamic sectors of the economy. These sectors include, for example, the collaborative economy (which includes the digital economy), the ‘white economy’, the ‘green economy’ and the ‘circular economy’.Received: 01 October 2018Accepted: 07 March 2019Published online: 22 July 2019","PeriodicalId":41666,"journal":{"name":"Boletin de la Asociacion Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo-International Association of Cooperative Law Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44767403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-22DOI: 10.18543/BAIDC-54-2019PP115-129
J. Rodríguez
Nowadays, it is undeniable that continuous environmental degradation and climate change threaten the sustainability of the planet. As a consequence, there is an urgent need to face these menaces and to promote sustainable development. From this starting point, this paper aims to show how cooperatives can be a useful channel to promote green and decent jobs. In order to achieve this objective, first of all, we will analyse the conceptual scope of green and decent jobs. Secondly, we will highlight the meaning of cooperatives, paying special attention to cooperative values and principles. Thirdly, we will proceed to explain how cooperatives can contribute to encourage green and decent jobs. And, lastly, we will enumerate the main conclusions.Received: 29 November 2018Accepted: 07 March 2019Published online: 22 July 2019
{"title":"The promotion of both decent and green jobs through cooperatives","authors":"J. Rodríguez","doi":"10.18543/BAIDC-54-2019PP115-129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18543/BAIDC-54-2019PP115-129","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, it is undeniable that continuous environmental degradation and climate change threaten the sustainability of the planet. As a consequence, there is an urgent need to face these menaces and to promote sustainable development. From this starting point, this paper aims to show how cooperatives can be a useful channel to promote green and decent jobs. In order to achieve this objective, first of all, we will analyse the conceptual scope of green and decent jobs. Secondly, we will highlight the meaning of cooperatives, paying special attention to cooperative values and principles. Thirdly, we will proceed to explain how cooperatives can contribute to encourage green and decent jobs. And, lastly, we will enumerate the main conclusions.Received: 29 November 2018Accepted: 07 March 2019Published online: 22 July 2019","PeriodicalId":41666,"journal":{"name":"Boletin de la Asociacion Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo-International Association of Cooperative Law Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43839037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-22DOI: 10.18543/BAIDC-54-2019PP131-144
María del Pilar Villarrubia Mejías
Los gobiernos están obligados a responder a los crecientes problemas sociales que afectan sus sistemas, a través de sus ordenamientos jurídicos, introduciendo figuras como el Pluriempleo y la Pluriactividad, para evitar la paralización del desarrollo del país y garantizar la protección de los derechos de sus ciudadanos. Cuba se encuentra inmersa en un trascendental proceso de actualización del modelo económico, a raíz del 6to Congreso del Partido Comunista, que responde a la necesidad de enfrentar la crisis económica desatada a partir del llamado «Período Especial», consecuencia directa de la influencia de las situaciones que se generaron en el ámbito internacional. Como corolario de dicho proceso, el gobierno cubano determinó fomentar el desarrollo de proyectos negociales particulares o privados, individuales o colectivos, integrados en el sector no estatal de la economía. Aquí encontramos a los Trabajadores por Cuenta Propia y a las Cooperativas No Agropecuarias. Estas dos formas de gestión tienen sus regulaciones propias, donde se establecen las reglas de su funcionamiento. La legislación que regula el sector de las Cooperativas No Agropecuarias, prevé la posibilidad de que se mezclen estas dos, surgiendo relaciones especiales, las que constituyen el centro de investigación del presente trabajo: el socio- Trabajador por Cuenta Propia.Recibido: 11 junio 2018Aceptado: 09 abril 2019Publicación en línea: 22 julio 2019
{"title":"Las relaciones entre los sujetos del sector no estatal cubano: el socio-Trabajador por Cuenta Propia en las Cooperativas No Agropecuarias","authors":"María del Pilar Villarrubia Mejías","doi":"10.18543/BAIDC-54-2019PP131-144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18543/BAIDC-54-2019PP131-144","url":null,"abstract":"Los gobiernos están obligados a responder a los crecientes problemas sociales que afectan sus sistemas, a través de sus ordenamientos jurídicos, introduciendo figuras como el Pluriempleo y la Pluriactividad, para evitar la paralización del desarrollo del país y garantizar la protección de los derechos de sus ciudadanos. Cuba se encuentra inmersa en un trascendental proceso de actualización del modelo económico, a raíz del 6to Congreso del Partido Comunista, que responde a la necesidad de enfrentar la crisis económica desatada a partir del llamado «Período Especial», consecuencia directa de la influencia de las situaciones que se generaron en el ámbito internacional. Como corolario de dicho proceso, el gobierno cubano determinó fomentar el desarrollo de proyectos negociales particulares o privados, individuales o colectivos, integrados en el sector no estatal de la economía. Aquí encontramos a los Trabajadores por Cuenta Propia y a las Cooperativas No Agropecuarias. Estas dos formas de gestión tienen sus regulaciones propias, donde se establecen las reglas de su funcionamiento. La legislación que regula el sector de las Cooperativas No Agropecuarias, prevé la posibilidad de que se mezclen estas dos, surgiendo relaciones especiales, las que constituyen el centro de investigación del presente trabajo: el socio- Trabajador por Cuenta Propia.Recibido: 11 junio 2018Aceptado: 09 abril 2019Publicación en línea: 22 julio 2019","PeriodicalId":41666,"journal":{"name":"Boletin de la Asociacion Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo-International Association of Cooperative Law Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49349041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-22DOI: 10.18543/BAIDC-54-2019PP75-96
Francisco Javier Arrieta Idiakez
At present different bodies, associations, platforms etc. vary greatly in their definitions of the collaborative economy. This is because there are many differences between models and platforms within the term ‘collaborative economy’. Taking this diversity into account, this study will focus on the platforms dedicated to the provision of services. The first major issue will be the need to delimit and establish links between a multitude of concepts that emerge within the so-called collaborative economy, such as the Gig economy and the On-demand economy. The ultimate purpose is to limit the concept of collaborative economy for the purposes of the research carried out here. It was not for nothing that the European Commission recommended that legislators and courts should review professional regimes in the context of the new economy, while expressing its clear support for collaborative economy platforms in its report ‘A European agenda for the collaborative economy’ (2016). There is therefore a need to address the modality of platform-based work (also called digital work), with the aim of ensuring that standards are upheld regarding the working conditions and social protection of people who provide their services under this modality. This study, then, analyses the challenges, and positive and negative aspects of this new situation. The main conclusion is that cooperatives are the best means to channel the collaborative economy, under the modalities of platform-based or digital work. This will require studying and analysing the new models of cooperatives, and advocating digital cooperatives, outside the so-called cooperatives of self-employed workers, the true cooperative character of which is often doubtful. The conceptual delimitation of digital cooperatives and their differentiation from ‘classic’ cooperatives will also be discussed, which will involve providing some insights into the characteristic features of digital cooperatives. This research uses the descriptive, comparative and propositional legal methods. The descriptive method is used to define the concept of collaborative economy and the sub-concepts that it includes in terms of the provision of services; and to identify new forms of platform-based or digital work, and delimit the field of action of digital cooperatives, as the most appropriate means to channel these new forms of work. The comparative method will be useful to analyse the various existing professional regimes that can accommodate the new forms of work available within the collaborative economy. Finally, the propositional method will argue that digital cooperatives are the best solution to shape work within the collaborative economy.Received: 27 November 2018Accepted: 07 March 2019Published online: 22 July 2019
{"title":"Digital cooperatives as channels for digital work in the context of the collaborative economy","authors":"Francisco Javier Arrieta Idiakez","doi":"10.18543/BAIDC-54-2019PP75-96","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18543/BAIDC-54-2019PP75-96","url":null,"abstract":"At present different bodies, associations, platforms etc. vary greatly in their definitions of the collaborative economy. This is because there are many differences between models and platforms within the term ‘collaborative economy’. Taking this diversity into account, this study will focus on the platforms dedicated to the provision of services. The first major issue will be the need to delimit and establish links between a multitude of concepts that emerge within the so-called collaborative economy, such as the Gig economy and the On-demand economy. The ultimate purpose is to limit the concept of collaborative economy for the purposes of the research carried out here. It was not for nothing that the European Commission recommended that legislators and courts should review professional regimes in the context of the new economy, while expressing its clear support for collaborative economy platforms in its report ‘A European agenda for the collaborative economy’ (2016). There is therefore a need to address the modality of platform-based work (also called digital work), with the aim of ensuring that standards are upheld regarding the working conditions and social protection of people who provide their services under this modality. This study, then, analyses the challenges, and positive and negative aspects of this new situation. The main conclusion is that cooperatives are the best means to channel the collaborative economy, under the modalities of platform-based or digital work. This will require studying and analysing the new models of cooperatives, and advocating digital cooperatives, outside the so-called cooperatives of self-employed workers, the true cooperative character of which is often doubtful. The conceptual delimitation of digital cooperatives and their differentiation from ‘classic’ cooperatives will also be discussed, which will involve providing some insights into the characteristic features of digital cooperatives. This research uses the descriptive, comparative and propositional legal methods. The descriptive method is used to define the concept of collaborative economy and the sub-concepts that it includes in terms of the provision of services; and to identify new forms of platform-based or digital work, and delimit the field of action of digital cooperatives, as the most appropriate means to channel these new forms of work. The comparative method will be useful to analyse the various existing professional regimes that can accommodate the new forms of work available within the collaborative economy. Finally, the propositional method will argue that digital cooperatives are the best solution to shape work within the collaborative economy.Received: 27 November 2018Accepted: 07 March 2019Published online: 22 July 2019","PeriodicalId":41666,"journal":{"name":"Boletin de la Asociacion Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo-International Association of Cooperative Law Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48654640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-21DOI: 10.18543/BAIDC-53-2018PP67-86
Martha Elba Izquierdo Muciño
El tercer principio cooperativo es uno de los más importantes de los reconocidos por la Alianza Cooperativa Internacional, toda vez que habla del capital social y la forma como debe integrarse a través de los socios, describe la manera como éstos deben invertir en su cooperativa y como deben distribuir sus excedentes, reforzando con ello la necesidad y el deber de que los miembros contribuyan con capital para su propio negocio y además lo hagan con justicia y equidad. Sin embargo se observa que actualmente en muchos países las empresas cooperativas se abren cada vez más al mercado, ampliando el margen de sus operaciones con capital de riesgo e incorporando la participación de inversores no usuarios o no socios al capital social de las empresas, llegando en ocasiones a permitir que la distribución de resultados se haga en función de las aportaciones económicas y no por el ejercicio de la actividad cooperativizada, violándose con ello los principios de igualdad, equidad y solidaridad.Recibido: 21 mayo 2018Aceptado: 24 septiembre 2018Publicación online: 21 diciembre de 2018
{"title":"La participación económica de los socios en las empresas cooperativas mexicanas","authors":"Martha Elba Izquierdo Muciño","doi":"10.18543/BAIDC-53-2018PP67-86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18543/BAIDC-53-2018PP67-86","url":null,"abstract":"El tercer principio cooperativo es uno de los más importantes de los reconocidos por la Alianza Cooperativa Internacional, toda vez que habla del capital social y la forma como debe integrarse a través de los socios, describe la manera como éstos deben invertir en su cooperativa y como deben distribuir sus excedentes, reforzando con ello la necesidad y el deber de que los miembros contribuyan con capital para su propio negocio y además lo hagan con justicia y equidad. Sin embargo se observa que actualmente en muchos países las empresas cooperativas se abren cada vez más al mercado, ampliando el margen de sus operaciones con capital de riesgo e incorporando la participación de inversores no usuarios o no socios al capital social de las empresas, llegando en ocasiones a permitir que la distribución de resultados se haga en función de las aportaciones económicas y no por el ejercicio de la actividad cooperativizada, violándose con ello los principios de igualdad, equidad y solidaridad.Recibido: 21 mayo 2018Aceptado: 24 septiembre 2018Publicación online: 21 diciembre de 2018","PeriodicalId":41666,"journal":{"name":"Boletin de la Asociacion Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo-International Association of Cooperative Law Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48433402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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