Fundamental Theology (FT) has undergone a slow evolution, as many other theological disciplines, since its inception in the aftermath of the Second Vatican Council. The lapsed time invites us to reflect about the current situation in this field and to what extent that theological section is pursuing its main objectives, especially for its teaching at different levels. After examining several issues that could have influenced that development, some suggestions for advancing the field and its teaching will also be given. Indeed, both the internal and external contexts have changed quite a lot in the last 60 years, and this probably will influence a treaty that should be more contextually sensitive and very bound to developments in religious education.
{"title":"Fundamental Theology at the Crossroads: Challenges and Alternatives After a Long Maturation","authors":"L. Oviedo","doi":"10.12775/setf.2022.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/setf.2022.003","url":null,"abstract":"Fundamental Theology (FT) has undergone a slow evolution, as many other theological disciplines, since its inception in the aftermath of the Second Vatican Council. The lapsed time invites us to reflect about the current situation in this field and to what extent that theological section is pursuing its main objectives, especially for its teaching at different levels. After examining several issues that could have influenced that development, some suggestions for advancing the field and its teaching will also be given. Indeed, both the internal and external contexts have changed quite a lot in the last 60 years, and this probably will influence a treaty that should be more contextually sensitive and very bound to developments in religious education.","PeriodicalId":41706,"journal":{"name":"Scientia et Fides","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91395388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The dream of achieving artificial intelligence (AI) and, in particular, artificial consciousness (‘strong AI’), is reflected in mythologies and popular culture as utopia and dystopia. This article discusses its conceptual possibility. It first relates the desire to realise strong AI to a self-perception of humanity as opposed to nature, metaphorically represented as gods or God. The realisation of strong AI is perceived as an ultimate victory on nature or God because it represents the crown of creation or evolution: conscious intelligence. The paper proceeds to summarise two debates relevant to AI: one educational and one technological. The technological debate, almost invariably presupposing a materialist framework, is related to the mind–body problem of philosophy; the educational one to understanding the concept of intelligence. By proposing a definition of intelligence linked to an idealist conception of reality, postulating mind as participation in Absolute Mind, I attempt a convergence of these debates, rejecting the possibility of strong AI.
{"title":"From Absolute Mind to Zombie: Is Artificial Intelligence Possible?","authors":"M. Bilagher","doi":"10.12775/setf.2022.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/setf.2022.008","url":null,"abstract":"The dream of achieving artificial intelligence (AI) and, in particular, artificial consciousness (‘strong AI’), is reflected in mythologies and popular culture as utopia and dystopia. This article discusses its conceptual possibility. It first relates the desire to realise strong AI to a self-perception of humanity as opposed to nature, metaphorically represented as gods or God. The realisation of strong AI is perceived as an ultimate victory on nature or God because it represents the crown of creation or evolution: conscious intelligence. The paper proceeds to summarise two debates relevant to AI: one educational and one technological. The technological debate, almost invariably presupposing a materialist framework, is related to the mind–body problem of philosophy; the educational one to understanding the concept of intelligence. By proposing a definition of intelligence linked to an idealist conception of reality, postulating mind as participation in Absolute Mind, I attempt a convergence of these debates, rejecting the possibility of strong AI.","PeriodicalId":41706,"journal":{"name":"Scientia et Fides","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79414228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Thomistic metaphysics of participation in being offers an account of rationality that is more complete and coherent than that of nonreductive physicalism. It is a reasoned understanding of how an embodied intellectual subject shares in being and intellectual life. This metaphysical framework supports an understanding of rationality as a participated power, and an essential property of human nature empowering persons to know reality and make choices accordingly. Human fulfilment in truth and love is a consequence of the grounding of the transcendentals of truth and goodness in being. In contrast, nonreductive physicalism reduces rationality to processes and subjective experiences and can offer no priority between human material and spiritual fulfilment. Although a Thomistic metaphysics of participation in being has been effectively absent from Anglo-American hylomorphic philosophy of mind, this paper suggests it is time to reassess the benefits it offers.
{"title":"Rationality and Human Fulfilment Clarified by a Thomistic Metaphysics of Participation","authors":"Andrew Mullins","doi":"10.12775/setf.2022.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/setf.2022.009","url":null,"abstract":"A Thomistic metaphysics of participation in being offers an account of rationality that is more complete and coherent than that of nonreductive physicalism. It is a reasoned understanding of how an embodied intellectual subject shares in being and intellectual life. This metaphysical framework supports an understanding of rationality as a participated power, and an essential property of human nature empowering persons to know reality and make choices accordingly. Human fulfilment in truth and love is a consequence of the grounding of the transcendentals of truth and goodness in being. In contrast, nonreductive physicalism reduces rationality to processes and subjective experiences and can offer no priority between human material and spiritual fulfilment. Although a Thomistic metaphysics of participation in being has been effectively absent from Anglo-American hylomorphic philosophy of mind, this paper suggests it is time to reassess the benefits it offers.","PeriodicalId":41706,"journal":{"name":"Scientia et Fides","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79651783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
La idea de universidad de Benedicto XVI nos invita a retomar su vocación originaria de búsqueda de la verdad, transmisión de valores, diálogo fecundo entre ciencias y humanidades y síntesis de saberes encarnados en formadores y alumnos. Desde el estudio y análisis de sus textos, planteamos la universidad como lugar privilegiado para recuperar la formación integral que atañe a la persona en su totalidad y que sale al encuentro de su realidad vital, de los anhelos y preguntas más profundos. Una de las claves esenciales para cumplir esta misión es gestar una cultura de acompañamiento que nos comprometa con el proceso de desarrollo integral de cada persona en todas sus dimensiones y los haga capaces de transformar la sociedad.
{"title":"Gestar una cultura de acompañamiento como clave para la formación en la universidad desde la mirada de Benedicto XVI","authors":"Fernando Viñado Oteo, Susana Miró López","doi":"10.12775/setf.2022.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/setf.2022.007","url":null,"abstract":"La idea de universidad de Benedicto XVI nos invita a retomar su vocación originaria de búsqueda de la verdad, transmisión de valores, diálogo fecundo entre ciencias y humanidades y síntesis de saberes encarnados en formadores y alumnos. Desde el estudio y análisis de sus textos, planteamos la universidad como lugar privilegiado para recuperar la formación integral que atañe a la persona en su totalidad y que sale al encuentro de su realidad vital, de los anhelos y preguntas más profundos. Una de las claves esenciales para cumplir esta misión es gestar una cultura de acompañamiento que nos comprometa con el proceso de desarrollo integral de cada persona en todas sus dimensiones y los haga capaces de transformar la sociedad.","PeriodicalId":41706,"journal":{"name":"Scientia et Fides","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89213673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
En este artículo se pretende entablar un paralelismo entre el fenómeno de la gnosis y el transhumanismo juntamente a su versión última, el poshumanismo. Después de unas aclaraciones de carácter metodológico, el trabajo se centra en cuatro ejes de confrontación: el reconocimiento de sí; el dualismo cósmico y antropológico; el sentido de la moral, de la muerte y del sufrimiento, y, por último, la promesa de salvación. Finalmente, se encuadra el transhumanismo en el marco de la revolución gnóstica haciendo hincapié en el sentido de desarraigo propio la posmodernidad para explicar el resurgimiento de dichos fenómenos.
{"title":"Transhumanismo y Gnosis: Un Paralelismo","authors":"Stefano Abbate","doi":"10.12775/setf.2022.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/setf.2022.010","url":null,"abstract":"En este artículo se pretende entablar un paralelismo entre el fenómeno de la gnosis y el transhumanismo juntamente a su versión última, el poshumanismo. Después de unas aclaraciones de carácter metodológico, el trabajo se centra en cuatro ejes de confrontación: el reconocimiento de sí; el dualismo cósmico y antropológico; el sentido de la moral, de la muerte y del sufrimiento, y, por último, la promesa de salvación. Finalmente, se encuadra el transhumanismo en el marco de la revolución gnóstica haciendo hincapié en el sentido de desarraigo propio la posmodernidad para explicar el resurgimiento de dichos fenómenos.","PeriodicalId":41706,"journal":{"name":"Scientia et Fides","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85574840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
¿Puede ser comprendida la moralidad aisladamente de los órdenes sociales, culturales, políticos y económicos en los que surge y se desarrolla? ¿El interés intelectual por la moralidad de nuestro tiempo requiere algo más que el análisis de teorías éticas? Las respuestas de Alasdair MacIntyre a estas preguntas se muestran a través del trabajo de toda una vida, en la que ha desarrollado un análisis ético de la Modernidad. El libro «Valoración ética de la modernidad según Alasdair MacIntyre», de Hernando José Bello Rodríguez y José Manuel Giménez Amaya, expone el desarrollo de tal análisis, llevado a cabo por el filósofo escocés en el marco de sus ideas que van desde la publicación de su obra After Virtue, hasta la reciente aparición de Ethics in Conflicts of Modernity.
道德能脱离其产生和发展的社会、文化、政治和经济秩序来理解吗?对我们这个时代道德的智力兴趣需要的不仅仅是对伦理理论的分析吗?Alasdair MacIntyre对这些问题的回答通过他一生的工作表现出来，他在工作中发展了对现代性的伦理分析。这本书根据Alasdair macityre»«估价现代性伦理,因此何塞·美丽·罗德里格斯和jose Manuel首相府Amaya,使发展所进行的分析,苏格兰哲学家的思想,从出版他的作品After道德,直到in最近出现了Ethics of Modernity刺激。
{"title":"Valoración ética de la Modernidad según Alasdair MacIntyre","authors":"Jorge Martín Montoya Camacho","doi":"10.12775/setf.2022.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/setf.2022.014","url":null,"abstract":"¿Puede ser comprendida la moralidad aisladamente de los órdenes sociales, culturales, políticos y económicos en los que surge y se desarrolla? ¿El interés intelectual por la moralidad de nuestro tiempo requiere algo más que el análisis de teorías éticas? Las respuestas de Alasdair MacIntyre a estas preguntas se muestran a través del trabajo de toda una vida, en la que ha desarrollado un análisis ético de la Modernidad. El libro «Valoración ética de la modernidad según Alasdair MacIntyre», de Hernando José Bello Rodríguez y José Manuel Giménez Amaya, expone el desarrollo de tal análisis, llevado a cabo por el filósofo escocés en el marco de sus ideas que van desde la publicación de su obra After Virtue, hasta la reciente aparición de Ethics in Conflicts of Modernity.","PeriodicalId":41706,"journal":{"name":"Scientia et Fides","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86262539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
El tratamiento político de la discapacidad recibió un nuevo impulso en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Dentro de este impulso, el denominado «modelo social de la discapacidad» sostiene que la discapacidad representa una construcción social fruto de la opresión que la sociedad capitalista ejerce sobre una minoría con deficiencias. De este modo, el modelo social de la discapacidad establece una absoluta dicotomía entre deficiencia y discapacidad, que relega nuestra condición corporal a las sombras del discurso. Pronto, en el seno de la comunidad de los «disability studies » surgieron voces críticas que alertaban de que el modelo social conduce a una discapacidad desencarnada. En un contexto diferente al de los «disability studies», Alasdair Macintyre ha realizado una propuesta sugerente, al llevar a sus últimas consecuencias las dimensiones animal y social del ser humano. Merece la pena explorar esta línea de investigación para llegar a una visión verdaderamente encarnada de la discapacidad.
{"title":"Hacia una política de la discapacidad encarnada","authors":"Francisco Santamaría Egurrola","doi":"10.12775/setf.2022.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/setf.2022.011","url":null,"abstract":"El tratamiento político de la discapacidad recibió un nuevo impulso en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Dentro de este impulso, el denominado «modelo social de la discapacidad» sostiene que la discapacidad representa una construcción social fruto de la opresión que la sociedad capitalista ejerce sobre una minoría con deficiencias. De este modo, el modelo social de la discapacidad establece una absoluta dicotomía entre deficiencia y discapacidad, que relega nuestra condición corporal a las sombras del discurso. Pronto, en el seno de la comunidad de los «disability studies » surgieron voces críticas que alertaban de que el modelo social conduce a una discapacidad desencarnada. En un contexto diferente al de los «disability studies», Alasdair Macintyre ha realizado una propuesta sugerente, al llevar a sus últimas consecuencias las dimensiones animal y social del ser humano. Merece la pena explorar esta línea de investigación para llegar a una visión verdaderamente encarnada de la discapacidad.","PeriodicalId":41706,"journal":{"name":"Scientia et Fides","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91380942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From among philosophical concepts of explanation those referring to causes have been the most influential. The aim of this paper it to show that a particular kind of causal explanations, namely dispositional explanations are particularly suited to explain the workings of the world. Apart from purely philosophical arguments, I claim that the view treating dispositions as important elements of the basic ontology of nature is in line with the Christian worldview and the ways God impacts the world. Also, this paper shows that dispositional explanations are not only appropriate in the domains studied by natural sciences but also in the ones being under investigation in social sciences, and thus the case of economics.
{"title":"In Favour of Dispositional Explanations. A Christian Philosophy Perspective with Some References to Economics","authors":"Ł. Hardt","doi":"10.12775/setf.2022.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/setf.2022.012","url":null,"abstract":"From among philosophical concepts of explanation those referring to causes have been the most influential. The aim of this paper it to show that a particular kind of causal explanations, namely dispositional explanations are particularly suited to explain the workings of the world. Apart from purely philosophical arguments, I claim that the view treating dispositions as important elements of the basic ontology of nature is in line with the Christian worldview and the ways God impacts the world. Also, this paper shows that dispositional explanations are not only appropriate in the domains studied by natural sciences but also in the ones being under investigation in social sciences, and thus the case of economics.","PeriodicalId":41706,"journal":{"name":"Scientia et Fides","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80557586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Macaya Pascual, Ignacio Manresa Lamarca, J. Casals
Saint Paul's "thorn in the flesh" has been the subject of much controversy in medical, historical and religious literature. It was crucial for the development of Paul's theology and, therefore, its study is important for a better understanding of early Christianity. The purpose of this article is to review the available evidence on this issue, perform a historical and medical critical analysis and suggest plausible diagnosis that have not been previously published in scientific literature. Our research on primary sources seem to indicate that in 41–42 AD Paul of Tarsus developed a clinical picture with a pain similar to that of a thorn injury and bad physical appearance. It could also have a chronic course with a limited number of relapses and few global. It could remind Job’s illness and provoke humiliation in Paul and repulse in his audience. Multiple diseases could explain some of these data, but fewer explain all of them. Though a definitive diagnosis cannot be achieved, we think that cutaneous disorders are the most obvious candidates for a humiliating and painful disease which, however, would permit long journeys during more than a decade. Disorders with cutaneous involvement like lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, urticaria/angioedema, leukocytoclastic vasculitis or nodular vasculitis should be added to other possibilities previously reported.
{"title":"Saint Paul's Thorn in the Flesh: a Dermatological Weakness?","authors":"A. Macaya Pascual, Ignacio Manresa Lamarca, J. Casals","doi":"10.12775/setf.2022.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/setf.2022.001","url":null,"abstract":"Saint Paul's \"thorn in the flesh\" has been the subject of much controversy in medical, historical and religious literature. It was crucial for the development of Paul's theology and, therefore, its study is important for a better understanding of early Christianity. The purpose of this article is to review the available evidence on this issue, perform a historical and medical critical analysis and suggest plausible diagnosis that have not been previously published in scientific literature.\u0000Our research on primary sources seem to indicate that in 41–42 AD Paul of Tarsus developed a clinical picture with a pain similar to that of a thorn injury and bad physical appearance. It could also have a chronic course with a limited number of relapses and few global. It could remind Job’s illness and provoke humiliation in Paul and repulse in his audience.\u0000Multiple diseases could explain some of these data, but fewer explain all of them. Though a definitive diagnosis cannot be achieved, we think that cutaneous disorders are the most obvious candidates for a humiliating and painful disease which, however, would permit long journeys during more than a decade. Disorders with cutaneous involvement like lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, urticaria/angioedema, leukocytoclastic vasculitis or nodular vasculitis should be added to other possibilities previously reported.","PeriodicalId":41706,"journal":{"name":"Scientia et Fides","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78359343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tras exponer las ideas básicas de la cosmovisión naturalista (apartados 1, 2 y 3) se intenta mostrar que el naturalismo es una interpretación de la ciencia que posee una ineludible dimensión “mitológica”, en el sentido que Midgley da a esta expresión (apartado 5), lo que no lo desacredita por principio, pero hace que no podamos aceparlo acríticamente por el mero hecho de que apele a las ciencias naturales para justificar su validez. Se defiende, después, que el compromiso central de los naturalistas es la afirmación del ateísmo. De hecho, los naturalismos contemporáneos más radicales pueden ser interpretados como un intento de hacer imposible toda teología natural, es decir, buscan destruir los asideros en los que la razón se apoya clásicamente para afirmar la existencia de Dios. Se defiende que el naturalismo no tiene por qué gozar de superioridad epistemológica a priori con respecto al teísmo.
{"title":"El naturalismo cientificista como pseudorreligión y anti-teología natural","authors":"Moisés Pérez Marcos","doi":"10.12775/setf.2022.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/setf.2022.004","url":null,"abstract":"Tras exponer las ideas básicas de la cosmovisión naturalista (apartados 1, 2 y 3) se intenta mostrar que el naturalismo es una interpretación de la ciencia que posee una ineludible dimensión “mitológica”, en el sentido que Midgley da a esta expresión (apartado 5), lo que no lo desacredita por principio, pero hace que no podamos aceparlo acríticamente por el mero hecho de que apele a las ciencias naturales para justificar su validez. Se defiende, después, que el compromiso central de los naturalistas es la afirmación del ateísmo. De hecho, los naturalismos contemporáneos más radicales pueden ser interpretados como un intento de hacer imposible toda teología natural, es decir, buscan destruir los asideros en los que la razón se apoya clásicamente para afirmar la existencia de Dios. Se defiende que el naturalismo no tiene por qué gozar de superioridad epistemológica a priori con respecto al teísmo.","PeriodicalId":41706,"journal":{"name":"Scientia et Fides","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76950424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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