Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/0147037X.2020.1772556
C. Fu
The phenomenon of the rise of merchants in late imperial China has been well examined in many studies, in which Confucian literati are shown to have made various adaptations to the new social reality. Wang Yangming’s (1472–1529) School of Mind-Heart in particular, incorporated this development into its philosophical worldview so that the Confucian sagehood was deemed to be within the reach of merchants. However, the opposing Cheng-Zhu School of Principle has hitherto escaped focused investigation. This paper seeks to fill the lacuna by studying the writings of a Cheng-Zhu partisan, Li Guangjin (1549–1623), whose generous reappraisal of the merchants extended to the female agents as well. His obsession with scholarly pedigree and his belief in the efficacy of the transformative power of Confucian culture indicated that he never perceived the merchants as true merchants, but as scholars in disguise. He was daring to criticize and rework the authoritative writings of Sima Qian on money-makers for his own evaluation of men and women in trade. But his patriarchal views and support of the state cult of chastity nonetheless underscored his identity as an orthodox Cheng-Zhu Confucian.
{"title":"Scholars in Disguise: The Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucian Reappraisal of the Merchant Class in Late Ming","authors":"C. Fu","doi":"10.1080/0147037X.2020.1772556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0147037X.2020.1772556","url":null,"abstract":"The phenomenon of the rise of merchants in late imperial China has been well examined in many studies, in which Confucian literati are shown to have made various adaptations to the new social reality. Wang Yangming’s (1472–1529) School of Mind-Heart in particular, incorporated this development into its philosophical worldview so that the Confucian sagehood was deemed to be within the reach of merchants. However, the opposing Cheng-Zhu School of Principle has hitherto escaped focused investigation. This paper seeks to fill the lacuna by studying the writings of a Cheng-Zhu partisan, Li Guangjin (1549–1623), whose generous reappraisal of the merchants extended to the female agents as well. His obsession with scholarly pedigree and his belief in the efficacy of the transformative power of Confucian culture indicated that he never perceived the merchants as true merchants, but as scholars in disguise. He was daring to criticize and rework the authoritative writings of Sima Qian on money-makers for his own evaluation of men and women in trade. But his patriarchal views and support of the state cult of chastity nonetheless underscored his identity as an orthodox Cheng-Zhu Confucian.","PeriodicalId":41737,"journal":{"name":"Ming Studies","volume":"2020 1","pages":"23 - 47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0147037X.2020.1772556","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41701832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/0147037X.2020.1812913
Ihor Pidhainy
Simplicial global optimization focuses on deterministic covering methods for global optimization partitioning the feasible region by simplices. Although rectangular partitioning is used most often in global optimization, simplicial covering has advantages shown in this book. The purpose of the book is to present global optimization methods based on simplicial partitioning in one volume. The book describes features of simplicial partitioning and demonstrates its advantages in global optimization. A simplex is a polyhedron in a multidimensional space, which has the minimal number of vertices. Therefore simplicial partitions are preferable in global optimization when the values of the objective function at all vertices of partitions are used to evaluate subregions. The feasible region defined by linear constraints may be covered by simplices and therefore simplicial optimization algorithms may cope with linear constraints in a delicate way by initial covering. This makes simplicial partitions very attractive for optimization problems with linear constraints. There are optimization problems where the objective functions have symmetries which may be taken into account for reducing the search space significantly by setting linear inequality constraints. The resulted search region may be covered by simplices. Applications benefiting from simplicial partitioning are examined in the book: nonlinear least squares regression, center-based clustering of data having one feature, and pile placement in grillage-type foundations. In the examples shown, the search region reduced taking into account symmetries of the objective functions is a simplex thus simplicial global optimization algorithms may use it as a starting partition. The book provides exhaustive experimental investigation and shows the impact of various bounds, types of subdivision, and strategies of candidate selection on the performance of global optimization algorithms. Researchers and engineers will benefit from simplicial partitioning algorithms presented in the book: Lipschitz branch-and-bound, Lipschitz optimization without the Lipschitz constant. We hope
{"title":"Preface","authors":"Ihor Pidhainy","doi":"10.1080/0147037X.2020.1812913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0147037X.2020.1812913","url":null,"abstract":"Simplicial global optimization focuses on deterministic covering methods for global optimization partitioning the feasible region by simplices. Although rectangular partitioning is used most often in global optimization, simplicial covering has advantages shown in this book. The purpose of the book is to present global optimization methods based on simplicial partitioning in one volume. The book describes features of simplicial partitioning and demonstrates its advantages in global optimization. A simplex is a polyhedron in a multidimensional space, which has the minimal number of vertices. Therefore simplicial partitions are preferable in global optimization when the values of the objective function at all vertices of partitions are used to evaluate subregions. The feasible region defined by linear constraints may be covered by simplices and therefore simplicial optimization algorithms may cope with linear constraints in a delicate way by initial covering. This makes simplicial partitions very attractive for optimization problems with linear constraints. There are optimization problems where the objective functions have symmetries which may be taken into account for reducing the search space significantly by setting linear inequality constraints. The resulted search region may be covered by simplices. Applications benefiting from simplicial partitioning are examined in the book: nonlinear least squares regression, center-based clustering of data having one feature, and pile placement in grillage-type foundations. In the examples shown, the search region reduced taking into account symmetries of the objective functions is a simplex thus simplicial global optimization algorithms may use it as a starting partition. The book provides exhaustive experimental investigation and shows the impact of various bounds, types of subdivision, and strategies of candidate selection on the performance of global optimization algorithms. Researchers and engineers will benefit from simplicial partitioning algorithms presented in the book: Lipschitz branch-and-bound, Lipschitz optimization without the Lipschitz constant. We hope","PeriodicalId":41737,"journal":{"name":"Ming Studies","volume":" ","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0147037X.2020.1812913","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45642669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/0147037X.2020.1766803
Scott W. Gregory
I wanted to begin by asking you about the early days of your career, which seems to me to be a very foundational period in the study of Ming-Qing fiction. Your The Novel in Seventeenth Century Chin...
{"title":"Ming Vernacular Fiction Studies: A View of the Field from the Inside by Robert Hegel","authors":"Scott W. Gregory","doi":"10.1080/0147037X.2020.1766803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0147037X.2020.1766803","url":null,"abstract":"I wanted to begin by asking you about the early days of your career, which seems to me to be a very foundational period in the study of Ming-Qing fiction. Your The Novel in Seventeenth Century Chin...","PeriodicalId":41737,"journal":{"name":"Ming Studies","volume":"2020 1","pages":"63 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0147037X.2020.1766803","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47556700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/0147037X.2020.1784605
Compiled by Vickie Fu Doll
Conquerors and Confucians: Aspects of Political Change in Late Yuan China, Studies in Oriental Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 1973. Confucianism and Autocracy: Professional Elites in...
{"title":"Bibliography of Works by John Wolfe Dardess","authors":"Compiled by Vickie Fu Doll","doi":"10.1080/0147037X.2020.1784605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0147037X.2020.1784605","url":null,"abstract":"Conquerors and Confucians: Aspects of Political Change in Late Yuan China, Studies in Oriental Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 1973. Confucianism and Autocracy: Professional Elites in...","PeriodicalId":41737,"journal":{"name":"Ming Studies","volume":"2020 1","pages":"15 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0147037X.2020.1784605","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47527993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/0147037X.2020.1784604
Sarah Schneewind
John Wolfe Dardess (January 17, 1937–March 31, 2020), in the founding generation of American Ming historians, was born in Chatham, New York to Edna Wolfe Dardess and a doctor, John Dardess, who gav...
{"title":"Obituary for John Dardess","authors":"Sarah Schneewind","doi":"10.1080/0147037X.2020.1784604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0147037X.2020.1784604","url":null,"abstract":"John Wolfe Dardess (January 17, 1937–March 31, 2020), in the founding generation of American Ming historians, was born in Chatham, New York to Edna Wolfe Dardess and a doctor, John Dardess, who gav...","PeriodicalId":41737,"journal":{"name":"Ming Studies","volume":"2020 1","pages":"14 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0147037X.2020.1784604","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42299911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/0147037X.2020.1806596
J. Dardess
A chance find of a file of legal cases handled by the Nanjing Court of Judicial Review in 1593 and the Nanjing Ministry of Justice in 1594 casts some rare light on how life was lived in the homes and markets and, in two instances, privileged households in Nanjing city. This sort of street-level information is ordinarily very difficult to unearth.
{"title":"Killing, Extortion, and Fraud in Nanjing City in 1593–1594","authors":"J. Dardess","doi":"10.1080/0147037X.2020.1806596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0147037X.2020.1806596","url":null,"abstract":"A chance find of a file of legal cases handled by the Nanjing Court of Judicial Review in 1593 and the Nanjing Ministry of Justice in 1594 casts some rare light on how life was lived in the homes and markets and, in two instances, privileged households in Nanjing city. This sort of street-level information is ordinarily very difficult to unearth.","PeriodicalId":41737,"journal":{"name":"Ming Studies","volume":"2020 1","pages":"48 - 62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0147037X.2020.1806596","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46814268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0147037X.2020.1735823
C. Clunas
{"title":"Shrines to Living Men in the Ming Political Cosmos","authors":"C. Clunas","doi":"10.1080/0147037X.2020.1735823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0147037X.2020.1735823","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41737,"journal":{"name":"Ming Studies","volume":"2020 1","pages":"88 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0147037X.2020.1735823","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41515618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0147037X.2020.1736862
Hilde De Weerdt, Xiong Huei-Lan, Li Jialong
In this report we briefly introduce the rationale behind a pilot project that is meant to serve as a test case for the feasibility of a longue-durée historical investigation of large-scale material infrastructures. The larger project is aimed at a critical analysis of how large-scale infrastructures such as roads, city walls, and bridges have contributed to regional and empire-wide integration, but equally why and how processes of integration regularly broke down, and how large-scale infrastructure projects contributed to countervailing trends including local tension, local autonomy, and cross-border regional formations.
{"title":"Rethinking Space and Power in East Asia: Digital Approaches to the History of Infrastructure","authors":"Hilde De Weerdt, Xiong Huei-Lan, Li Jialong","doi":"10.1080/0147037X.2020.1736862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0147037X.2020.1736862","url":null,"abstract":"In this report we briefly introduce the rationale behind a pilot project that is meant to serve as a test case for the feasibility of a longue-durée historical investigation of large-scale material infrastructures. The larger project is aimed at a critical analysis of how large-scale infrastructures such as roads, city walls, and bridges have contributed to regional and empire-wide integration, but equally why and how processes of integration regularly broke down, and how large-scale infrastructure projects contributed to countervailing trends including local tension, local autonomy, and cross-border regional formations.","PeriodicalId":41737,"journal":{"name":"Ming Studies","volume":"2020 1","pages":"76 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0147037X.2020.1736862","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46039544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0147037X.2020.1721949
Jaeyoon Song
In the early Ming (1368-1644), the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (朱元璋, 1328-1398, r. 1368-1398) established more than twenty princedoms across the empire. Scholarship to date has generally emphasized the continuance of the Yuan (1271-1368) institutions into the early Ming. Apart from the endurance of Yuan legacy, this article addresses how Zhu Yuanzhang ideologically framed and justified the establishment of princedoms. By showing the possible influences of Southern Song (1127-1279) statecraft traditions on early Ming legislation, this article argues that Zhu Yuanzhang sought to construct the enduring system of government by drawing on the classic model of “divide and rule,” as suggested in the Confucian Classics. In their turn, the literati who advised Zhu Yuanzhang in the making of the Ming empire sought to secure their own realms of autonomy and influence in local society by upholding the fengjian doctrine and presenting themselves as the later counterparts of the ancient feudal vassals who “shared” in the governance of their country and “ruled” on behalf of their emperors.
{"title":"Share and Rule: Intellectual Origins of the Early Ming (1368–1644) Princedoms","authors":"Jaeyoon Song","doi":"10.1080/0147037X.2020.1721949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0147037X.2020.1721949","url":null,"abstract":"In the early Ming (1368-1644), the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (朱元璋, 1328-1398, r. 1368-1398) established more than twenty princedoms across the empire. Scholarship to date has generally emphasized the continuance of the Yuan (1271-1368) institutions into the early Ming. Apart from the endurance of Yuan legacy, this article addresses how Zhu Yuanzhang ideologically framed and justified the establishment of princedoms. By showing the possible influences of Southern Song (1127-1279) statecraft traditions on early Ming legislation, this article argues that Zhu Yuanzhang sought to construct the enduring system of government by drawing on the classic model of “divide and rule,” as suggested in the Confucian Classics. In their turn, the literati who advised Zhu Yuanzhang in the making of the Ming empire sought to secure their own realms of autonomy and influence in local society by upholding the fengjian doctrine and presenting themselves as the later counterparts of the ancient feudal vassals who “shared” in the governance of their country and “ruled” on behalf of their emperors.","PeriodicalId":41737,"journal":{"name":"Ming Studies","volume":"2020 1","pages":"28 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0147037X.2020.1721949","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49204351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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