Abstract:Suharto’s New Order regime generated opposition among several quarters of Indonesian society, some of whom called for its democratization. The decision to annex Timor-Leste was also opposed by many, not least by significant numbers of the East Timorese themselves. However. Timorese resistance leader Xanana Gusmão acknowledged that “The struggle for democratic reform in Indonesia and the fight in Timor-Leste have different agendas but the same enemy”, who drove both behind bars. This article discusses how halfway through the 1990s, the New Order’s penitentiaries became the breeding ground of a Timorese-Indonesian solidarity movement that both sought democratic reform in Indonesia and self-determination of East Timor. While incarcerated together, they came to formulate a single agenda against “human right violations” that stretched beyond the predominantly local concerns that had characterized their earlier demonstrations.
{"title":"Solidarity for Solidarity: How the Indonesian Activists Gained Momentum for National Reformation (Reformasi) through Participating in the Transnational Solidarity Movement for East Timorese Self-Determination, 1995–99","authors":"Pocut Hanifah","doi":"10.1353/ind.2023.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2023.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Suharto’s New Order regime generated opposition among several quarters of Indonesian society, some of whom called for its democratization. The decision to annex Timor-Leste was also opposed by many, not least by significant numbers of the East Timorese themselves. However. Timorese resistance leader Xanana Gusmão acknowledged that “The struggle for democratic reform in Indonesia and the fight in Timor-Leste have different agendas but the same enemy”, who drove both behind bars. This article discusses how halfway through the 1990s, the New Order’s penitentiaries became the breeding ground of a Timorese-Indonesian solidarity movement that both sought democratic reform in Indonesia and self-determination of East Timor. While incarcerated together, they came to formulate a single agenda against “human right violations” that stretched beyond the predominantly local concerns that had characterized their earlier demonstrations.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77282622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Merchant Kings. Corporate Governmentality in the Dutch Colonial Empire, 1815–1870 by Albert Schrauwers (review)","authors":"G. Knight","doi":"10.1353/ind.2022.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2022.0015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84273093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:In 1997, at the very end of both Indonesia's occupation of East Timor (1975–99) and President Suharto's "New Order" military regime in Indonesia (1966–98), a collection of some 260 photographs taken by Indonesian soldiers of their East Timorese torture victims was uncovered and circulated internationally. Of these photographs, approximately seventy depicted acts of sexualized violence against women and girls. In this article, we situate these photographs and the forms of violence depicted within a larger etiology of sexual and gender-based violence during other periods of mass violence under the New Order regime. In particular, we highlight the similarities of gendered violence perpetrated against women and girls in East Timor during the Indonesian occupation of that territory, in Aceh during the DOM period ("military operations" period, 1989–98), and against suspected Communists in the mid-to-late 1960s. We focus on the gendered violence perpetrated against those deemed to be "internal enemies" of the Indonesian state. We argue that the highly gendered forms of violence used to harm, humiliate, and destroy these women both identified the victims as "internal enemies" and justified the violence being perpetrated against them.
{"title":"\"This Is What Happens to Enemies of the RI\": The East Timor Torture Photographs within the New Order's History of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence","authors":"Hannah Loney, A. Pohlman","doi":"10.1353/ind.2022.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2022.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In 1997, at the very end of both Indonesia's occupation of East Timor (1975–99) and President Suharto's \"New Order\" military regime in Indonesia (1966–98), a collection of some 260 photographs taken by Indonesian soldiers of their East Timorese torture victims was uncovered and circulated internationally. Of these photographs, approximately seventy depicted acts of sexualized violence against women and girls. In this article, we situate these photographs and the forms of violence depicted within a larger etiology of sexual and gender-based violence during other periods of mass violence under the New Order regime. In particular, we highlight the similarities of gendered violence perpetrated against women and girls in East Timor during the Indonesian occupation of that territory, in Aceh during the DOM period (\"military operations\" period, 1989–98), and against suspected Communists in the mid-to-late 1960s. We focus on the gendered violence perpetrated against those deemed to be \"internal enemies\" of the Indonesian state. We argue that the highly gendered forms of violence used to harm, humiliate, and destroy these women both identified the victims as \"internal enemies\" and justified the violence being perpetrated against them.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79047467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Fatwas from Islamic organizations are prominent elements of public debates in democratic Indonesia, as well as the broader Muslim world. Yet scholars lack a clear theoretical explanation for the power of fatwas in politics. This paper draws on original archival material to explicate the legal authority of the fatwas from the Indonesian Council of Ulama (Majelis Ulama Indonesia, MUI), which over the past twenty years has become one of the country's most influential actors. The paper distinguishes three periods in the growth and transformation of MUI; starting with charismatic authority and state corporatism, MUI later gained formal regulatory authority, and then authority through agenda setting, lobbying, mass mobilization, and the threat of violence. In light of the changing nature of MUI's power and the concomitantly changing authority of its fatwas, the paper argues that contemporary fatwas contain no innate authority, nor do they have any inherent effects. Classical theories of Islamic law, Max Weber's typology, and ethical theories of fatwas cannot explain MUI's growing power or its modes of authority. To understand MUI's growing power, it is necessary to look beyond these traditional modes of Islamic legal authority to modern organizational forms and their attendant strategies for exerting social control. In the modern age, Islamic legal authority reflects the dominant logic of political authority in society.
摘要:来自伊斯兰组织的法特瓦是民主印尼以及更广泛的穆斯林世界公开辩论的重要因素。然而，学者们对伊斯兰教令在政治中的影响力缺乏清晰的理论解释。本文利用原始档案材料来解释印尼乌拉玛委员会(Majelis Ulama Indonesia, MUI)的法特瓦的法律权威，该委员会在过去二十年中已成为该国最具影响力的行动者之一。本文划分了MUI成长和转型的三个阶段;MUI从魅力型权威和国家社团主义开始，后来获得了正式的监管权威，然后通过议程设置、游说、群众动员和暴力威胁获得了权威。鉴于伊斯兰教团权力性质的变化及其教法权威的变化，本文认为当代伊斯兰教法不包含固有的权威，也不具有任何内在的影响。伊斯兰教法的经典理论、马克斯·韦伯的类型学和伊斯兰教法的伦理理论都无法解释伊斯兰教团日益增长的权力或其权威模式。要理解MUI日益增长的力量，有必要超越伊斯兰法律权威的这些传统模式，看看现代组织形式及其伴随的实施社会控制的策略。在现代，伊斯兰法律权威体现了政治权威在社会中的主导逻辑。
{"title":"The Politics of the Fatwa: Islamic Legal Authority in Modern Indonesia","authors":"Jeremy Menchik","doi":"10.1353/ind.2022.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2022.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Fatwas from Islamic organizations are prominent elements of public debates in democratic Indonesia, as well as the broader Muslim world. Yet scholars lack a clear theoretical explanation for the power of fatwas in politics. This paper draws on original archival material to explicate the legal authority of the fatwas from the Indonesian Council of Ulama (Majelis Ulama Indonesia, MUI), which over the past twenty years has become one of the country's most influential actors. The paper distinguishes three periods in the growth and transformation of MUI; starting with charismatic authority and state corporatism, MUI later gained formal regulatory authority, and then authority through agenda setting, lobbying, mass mobilization, and the threat of violence. In light of the changing nature of MUI's power and the concomitantly changing authority of its fatwas, the paper argues that contemporary fatwas contain no innate authority, nor do they have any inherent effects. Classical theories of Islamic law, Max Weber's typology, and ethical theories of fatwas cannot explain MUI's growing power or its modes of authority. To understand MUI's growing power, it is necessary to look beyond these traditional modes of Islamic legal authority to modern organizational forms and their attendant strategies for exerting social control. In the modern age, Islamic legal authority reflects the dominant logic of political authority in society.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85836568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article concerns a colonial "moment" when Native arts and crafts (Inlandsche kunstnijverheid) became an object of a multifocal public discourse. This was generated in the context of a flurry of Dutch national, international, and colonial exhibitions and the formulation of new colonial policy that took place around the turn of the twentieth century. The "exhibition" provided a physical and a rhetorical presence for Native arts and crafts to be employed to project assumptions about race, civilization, and national identity and competing colonial policy trajectories. The article explores representations of "the Native" generated by these colonial and imperial discourses from the vantage point of the archive of Raden Ajeng Kartini, an emerging "voice" of a modernizing Javanese national consciousness, and indirectly involved "behind the scenes" in a rapid succession of Dutch colonial, national, and international exhibitions between 1898 and 1903. Using contemporary media, the article explores the gap between Kartini's celebration of Javanese arts and crafts as an expression of Javanese identity and the assumptions of contemporary European exhibition curators, commentators, and "progressive" colonial policy makers in relation to Inlandsch kunstnijverheid in this particular moment in the history of modern Indonesia.
{"title":"Kartini, Inlandsche kunstnijverheid and Dutch Imperial Policy in the East Indies, 1898–1904","authors":"J. Coté","doi":"10.1353/ind.2022.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2022.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article concerns a colonial \"moment\" when Native arts and crafts (Inlandsche kunstnijverheid) became an object of a multifocal public discourse. This was generated in the context of a flurry of Dutch national, international, and colonial exhibitions and the formulation of new colonial policy that took place around the turn of the twentieth century. The \"exhibition\" provided a physical and a rhetorical presence for Native arts and crafts to be employed to project assumptions about race, civilization, and national identity and competing colonial policy trajectories. The article explores representations of \"the Native\" generated by these colonial and imperial discourses from the vantage point of the archive of Raden Ajeng Kartini, an emerging \"voice\" of a modernizing Javanese national consciousness, and indirectly involved \"behind the scenes\" in a rapid succession of Dutch colonial, national, and international exhibitions between 1898 and 1903. Using contemporary media, the article explores the gap between Kartini's celebration of Javanese arts and crafts as an expression of Javanese identity and the assumptions of contemporary European exhibition curators, commentators, and \"progressive\" colonial policy makers in relation to Inlandsch kunstnijverheid in this particular moment in the history of modern Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84548762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sea Nomads of Southeast Asia: From the Past to the Present ed. by Bérénice Bellina, Roger Blench, and Jean-Christophe Galipaud (review)","authors":"C. Warren","doi":"10.1353/ind.2022.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2022.0014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83920174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The Islamic organization Nahdlatul Wathan is the most influential religious group on the island of Lombok in West Nusa Tenggara province, but since the death of its founder in 1997 the group has been split between two factions. This article examines the conflict, its endurance, and especially its supposed resolution in 2021, when the two sides entered into an agreement brokered by the government to operate under different names. This reconciliation is not only important to settle a conflict simmering throughout the Reformasi era, but it also forms an important example of the Indonesian central government being centrally involved in resolving a social conflict, suggesting a new direction for government involvement in 21st-century Indonesia.
{"title":"The Indonesian Central Government in Local Conflict Resolution: Lessons from the Reconciliation of Nahdlatul Wathan","authors":"S. Hamdi, Kevin W. Fogg","doi":"10.1353/ind.2022.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2022.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The Islamic organization Nahdlatul Wathan is the most influential religious group on the island of Lombok in West Nusa Tenggara province, but since the death of its founder in 1997 the group has been split between two factions. This article examines the conflict, its endurance, and especially its supposed resolution in 2021, when the two sides entered into an agreement brokered by the government to operate under different names. This reconciliation is not only important to settle a conflict simmering throughout the Reformasi era, but it also forms an important example of the Indonesian central government being centrally involved in resolving a social conflict, suggesting a new direction for government involvement in 21st-century Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84193035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Current Data on the Indonesian Military Elite: October 2014–December 2021","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/ind.2022.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2022.0013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76188647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article considers Lake Toba’s origins through global science and local folklore to examine how volcanic eruptions in the deep past are accessed, remembered, and understood. The eruption of the Toba volcano circa 73,000 years ago was theorized by some scientists as a “Super Catastrophe” that nearly extinguished the human population. At a local level, folklore of the Toba Batak peoples articulates this disaster in the form of morality tales. In these stories, nature is anthropomorphized as an act of memory to warn against the future impact of wrongful action. This article argues that both historical memories index a history of the future. While seemingly disparate, each narrative—scientific and folkloric—contains a meta-narrative on how the future has shaped our questions of the past and vice versa. In both epistemes, the writing of the distant past emerges with the writing of the future to define ethical choices for the present.
{"title":"The Toba Super-Catastrophe as History of the Future","authors":"Faizah Zakaria","doi":"10.1353/ind.2022.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2022.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article considers Lake Toba’s origins through global science and local folklore to examine how volcanic eruptions in the deep past are accessed, remembered, and understood. The eruption of the Toba volcano circa 73,000 years ago was theorized by some scientists as a “Super Catastrophe” that nearly extinguished the human population. At a local level, folklore of the Toba Batak peoples articulates this disaster in the form of morality tales. In these stories, nature is anthropomorphized as an act of memory to warn against the future impact of wrongful action. This article argues that both historical memories index a history of the future. While seemingly disparate, each narrative—scientific and folkloric—contains a meta-narrative on how the future has shaped our questions of the past and vice versa. In both epistemes, the writing of the distant past emerges with the writing of the future to define ethical choices for the present.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77896192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As one might expect from a Hakluyt Society publication, this is a sumptuous book that gives us an English translation and edition of four remarkable journeys across the length and breadth of Java in the mid-19th century. Originally published as Lampah-lampahipun Radèn Mas Arya Purwalelana (The travels of Purwalelana) in 1865–66 (reprinted 1877–80, the text used here), the present edition’s exceedingly well chosen full color plates and seventy-three black-and-white images, many by renowned 19thand early 20th-century professional photographers of the Indies,1 enable us to journey with the author through Java in 1860–75 (in fact 1857–79, dating that will be discussed below) at a time when Javanese society was undergoing profound changes as it entered the modern world.
正如人们从Hakluyt学会的出版物中所期望的那样，这是一本丰富的书，为我们提供了19世纪中期横跨爪哇的四次非凡旅程的英文翻译和版本。最初出版于1865年至1866年，名为Lampah-lampahipun rad n Mas Arya Purwalelana (Purwalelana的旅行)(此处使用的文本是1877年至1880年的重印版)，本版本精心挑选的全彩色图片和73张黑白照片，其中许多是19世纪和20世纪初印度著名的专业摄影师拍摄的，我使我们能够与作者一起在1860年至1875年(实际上是1857年至1879年)在爪哇旅行。(将在下面讨论)，当时爪哇社会正经历着深刻的变化，进入了现代世界。
{"title":"The Javanese Travels of Purwalelana: A Nobleman’s Account of His Journeys Across the Island of Java 1860–1875 by Judith E. Bosnak and Frans X. Koot (review)","authors":"P. Carey","doi":"10.1353/ind.2022.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2022.0008","url":null,"abstract":"As one might expect from a Hakluyt Society publication, this is a sumptuous book that gives us an English translation and edition of four remarkable journeys across the length and breadth of Java in the mid-19th century. Originally published as Lampah-lampahipun Radèn Mas Arya Purwalelana (The travels of Purwalelana) in 1865–66 (reprinted 1877–80, the text used here), the present edition’s exceedingly well chosen full color plates and seventy-three black-and-white images, many by renowned 19thand early 20th-century professional photographers of the Indies,1 enable us to journey with the author through Java in 1860–75 (in fact 1857–79, dating that will be discussed below) at a time when Javanese society was undergoing profound changes as it entered the modern world.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79327040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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