Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1353/ind.2023.a910149
Kar-Yen Leong
Abstract: Joshua Oppenheimer's diptych on the legacy of the 1965 anti-communist killings in Indonesia provides scholars and researchers with insights into the lives of the victims and the so-called perpetrators. Several publications and academic volumes have sprung forth from this but remain still ham-strung as that their analysis remains tied to that of Oppenheimer's production. I propose to build on these discussions by asking: how do these perpetrators remember the killings of 1965? From a preliminary analysis of data available, I posit that there is a certain level of 'ambivalence' over the roles they have played in the killings. As such, I posit that these supposedly 'evil-doers' suffer from a form of trauma and therefore complicates our categories of perpetrator, victim and bystander. In my paper, I also state that we can also glean from investigating perpetrator narratives, Indonesia's troubled path in dealing with a violent past. This paper will rely on oral interviews as well as media clippings from various sources in Indonesian. Perpetrators of the 1965 killings in Indonesia violated fundamental religious and social norms. In this article I explore their memories of those events, as revealed in their narratives and oral statements many years later.
{"title":"The Perpetrator's Allegory: Historical Memories and the Killings of 1965","authors":"Kar-Yen Leong","doi":"10.1353/ind.2023.a910149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2023.a910149","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Joshua Oppenheimer's diptych on the legacy of the 1965 anti-communist killings in Indonesia provides scholars and researchers with insights into the lives of the victims and the so-called perpetrators. Several publications and academic volumes have sprung forth from this but remain still ham-strung as that their analysis remains tied to that of Oppenheimer's production. I propose to build on these discussions by asking: how do these perpetrators remember the killings of 1965? From a preliminary analysis of data available, I posit that there is a certain level of 'ambivalence' over the roles they have played in the killings. As such, I posit that these supposedly 'evil-doers' suffer from a form of trauma and therefore complicates our categories of perpetrator, victim and bystander. In my paper, I also state that we can also glean from investigating perpetrator narratives, Indonesia's troubled path in dealing with a violent past. This paper will rely on oral interviews as well as media clippings from various sources in Indonesian. Perpetrators of the 1965 killings in Indonesia violated fundamental religious and social norms. In this article I explore their memories of those events, as revealed in their narratives and oral statements many years later.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135055647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1353/ind.2023.a910155
Arif Subekti, Hervina Nurullita
Abstract: Within post-genocide societies and in the aftermath of mass killings, music functions beyond entertainment. It serves to reconcile, remember, and convey a message of peace or even criticize how authorities deal with the effects of atrocities. Music also functions to remember and preserve memory of violence, particularly in the context where violence is not part of the official narrative and historiography. By taking the case study of Indonesia's anticommunist violence in 1965, this article would like to analyze critically the perspective that perceive music as counter memory. Focusing on Banyuwangi, East Java, the area where intense violence against the communists and leftists took place, we study how locality affected the production of songs with 1965 themes. The historical construction of local identity, violence and stigmatization of local artists, all affected the choices to compose songs related to 1965. We argue that music about violence is not simply a counter narrative against the dominant memory, but a process of negotiation between locality and the national construction of the past.
{"title":"Singing the Memories: Songs about the 1965 Anti-communist Violence in Banyuwangi","authors":"Arif Subekti, Hervina Nurullita","doi":"10.1353/ind.2023.a910155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2023.a910155","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Within post-genocide societies and in the aftermath of mass killings, music functions beyond entertainment. It serves to reconcile, remember, and convey a message of peace or even criticize how authorities deal with the effects of atrocities. Music also functions to remember and preserve memory of violence, particularly in the context where violence is not part of the official narrative and historiography. By taking the case study of Indonesia's anticommunist violence in 1965, this article would like to analyze critically the perspective that perceive music as counter memory. Focusing on Banyuwangi, East Java, the area where intense violence against the communists and leftists took place, we study how locality affected the production of songs with 1965 themes. The historical construction of local identity, violence and stigmatization of local artists, all affected the choices to compose songs related to 1965. We argue that music about violence is not simply a counter narrative against the dominant memory, but a process of negotiation between locality and the national construction of the past.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135055301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1353/ind.2023.a910152
Sri Lestari Wahyuningroem, Dyah Ayu Kartika
Abstract: When a state refuses to confront and resolve its burned history of past abuses by eliminating its unjust narratives and official history, how will the younger generation learn about its nation's dark past? This article attempts to answer this question by looking at several teaching initiatives that emphasize historical memory in Indonesia. The genocide against leftist groups that began in October 1965 is still being denied by the state, even though some elements of civil society, including victims' groups, have tried various efforts to ensure that the state can carry out the transitional justice agenda. By conducting interviews and direct observations, this paper finds some historical justice education initiatives carried out against young people by elements of civil society. This form of education is quite effective in critically building young people's historical understanding and their agency in the community.
{"title":"Learning Injustice: Historical Memory of the Indonesian 1965 Genocide and Education to Young People","authors":"Sri Lestari Wahyuningroem, Dyah Ayu Kartika","doi":"10.1353/ind.2023.a910152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2023.a910152","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: When a state refuses to confront and resolve its burned history of past abuses by eliminating its unjust narratives and official history, how will the younger generation learn about its nation's dark past? This article attempts to answer this question by looking at several teaching initiatives that emphasize historical memory in Indonesia. The genocide against leftist groups that began in October 1965 is still being denied by the state, even though some elements of civil society, including victims' groups, have tried various efforts to ensure that the state can carry out the transitional justice agenda. By conducting interviews and direct observations, this paper finds some historical justice education initiatives carried out against young people by elements of civil society. This form of education is quite effective in critically building young people's historical understanding and their agency in the community.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135055307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1353/ind.2023.a910157
Peter Carey
Reviewed by: Threads of the Unfolding Web: The Old Javanese Tantu Panggêlaran trans. by Stuart Robson Peter Carey Stuart Robson (Trans.) with a commentary by Hadi Sidomulyo. Threads of the Unfolding Web: The Old Javanese Tantu Panggêlaran. Singapore: ISEAS, Yusof Ishak Institute, 2021. This remarkable book contains the first English translation of the Old Javanese Tantu Panggelaran (henceforth TP), a text that seems to have been compiled from oral sources circulating in East Java in the 15th century. No dates or author are mentioned in the lontar (palm-leaf) texts used here except for one colophon referring to AD 1635 (page 4). Unlike the much better known Deśawarnana (Description of the districts) alias Nagarkrtāgama (1365) of Mpu Prapañca, depicting the royal progress of the celebrated Majapahit ruler Hayam Wuruk (r. 1350–89), or the other kakawin (kawi) narrative poems set in the context of the 12th–15th-century East Javanese courts, the TP's focus is Java's still untamed countryside. The mountains and mandala (abodes of religious communities belonging to the tradition of the resi or sages) of Central and East Java are its particular concern. Instead of Majapahit, the text looks back over two centuries to the kingdom of Kediri (1042–ca. 1222) as the backdrop for its allegorical tale of the history of Śaiwism and the spread of Bhairava Śaiwite hermitages in Java. The TP starts at the very beginning, describing the original peopling of Java and the fixing of the island's labile foundations, which caused it continually to move up and down. This unfortunate circumstance was remedied by the actions of the gods. On the instructions of the supreme deity, Bhatāra Guru, they brought the top half of ancient India's sacred mountain, Mt. Mahameru, from "Jambudipa" (India) over to "Yawadipa" (Java) to weigh down the two ends of "Java." Here, significantly, these are just the two ends of the Javanese-speaking (kejawen) areas starting in Central Java in the vicinity of the Dieng Plateau, where the stump of Mt. Mahameru came to rest in the form of Mt. Kelāsa,1 and extending to the very tip of Java's eastern salient, in particular the Hyang Massif between Probolinggo and Lumajang. TP's Java is thus not the whole island. This is understandable because at the time and well into the early nineteenth century, "Java" was the kejawen. West Java, namely the Priangan (parahyangan "abode of the spirits") highlands and the Sundanese-speaking kingdom of Pajajaran, roughly contemporary with Majapahit, were both foreign entities in the Javanese view.2 Indeed, when the Java War (1825–30) leader, Prince Diponegoro (1785–1855), left Semarang on the first stage of his journey into exile in Sulawesi (Celebes) on April 5, 1830, he wrote in his autobiographical chronicle that he was "leaving Java."3 But such astral journeys involving cloud-topped masses of rock and earth were not without their hazards even for the Hindu-Javanese deities: as the great bulk of Mahameru's top half w
{"title":"Threads of the Unfolding Web: The Old Javanese Tantu Panggêlaran trans. by Stuart Robson (review)","authors":"Peter Carey","doi":"10.1353/ind.2023.a910157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2023.a910157","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: Threads of the Unfolding Web: The Old Javanese Tantu Panggêlaran trans. by Stuart Robson Peter Carey Stuart Robson (Trans.) with a commentary by Hadi Sidomulyo. Threads of the Unfolding Web: The Old Javanese Tantu Panggêlaran. Singapore: ISEAS, Yusof Ishak Institute, 2021. This remarkable book contains the first English translation of the Old Javanese Tantu Panggelaran (henceforth TP), a text that seems to have been compiled from oral sources circulating in East Java in the 15th century. No dates or author are mentioned in the lontar (palm-leaf) texts used here except for one colophon referring to AD 1635 (page 4). Unlike the much better known Deśawarnana (Description of the districts) alias Nagarkrtāgama (1365) of Mpu Prapañca, depicting the royal progress of the celebrated Majapahit ruler Hayam Wuruk (r. 1350–89), or the other kakawin (kawi) narrative poems set in the context of the 12th–15th-century East Javanese courts, the TP's focus is Java's still untamed countryside. The mountains and mandala (abodes of religious communities belonging to the tradition of the resi or sages) of Central and East Java are its particular concern. Instead of Majapahit, the text looks back over two centuries to the kingdom of Kediri (1042–ca. 1222) as the backdrop for its allegorical tale of the history of Śaiwism and the spread of Bhairava Śaiwite hermitages in Java. The TP starts at the very beginning, describing the original peopling of Java and the fixing of the island's labile foundations, which caused it continually to move up and down. This unfortunate circumstance was remedied by the actions of the gods. On the instructions of the supreme deity, Bhatāra Guru, they brought the top half of ancient India's sacred mountain, Mt. Mahameru, from \"Jambudipa\" (India) over to \"Yawadipa\" (Java) to weigh down the two ends of \"Java.\" Here, significantly, these are just the two ends of the Javanese-speaking (kejawen) areas starting in Central Java in the vicinity of the Dieng Plateau, where the stump of Mt. Mahameru came to rest in the form of Mt. Kelāsa,1 and extending to the very tip of Java's eastern salient, in particular the Hyang Massif between Probolinggo and Lumajang. TP's Java is thus not the whole island. This is understandable because at the time and well into the early nineteenth century, \"Java\" was the kejawen. West Java, namely the Priangan (parahyangan \"abode of the spirits\") highlands and the Sundanese-speaking kingdom of Pajajaran, roughly contemporary with Majapahit, were both foreign entities in the Javanese view.2 Indeed, when the Java War (1825–30) leader, Prince Diponegoro (1785–1855), left Semarang on the first stage of his journey into exile in Sulawesi (Celebes) on April 5, 1830, he wrote in his autobiographical chronicle that he was \"leaving Java.\"3 But such astral journeys involving cloud-topped masses of rock and earth were not without their hazards even for the Hindu-Javanese deities: as the great bulk of Mahameru's top half w","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135055299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1353/ind.2023.a910147
Robert Cribb
Abstract: The article traces developments in the historiography of the mass killing of Indonesian communists in 1965–66. The first, journalistic analysis often suggested that the killings were a reflection of primitive savagery in Indonesia. The first scholarly analysis, by contrast, suggested that there had been a unique, acute polarization in Indonesian society which created an atmosphere of kill-or-be-killed. Subsequent research showed that the Indonesian army played a major role in directing the killings and in fomenting antagonism with false stories of communist brutality. More recent research indicates the importance of local antagonisms, often not directly related to ideology, in leading people to use the pogroms as a chance to advance their own interests. This development is similar to the shift in the historiography of the holocaust from intentionalism to functionalism.
{"title":"New Directions in the Historiography of Indonesia's Mass Killings, 1965–66","authors":"Robert Cribb","doi":"10.1353/ind.2023.a910147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2023.a910147","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The article traces developments in the historiography of the mass killing of Indonesian communists in 1965–66. The first, journalistic analysis often suggested that the killings were a reflection of primitive savagery in Indonesia. The first scholarly analysis, by contrast, suggested that there had been a unique, acute polarization in Indonesian society which created an atmosphere of kill-or-be-killed. Subsequent research showed that the Indonesian army played a major role in directing the killings and in fomenting antagonism with false stories of communist brutality. More recent research indicates the importance of local antagonisms, often not directly related to ideology, in leading people to use the pogroms as a chance to advance their own interests. This development is similar to the shift in the historiography of the holocaust from intentionalism to functionalism.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135055308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:As Portugal commenced decolonization in Timor-Leste and Indonesian military prepared to invade the territory, TAPOL warned of the humanitarian tragedy that would ensue. Throughout Indonesian occupation (1975–99), TAPOL advocated for the human rights of the East Timorese. Looking at the role and activities of one key activist organization provides a new approach to analyzing the Indonesian occupation of East Timor.This article explores the role of TAPOL in the international campaign for self-determination and justice in Timor-Leste, building support for Timor-Leste in Britain, and its interaction with a transnational solidarity movement. It positions this discussion within the context of transnational political activism and solidarity networks. It considers the extent to which international forces, particularly powerful Western governments, such as the British government, and institutions of global governance, such as the United Nations, responded to this movement. In so doing, it reveals the intersections between the local and the global within the broader international context of the Cold War.
{"title":"Keeping the Issue Alive: TAPOL and the International Campaign for Self-Determination and Justice in East Timor","authors":"Hannah Loney","doi":"10.1353/ind.2023.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2023.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:As Portugal commenced decolonization in Timor-Leste and Indonesian military prepared to invade the territory, TAPOL warned of the humanitarian tragedy that would ensue. Throughout Indonesian occupation (1975–99), TAPOL advocated for the human rights of the East Timorese. Looking at the role and activities of one key activist organization provides a new approach to analyzing the Indonesian occupation of East Timor.This article explores the role of TAPOL in the international campaign for self-determination and justice in Timor-Leste, building support for Timor-Leste in Britain, and its interaction with a transnational solidarity movement. It positions this discussion within the context of transnational political activism and solidarity networks. It considers the extent to which international forces, particularly powerful Western governments, such as the British government, and institutions of global governance, such as the United Nations, responded to this movement. In so doing, it reveals the intersections between the local and the global within the broader international context of the Cold War.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77141908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The Catholic Church hierarchy in occupied East Timor launched a major campaign in the early 1980s which bore directly on issues of East Timorese nationalism and national identity, arguing that Indonesian human rights abuses in the territory were leading to the extinction’ of the identity of the East Timorese people. From 1981 onward, the Timorese Church expressed concerns over the “ethnic, cultural and religious extinction of the identity of the people” of East Timor. This campaign and the international networks it mobilized stung the Indonesian administration and forced it to respond. Examining the history of the Church’s role in the constitution of politlical community in East Timor through the Portuguese and Indonesian eras, this paper details the evolution of this campaign from 1981 onward, and the way Church campaigns over Timorese cultural and religious identity contributed to the development of a national identity and reinforced claims of national self-determination.
{"title":"The Catholic Church’s Campaign against the “Ethnic, Cultural and Religious Extinction of the Identity of the People” of East Timor: 1981–89","authors":"Michael Leach","doi":"10.1353/ind.2023.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2023.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The Catholic Church hierarchy in occupied East Timor launched a major campaign in the early 1980s which bore directly on issues of East Timorese nationalism and national identity, arguing that Indonesian human rights abuses in the territory were leading to the extinction’ of the identity of the East Timorese people. From 1981 onward, the Timorese Church expressed concerns over the “ethnic, cultural and religious extinction of the identity of the people” of East Timor. This campaign and the international networks it mobilized stung the Indonesian administration and forced it to respond. Examining the history of the Church’s role in the constitution of politlical community in East Timor through the Portuguese and Indonesian eras, this paper details the evolution of this campaign from 1981 onward, and the way Church campaigns over Timorese cultural and religious identity contributed to the development of a national identity and reinforced claims of national self-determination.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90663978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:After the invasion of Timor-Leste by Indonesia in December 1975, Portugal found itself before a failed decolonization process in what had been one of its smallest and most remote colonies.Before the United Nations, Portugal remained the legal Administering Power of the territory, but no longer had any sovereignty or even access to it. A solution had to be found that would safeguard the right of the Timorese people to self-determination through an internationally recognized process.In this essay, we will provide an analytical overview of the Portuguese politics regarding the future of Timor-Leste for the period between 1976 and 1991, demonstrating the winding, and sometimes conflicting, path followed by the main organs of state, amidst the apparent fait accompli of Indonesian rule and Portugal’s legal and moral obligations to the East Timorese.
{"title":"Reality Overlapping Principles? Portugal and the Self-Determination of Timor-Leste (1976–91)","authors":"Zélia Pereira","doi":"10.1353/ind.2023.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2023.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:After the invasion of Timor-Leste by Indonesia in December 1975, Portugal found itself before a failed decolonization process in what had been one of its smallest and most remote colonies.Before the United Nations, Portugal remained the legal Administering Power of the territory, but no longer had any sovereignty or even access to it. A solution had to be found that would safeguard the right of the Timorese people to self-determination through an internationally recognized process.In this essay, we will provide an analytical overview of the Portuguese politics regarding the future of Timor-Leste for the period between 1976 and 1991, demonstrating the winding, and sometimes conflicting, path followed by the main organs of state, amidst the apparent fait accompli of Indonesian rule and Portugal’s legal and moral obligations to the East Timorese.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75615175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The decolonization of Timor-Leste was the last episode of a comparatively belated process: the end of the Portuguese empire. Singular among its equals, this case failed to produce a genuine self-determination outcome, as the territory was invaded by its neighbor, Indonesia, installing a neo-colonial situation and exercising a brutal, repressive rule that endured for twenty-four years. A UN sponsored self-determination referendum (30 August 1999) allowed the East Timorese to express their deep feelings, and 78.5% rejected integration into Indonesia and chose Independence. The UN stepped in for a two-and-a-half year transition period in preparation for Independence, and in 2002 the new nation was granted statehood and membership of the United Nations. This short piece provides an overview of the belated, long and troubled process, and introduces the individual papers that address specific aspects of its history.
{"title":"Timor-Leste: A Belated, Long, and Troubled Decolonization","authors":"R. Feijó","doi":"10.1353/ind.2023.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2023.0000","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The decolonization of Timor-Leste was the last episode of a comparatively belated process: the end of the Portuguese empire. Singular among its equals, this case failed to produce a genuine self-determination outcome, as the territory was invaded by its neighbor, Indonesia, installing a neo-colonial situation and exercising a brutal, repressive rule that endured for twenty-four years. A UN sponsored self-determination referendum (30 August 1999) allowed the East Timorese to express their deep feelings, and 78.5% rejected integration into Indonesia and chose Independence. The UN stepped in for a two-and-a-half year transition period in preparation for Independence, and in 2002 the new nation was granted statehood and membership of the United Nations. This short piece provides an overview of the belated, long and troubled process, and introduces the individual papers that address specific aspects of its history.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73525968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article investigates the role of human rights in Timor-Leste’s struggle for independence from Indonesia. It examines the context within which Timor’s Resistance movement began to employ human rights in the 1980s. It considers how human rights were used by Timor’s Resistance and the effects of this employment on the movement, using the Timor case to make larger arguments about the nature of human rights and human rights activism and about the relationships between human rights, anti-colonialism, and the right to self-determination.The article begins by examining Timor’s Resistance movement when it was primarily guided by a politics of anti-colonialism. Then, it turns to the Resistance’s embrace of human rights discourses in the early 1980s, discussing the Resistance’s motivations for this embrace and how human rights discourses and practices were employed by Timor’s Resistance movement and to what effect. Finally, it turns what the Timor case tells us more generally about human rights and about the relationships between human rights, politics, agency, and anti-colonialism.
{"title":"Human Rights in Timor-Leste’s Struggle for Independence","authors":"A. Rothschild","doi":"10.1353/ind.2023.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2023.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article investigates the role of human rights in Timor-Leste’s struggle for independence from Indonesia. It examines the context within which Timor’s Resistance movement began to employ human rights in the 1980s. It considers how human rights were used by Timor’s Resistance and the effects of this employment on the movement, using the Timor case to make larger arguments about the nature of human rights and human rights activism and about the relationships between human rights, anti-colonialism, and the right to self-determination.The article begins by examining Timor’s Resistance movement when it was primarily guided by a politics of anti-colonialism. Then, it turns to the Resistance’s embrace of human rights discourses in the early 1980s, discussing the Resistance’s motivations for this embrace and how human rights discourses and practices were employed by Timor’s Resistance movement and to what effect. Finally, it turns what the Timor case tells us more generally about human rights and about the relationships between human rights, politics, agency, and anti-colonialism.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80423539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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