Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1353/ind.2023.a910160
Sari Damar Ratri
Reviewed by: Ethics or the Right Thing? Corruption and Care in the Age of Good Governance by Sylvia Tidey Sari Damar Ratri Sylvia Tidey. Ethics or the Right Thing? Corruption and Care in the Age of Good Governance. Chicago: HAU Books, 2022. Corruption has long been a captivating subject for social scientists who study post-Reformasi Indonesia. Scholars of contemporary Indonesian politics and governance have been both intrigued and repulsed by the efforts of the Indonesian state and international agencies to revive the country from the aftermath of Suharto's corrupt regime. Despite Indonesia's endeavor to transition to a liberal democracy, many believe that it still suffers from persistent patronage politics and clientelism. In the immediate post-Reformasi years, the efforts to combat corruption appeared heroic. The endeavor to establish democracy under the banner of "good governance" was supported by "the international development and financial community" (3), and this has greatly influenced the perception of corruption as a problem rooted in the traditions of rational choice and economic liberalism, advocating for a lean state approach to address it. Ethics or the Right Thing? Corruption and Care in the Age of Good Governance was primarily written during a period when anti-corruption discourses were being institutionalized in Indonesia. The establishment of the Corruption Eradication Commission (I. Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi, KPK), along with auditing bodies and anti-corruption courts served as evidence of this trend (3). At the time of Sylvia Tidey's fieldwork in Kupang, a city located in Indonesia's southernmost province of East Nusa Tenggara, anti-corruption efforts were deemed crucial for facilitating the country's transition to "a desired state of liberal democracy" (4). It is thus not surprising that this book marks another profound turn in the study of governance, politics, and ethics in Indonesia. Instead of exploring how civil servants in Kupang City have come to accept a global consensus regarding corruption, democracy, and the concept of good governance, Tidey reevaluates the relationship between these three elements by posing the opposite question: "what if anti-corruption efforts actually make governance worse? If we look beyond hegemonic understandings of corruption and conceptions of the governmental good, what shapes can good governance take and how does corruption figure within it?" Anyone who has visited East Nusa Tenggara can attest to the province's abundance of cultural and natural attractions, which have made it a significant draw for tourists. From exploring the Komodo National Park to creating your own tenun ikat in Sikka Village, East Nusa Tenggara offers an array of irresistible experiences in exchange for the province's local income. However, as Tidey notes, "the province of East Nusa Tenggara is among Indonesia's poorest" (6). The irony of living below the national poverty line despite having ample cultural and natu
评论人:道德还是正确的事?《善治时代的腐败与关怀》作者:西尔维娅·蒂迪。道德还是正确的事?善治时代的腐败与关怀。芝加哥:HAU Books, 2022。长期以来，腐败一直是研究改革后印尼的社会科学家们感兴趣的课题。印尼政府和国际机构试图从苏哈托(Suharto)腐败政权的余波中重振国家，研究印尼当代政治和治理的学者们对此既感兴趣，又感到厌恶。尽管印尼正在努力向自由民主过渡，但许多人认为，它仍然受到持续存在的庇护政治和庇护主义的困扰。在改革后不久的几年里，打击腐败的努力显得英勇。在“善治”的旗帜下建立民主的努力得到了“国际发展和金融界”的支持(3)，这极大地影响了人们对腐败的看法，认为腐败是一个植根于理性选择和经济自由主义传统的问题，提倡用精简国家的方法来解决这个问题。道德还是正确的事?《善治时代的腐败与关怀》主要是在印尼反腐话语制度化的时期写成的。肃贪委员会的成立，以及审计机构和反腐败法庭都是这一趋势的证据(3)。西尔维娅·蒂迪在印尼最南端东努沙登加拉省的古邦市进行实地考察时，反腐败工作被认为是促进该国向“理想的自由民主国家”过渡的关键(4)。因此，这本书标志着印度尼西亚治理、政治和道德研究的又一个深刻转变，这并不奇怪。Tidey并没有探讨古邦市的公务员如何接受全球对贪腐、民主和良政概念的共识，而是提出一个相反的问题，重新评估这三个要素之间的关系:“如果反贪腐的努力实际上让治理变得更糟怎么办?”如果我们超越对腐败的霸权理解和对政府善的概念，那么善的治理可以有什么形式?腐败是如何在其中发挥作用的?”任何到过东努沙登加拉的人都可以证明该省丰富的文化和自然景点，这使它成为吸引游客的重要因素。从探索科莫多国家公园到在西卡村创建自己的tenun ikat，东努沙登加拉提供了一系列不可抗拒的体验，以换取该省的当地收入。然而，正如Tidey所指出的那样，“东努沙登加拉省是印度尼西亚最贫穷的省份之一”(6)。尽管拥有丰富的文化和自然资源，但生活在国家贫困线以下的讽刺，最好的例子是关于这个省的首字母缩略词NTT的笑话。NTT不是Nusa Tenggara Timur，而是Nanti Tuhan Tolong(上帝会帮助我们)、Nasib Tak Tentu(不确定的命运)或Nusa Tetap Tertinggal(被遗忘的岛屿)(6)。我在东努沙登加拉的一个县Manggarai进行了一些研究，那里的人们在讨论发展项目在他们社区中的作用时也使用同样的笑话。这凸显了人们为改善生活所面临的困难与他们所在社区的丰富资源之间的对比。东努沙登加拉的地理位置表明了其社会政治和结构属性，这些属性导致了一种遥远、距离和难以接近的感觉。这些基于东努沙登加拉地理的空间话语支撑着该地区许多干预计划的逻辑。例如，参见Jesse H. Grayman关于世界银行资助的PNPM Generasi1项目的村庄协调员在Manggarai高地的日常监督中使用“田地(medan, lapangan)和地形(topografi)的地理词汇”的研究结果，以解决规模和治理问题。东努沙登加拉地理的这些社会政治和结构特征在发展干预实践中持续存在，并继续塑造东印度尼西亚的学术工作。格里·范·克林肯和爱德华·阿斯皮纳尔承认，这些因素促成了“偏远……
{"title":"Ethics or the Right Thing? Corruption and Care in the Age of Good Governance by Sylvia Tidey (review)","authors":"Sari Damar Ratri","doi":"10.1353/ind.2023.a910160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2023.a910160","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: Ethics or the Right Thing? Corruption and Care in the Age of Good Governance by Sylvia Tidey Sari Damar Ratri Sylvia Tidey. Ethics or the Right Thing? Corruption and Care in the Age of Good Governance. Chicago: HAU Books, 2022. Corruption has long been a captivating subject for social scientists who study post-Reformasi Indonesia. Scholars of contemporary Indonesian politics and governance have been both intrigued and repulsed by the efforts of the Indonesian state and international agencies to revive the country from the aftermath of Suharto's corrupt regime. Despite Indonesia's endeavor to transition to a liberal democracy, many believe that it still suffers from persistent patronage politics and clientelism. In the immediate post-Reformasi years, the efforts to combat corruption appeared heroic. The endeavor to establish democracy under the banner of \"good governance\" was supported by \"the international development and financial community\" (3), and this has greatly influenced the perception of corruption as a problem rooted in the traditions of rational choice and economic liberalism, advocating for a lean state approach to address it. Ethics or the Right Thing? Corruption and Care in the Age of Good Governance was primarily written during a period when anti-corruption discourses were being institutionalized in Indonesia. The establishment of the Corruption Eradication Commission (I. Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi, KPK), along with auditing bodies and anti-corruption courts served as evidence of this trend (3). At the time of Sylvia Tidey's fieldwork in Kupang, a city located in Indonesia's southernmost province of East Nusa Tenggara, anti-corruption efforts were deemed crucial for facilitating the country's transition to \"a desired state of liberal democracy\" (4). It is thus not surprising that this book marks another profound turn in the study of governance, politics, and ethics in Indonesia. Instead of exploring how civil servants in Kupang City have come to accept a global consensus regarding corruption, democracy, and the concept of good governance, Tidey reevaluates the relationship between these three elements by posing the opposite question: \"what if anti-corruption efforts actually make governance worse? If we look beyond hegemonic understandings of corruption and conceptions of the governmental good, what shapes can good governance take and how does corruption figure within it?\" Anyone who has visited East Nusa Tenggara can attest to the province's abundance of cultural and natural attractions, which have made it a significant draw for tourists. From exploring the Komodo National Park to creating your own tenun ikat in Sikka Village, East Nusa Tenggara offers an array of irresistible experiences in exchange for the province's local income. However, as Tidey notes, \"the province of East Nusa Tenggara is among Indonesia's poorest\" (6). The irony of living below the national poverty line despite having ample cultural and natu","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135055297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1353/ind.2023.a910159
Josh Stenberg
Reviewed by: Celluloid Colony: Locating History and Ethnography in Early Dutch Colonial Films of Indonesia by Sandeep Ray Josh Stenberg Sandeep Ray. Celluloid Colony: Locating History and Ethnography in Early Dutch Colonial Films of Indonesia. Singapore: NUS Press, 2021. Celluloid Colony is an important and salutary book, both for the way it uses film to analyze late colonial Indonesian society and for its intervention in the debates surrounding the role of film in historiography. Ray's object of study is the corpus of films made on location in the Dutch East Indies at the behest of institutes, agencies, and corporations intent on building support back home for the colonial enterprise. Viewed mostly in the Netherlands, they were preserved more or less fortuitously in the Colonial Institute archives and then long ignored before being brought to light from the late 1980s by a new generation of researchers and artists who discovered them in the Filmmuseum (now the EYE Filmmuseum), where they had been transferred in 1975. Slated for partial digitization as part of a larger initiative in 2006, this archive now makes for fascinating viewing, much of it accessible online. But, as Ray persuasively argues, it also represents a trove of important primary sources for ethnographic information and social history that allow us unique access to several areas of late colonial history. A historian at the Singapore University of Technology and Design, Ray worked in Dutch archives over many years (this monograph evolved from his 2015 National University of Singapore doctoral dissertation), viewing not only the finished films but also consulting surviving offcuts and production information. Ray has spent the interval well, for the monograph shows no tell-tale traces of the dissertation genre and is accessible, assured, and compact. The hard yards have paid off: his most fundamental contribution consists in providing an initial chronology and typology for the considerable corpus of Dutch East Indies cinema and laying out the commercial, administrative, political, and religious concerns that created them. His period ranges from the earliest films made in 1912 until 1930 and covers Colonial Institute, corporate, and religious films in the three substantive middle chapters. This is a signal achievement, for the gap it begins to fill is vast, there being no comparable work about Indonesia on film in this period. In the first two chapters, Ray situates his study as an answer to the question of how and why historians in general can and should make use of filmic sources and why historians of colonialism in particular should set about it. The framing and argumentation for doing history with documentary film is swift and jargon-free and the point made so persuasively that I found myself finding little but knee-jerk conservatism or text worship to oppose it (although diplomatic Ray's tone is never impatient). There is no reason to think that using documentary film to do histor
{"title":"Celluloid Colony: Locating History and Ethnography in Early Dutch Colonial Films of Indonesia by Sandeep Ray (review)","authors":"Josh Stenberg","doi":"10.1353/ind.2023.a910159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2023.a910159","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: Celluloid Colony: Locating History and Ethnography in Early Dutch Colonial Films of Indonesia by Sandeep Ray Josh Stenberg Sandeep Ray. Celluloid Colony: Locating History and Ethnography in Early Dutch Colonial Films of Indonesia. Singapore: NUS Press, 2021. Celluloid Colony is an important and salutary book, both for the way it uses film to analyze late colonial Indonesian society and for its intervention in the debates surrounding the role of film in historiography. Ray's object of study is the corpus of films made on location in the Dutch East Indies at the behest of institutes, agencies, and corporations intent on building support back home for the colonial enterprise. Viewed mostly in the Netherlands, they were preserved more or less fortuitously in the Colonial Institute archives and then long ignored before being brought to light from the late 1980s by a new generation of researchers and artists who discovered them in the Filmmuseum (now the EYE Filmmuseum), where they had been transferred in 1975. Slated for partial digitization as part of a larger initiative in 2006, this archive now makes for fascinating viewing, much of it accessible online. But, as Ray persuasively argues, it also represents a trove of important primary sources for ethnographic information and social history that allow us unique access to several areas of late colonial history. A historian at the Singapore University of Technology and Design, Ray worked in Dutch archives over many years (this monograph evolved from his 2015 National University of Singapore doctoral dissertation), viewing not only the finished films but also consulting surviving offcuts and production information. Ray has spent the interval well, for the monograph shows no tell-tale traces of the dissertation genre and is accessible, assured, and compact. The hard yards have paid off: his most fundamental contribution consists in providing an initial chronology and typology for the considerable corpus of Dutch East Indies cinema and laying out the commercial, administrative, political, and religious concerns that created them. His period ranges from the earliest films made in 1912 until 1930 and covers Colonial Institute, corporate, and religious films in the three substantive middle chapters. This is a signal achievement, for the gap it begins to fill is vast, there being no comparable work about Indonesia on film in this period. In the first two chapters, Ray situates his study as an answer to the question of how and why historians in general can and should make use of filmic sources and why historians of colonialism in particular should set about it. The framing and argumentation for doing history with documentary film is swift and jargon-free and the point made so persuasively that I found myself finding little but knee-jerk conservatism or text worship to oppose it (although diplomatic Ray's tone is never impatient). There is no reason to think that using documentary film to do histor","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135055309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1353/ind.2023.a910150
Siddharth Chandra, Teng Zhang
Abstract: The role of civilian allies of the Indonesian Army is an important theme in narratives of the anti-Communist killings of 1965-66 in Indonesia. There is an ongoing debate about the extent to which these organizations were involved in the killings. Spatial analysis can provide clues about the degree to which these organizations may have been involved in different locations. The aim of this paper is to use spatial analytics to answer two questions: first, is there evidence that politico-religious allies of the Indonesian Army in the province of East Java were involved in the killings across the province? And second, if there are indications of variation in the degree to which these two organizations were involved in different parts of the province, what do these variations tell us about the interplay between the military and these organizations in the killings? In order to answer these questions, we use kecamatan-level estimates of population loss associated with the violence of 1965-66 in conjunction with information on the locations of major army command centers and centers of politico-religious organization in East Java to test propositions about whether the degree of population loss is systematically associated with the locations of these centers. While the methods cannot prove involvement of specific individuals or organizations, the results are consistent with much of what is known about key players in the violence. They also identify hot spots for which there are indications of possible involvement by either the military or its civilian allies or both.
{"title":"Glimpses of Indonesia's 1965 Massacre through the Lens of the Census: The Role of Civilian Organizations in the Mass Anti-Communist Killings of 1965–66 in East Java","authors":"Siddharth Chandra, Teng Zhang","doi":"10.1353/ind.2023.a910150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2023.a910150","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The role of civilian allies of the Indonesian Army is an important theme in narratives of the anti-Communist killings of 1965-66 in Indonesia. There is an ongoing debate about the extent to which these organizations were involved in the killings. Spatial analysis can provide clues about the degree to which these organizations may have been involved in different locations. The aim of this paper is to use spatial analytics to answer two questions: first, is there evidence that politico-religious allies of the Indonesian Army in the province of East Java were involved in the killings across the province? And second, if there are indications of variation in the degree to which these two organizations were involved in different parts of the province, what do these variations tell us about the interplay between the military and these organizations in the killings? In order to answer these questions, we use kecamatan-level estimates of population loss associated with the violence of 1965-66 in conjunction with information on the locations of major army command centers and centers of politico-religious organization in East Java to test propositions about whether the degree of population loss is systematically associated with the locations of these centers. While the methods cannot prove involvement of specific individuals or organizations, the results are consistent with much of what is known about key players in the violence. They also identify hot spots for which there are indications of possible involvement by either the military or its civilian allies or both.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135055304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1353/ind.2023.a910156
Baskara T. Wardaya
Abstract: Using Pierre Nora's notion (1989) that memory "remains in permanent evolution, open to the dialectic of remembering and forgetting, … vulnerable to manipulation and appropriation, susceptible to being long dormant and periodically revived," this paper demonstrates that memories of Indonesia's anti-communist purge beginning in 1965 continue to fluctuate between remembering and forgetting. While vulnerable to manipulation and appropriation, memories of the purge are also susceptible to periods of dormancy and revival. Against this backdrop, members of the Indonesian civil society attempt to produce "different kinds of memories" of the purge. They pursue the attempts through different kinds of initiatives, including music, art performances, studies on demographic changes, and hosting educational fora. Further research is needed to explore similar initiatives to study how the permanent evolution of the memories of the 1965-66 purge continues to produce negotiation between the purge's different narratives and their respective adherents.
{"title":"In Permanent Evolution: An Epilogue","authors":"Baskara T. Wardaya","doi":"10.1353/ind.2023.a910156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2023.a910156","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Using Pierre Nora's notion (1989) that memory \"remains in permanent evolution, open to the dialectic of remembering and forgetting, … vulnerable to manipulation and appropriation, susceptible to being long dormant and periodically revived,\" this paper demonstrates that memories of Indonesia's anti-communist purge beginning in 1965 continue to fluctuate between remembering and forgetting. While vulnerable to manipulation and appropriation, memories of the purge are also susceptible to periods of dormancy and revival. Against this backdrop, members of the Indonesian civil society attempt to produce \"different kinds of memories\" of the purge. They pursue the attempts through different kinds of initiatives, including music, art performances, studies on demographic changes, and hosting educational fora. Further research is needed to explore similar initiatives to study how the permanent evolution of the memories of the 1965-66 purge continues to produce negotiation between the purge's different narratives and their respective adherents.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135055644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1353/ind.2023.a910153
Stephen Pratama
Abstract: Some Indonesian teachers have entangled alternative versions in their teachings on the 1965 affair, a controversial vicious and political event in Indonesia, to counterbalance or even contest the communist coup narrative in the history lesson curriculum and school textbooks. Employing the sociological tools of Margaret Somers, this paper dissects the stories of eleven high school history teachers about what enables them to teach multiple interpretations of the 1965 affair. The inclusion of different accounts in their teachings is navigated by various narratives of the affair that they acquired or fabricated in certain socio-historical and political settings. However, teaching is far from an independent pedagogical action. Accordingly, the extent to which each teacher could easily teach multiple versions was related to surrounding actors inside or outside of the school and their narratives of the 1965 affair and communism, as well as perceived absence of any institutional practice to veto such teachings.
{"title":"Teachers' Narratives about the Possibility to Teach Controversial History of the 1965 Affair in Indonesia","authors":"Stephen Pratama","doi":"10.1353/ind.2023.a910153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2023.a910153","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Some Indonesian teachers have entangled alternative versions in their teachings on the 1965 affair, a controversial vicious and political event in Indonesia, to counterbalance or even contest the communist coup narrative in the history lesson curriculum and school textbooks. Employing the sociological tools of Margaret Somers, this paper dissects the stories of eleven high school history teachers about what enables them to teach multiple interpretations of the 1965 affair. The inclusion of different accounts in their teachings is navigated by various narratives of the affair that they acquired or fabricated in certain socio-historical and political settings. However, teaching is far from an independent pedagogical action. Accordingly, the extent to which each teacher could easily teach multiple versions was related to surrounding actors inside or outside of the school and their narratives of the 1965 affair and communism, as well as perceived absence of any institutional practice to veto such teachings.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135055648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1353/ind.2023.a910154
Vannessa Hearman
Abstract: This article examines the work of Australian-Balinese artist, Leyla Stevens in reworking and re-presenting aspects of the Balinese experience of the 1965-66 killings. In her award-winning work, Dua Dunia (two worlds), the diasporic artist demonstrates the persistence of memory and the indispensability of 'talk' in recounting the story of a place that is not recorded in official histories. By using a dialogue created between two women speaking of the Balinese landscape and its relationship with history, performed in a kidung, a poem recited in song, Stevens suggests that the oral transmission of history, no matter how faltering, can open up new ways of remembering. In this way, she highlights the vital contribution of local communities in reconstructing and transmitting memories of violence, on one hand, and, on the other, the role of nature and landscape as sentinels of memory. Titling her work Dua Dunia refers to her diasporic status on one hand, but also to the haunting of those whose lives are marked by encounters with spirits who refuse to leave sites of violence, who 'walk in two worlds.' The article examines finally how the reception of her work can be a measure of the contribution of artists to understanding the 1965-66 killings outside Indonesia.
{"title":"Capturing the Reverberations of the 1965–66 Killings in the Balinese Landscape: The Artistic Work of Leyla Stevens","authors":"Vannessa Hearman","doi":"10.1353/ind.2023.a910154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2023.a910154","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This article examines the work of Australian-Balinese artist, Leyla Stevens in reworking and re-presenting aspects of the Balinese experience of the 1965-66 killings. In her award-winning work, Dua Dunia (two worlds), the diasporic artist demonstrates the persistence of memory and the indispensability of 'talk' in recounting the story of a place that is not recorded in official histories. By using a dialogue created between two women speaking of the Balinese landscape and its relationship with history, performed in a kidung, a poem recited in song, Stevens suggests that the oral transmission of history, no matter how faltering, can open up new ways of remembering. In this way, she highlights the vital contribution of local communities in reconstructing and transmitting memories of violence, on one hand, and, on the other, the role of nature and landscape as sentinels of memory. Titling her work Dua Dunia refers to her diasporic status on one hand, but also to the haunting of those whose lives are marked by encounters with spirits who refuse to leave sites of violence, who 'walk in two worlds.' The article examines finally how the reception of her work can be a measure of the contribution of artists to understanding the 1965-66 killings outside Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135055646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1353/ind.2023.a910158
Pujo Semedi
Reviewed by: The Paradox of Agrarian Change. Food Security and the Politics of Social Protection in Indonesia eds. by John F. McCarthy, Andrew McWilliam, and Gerben Nooteboom Pujo Semedi John F. McCarthy, Andrew McWilliam, and Gerben Nooteboom (Eds.). The Paradox of Agrarian Change. Food Security and the Politics of Social Protection in Indonesia. Singapore: NUS Press, 2023. First of all, I would like to convey my appreciation to the editors and all authors for the publication. This book is constructive work that aims not only to gain an understanding of what is going on among farming and fishing communities but to take a step further to develop "possibilities for moving to a better system to provide vulnerable households with a 'rightful share' of the benefits being distributed." As the title indicates, this book discusses the paradox that took place in Indonesian agrarian communities as they move from poverty to prosperous life. Now, farmers live in well-built, nice houses, have motorbikes, and are capable of sending their children to school. In the midst of this prosperity, nutritional insecurity among farmers remains high. To identify how the paradox operates in the farmers' and rural inhabitants' livelihood, John F. McCarthy, Andrew McWilliam, and Gerben Nooteboom propose three factors: (1) proximate actors and contextual triggers that are temporally and spatially close to the livelihood outcomes and agrarian changes pattern and that appear to facilitate them directly," (2) structural mechanisms that operate diffusely and shape the context, and (3) relational processes, "the informal and formal power relations that shape people's actions and lead to relations of debt and dependency." The three processes are assumed to operate in independent connection, one to another, which eventually lead to livelihood trajectories. These three factors were observed through eight ethnographic cases among farming, fishing, and plantation communities in various parts of Indonesia, which ended in findings of eight scenarios of agrarian change: smallholder development, enclave, sideways, precarious developmental, fishing boom, resource degradation, boom crop agrarian differentiation, and subsistence-oriented. The findings indicate that the agrarian paradox and changes in Indonesia do not occur through similar paths and lead to the same future for farmers. This is one of the strong points of John McCarthy, McWilliam, and Nooteboom's work: sensitivity to the variety of agrarian change pathways. Another strong point can be found in the authors' conclusion, that to solve the agrarian change paradox in Indonesia there is a need to formulate "other redistributive policy settings and strategies . . . which shift the structural driven of inequality and invest in the productive capacity of people to empower their future". I have a few notes for this book. First, is related to nutritional insecurity. Various studies show that life expectancy in Indonesia in the past was
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Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1353/ind.2023.a910151
Robert W. Hefner
Abstract: This essay draws on comparative ethnographic and historical research on the 1965–1966 violence in Indonesia to reassess the course and consequences of the violence in upland areas of the Pasuruan and Malang regencies (kabupaten) in the province of East Java. The essay seeks to reframe and update my earlier analysis of the violence in this territory by juxtaposing it to recent paradigm-changing studies carried out by a new generation of scholars examining the 1965-1966 violence and its aftermath. The essay makes five main points. First, it demonstrates that, even within rural settings separated by only a few kilometers, the timing and scale of the anti-communist violence varied significantly. Second, it shows that a key influence on this variation was not merely army ambitions or the relative strength of local Muslim militias, but the nature of the relationship between local Indonesian Nationalist (PNI) and Communist Party (PKI) activists in the years leading up to the killings. Third, the study reveals that, in some rural communities, there was significant ambivalence in NU circles about joining in the anti-communist campaign, because NU preachers worried that participation in the killings might undercut their recently-initiated programs of Islamic appeal (dakwah) in abangan villages. Fourth, the study confirms the demographic findings of Siddharth Chandra and Mark Winward concerning the scale and contemporary significance of the population movement within rural Java set in motion by the killings. Fifth, the essay argues that although a "conservative turn" in Muslim society since the early 2000s has set back efforts to promote reconciliation between Muslim organizations and survivors of 1965–1966 killings, the prospects remain for a modest but still thoughtful public discussion of the violence and its legacies.
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Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1353/ind.2023.a910148
Mark Winward, Siddharth Chandra
Abstract: This paper sheds light on spatial determinants of violence in rural areas of Indonesia during the 1965–66 mass killings. To do so, it focuses on the regency of Gunungkidul through the lens of the census. The analysis of census information for the 144 desa and kelurahan (village and urban neighbourhoods) of Gunungkidul reveals that violence was higher near the more urban environs of Wonosari and the adjacent city of Yogyakarta, and in the central-eastern desa of the regency. We attribute these high levels of violence to the proximity of these desa to perpetrator strongholds in Wonosari and Yogyakarta and to their accessibility by road. We also attribute violence in eastern areas of the regency to pre-existing political tensions in this region. Conversely, we find patterns of population gains in the southwest, southeast, and northeast corners of the regency, suggesting that they were sites of refuge: all are remote and difficult to access by road. In the case of the northeast, this region also likely served as a refuge for people fleeing intense violence in neighbouring Klaten to the north. This paper demonstrates that even in areas of high communist party support such as Gunungkidul, the intensity of violence varied significantly due to a combination of factors both internal (political tension and local perpetrators) and external (the armed forces) to the region.
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