Abstract:The research explores supplications—acts and utterances seeking divine relief—as responses to disaster in Muslim Indonesia, focusing specifically on the way these are facilitated in public communication at events held by political actors and holders of public office. Two contrasting Islamic perspectives on disaster responses are examined, namely the ritual practices observed by the elites and followers of the traditionalist Nahdlatul ‘Ulama civil society organization and the disaster relief NGO and associated theodicy established by the modernist organization known as the Muhammadiyah. The article observes that collective supplications seeking divine relief—practices typical of traditionalist practice but objected to on doctrinal grounds by modernists—have become dominant in public events, even where the audience is plural in terms of its Islamic affiliation. In explaining the expanding dominance of traditional styles of supplication, we propose two reasons: first, that the modernist repertoire lacks techniques and ritual styles suitable for the collective supplications that audiences demand in times of crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and second, that the styles of the traditionalist current, oriented to group supplication, are favored by the political actors who mobilize Islamic messaging in political communication. Supplications are approached analytically not simply as requests seeking divine assistance, but also as genres of public communication that are influenced by the dynamic nexus of Islam and politics in Indonesia.
{"title":"The Public Politics of Supplication in a Time of Disaster","authors":"J. Millie, Dede Syarif","doi":"10.1353/ind.2022.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2022.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The research explores supplications—acts and utterances seeking divine relief—as responses to disaster in Muslim Indonesia, focusing specifically on the way these are facilitated in public communication at events held by political actors and holders of public office. Two contrasting Islamic perspectives on disaster responses are examined, namely the ritual practices observed by the elites and followers of the traditionalist Nahdlatul ‘Ulama civil society organization and the disaster relief NGO and associated theodicy established by the modernist organization known as the Muhammadiyah. The article observes that collective supplications seeking divine relief—practices typical of traditionalist practice but objected to on doctrinal grounds by modernists—have become dominant in public events, even where the audience is plural in terms of its Islamic affiliation. In explaining the expanding dominance of traditional styles of supplication, we propose two reasons: first, that the modernist repertoire lacks techniques and ritual styles suitable for the collective supplications that audiences demand in times of crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and second, that the styles of the traditionalist current, oriented to group supplication, are favored by the political actors who mobilize Islamic messaging in political communication. Supplications are approached analytically not simply as requests seeking divine assistance, but also as genres of public communication that are influenced by the dynamic nexus of Islam and politics in Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87289388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Authoritarian Modernization in Indonesia’s Early Independence Period: The Foundation of the New Order State (1950–1965) by Farabi Fakih (review)","authors":"Mattias Fibiger","doi":"10.1353/ind.2022.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2022.0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75135275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This paper brings together the spiritual geographies of the central Javanese sultanates and modern volcano science since the early twentieth century. It shows how modern volcano scientists were enabled to undertake their fieldwork along the ritual pathways of Mount Merapi. It shows how colonial scientists relied on Javanese labor to undertake their work and how they engaged with Javanese volcano knowledges. The modern scientific conception of the necessary relationship between volcanism on land and deep water trenches mirrored spiritual-geographical concepts of the Yogyakarta sultanate. Colonial and postcolonial scientific work on Javanese volcanoes made crucial contributions to the formulation and adoption of the theory of plate tectonics in the 1960s and 1970s that reimagined the evolutionary history of the lithosphere. The theory of plate tectonics did not fundamentally contradict the spiritual topography of the central Javanese sultanates, rather, this paper demonstrates how they were assembled together.
{"title":"Processions: How the Spiritual Geographies of Central Java Shaped Modern Volcano Science","authors":"A. Bobbette","doi":"10.1353/ind.2022.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2022.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper brings together the spiritual geographies of the central Javanese sultanates and modern volcano science since the early twentieth century. It shows how modern volcano scientists were enabled to undertake their fieldwork along the ritual pathways of Mount Merapi. It shows how colonial scientists relied on Javanese labor to undertake their work and how they engaged with Javanese volcano knowledges. The modern scientific conception of the necessary relationship between volcanism on land and deep water trenches mirrored spiritual-geographical concepts of the Yogyakarta sultanate. Colonial and postcolonial scientific work on Javanese volcanoes made crucial contributions to the formulation and adoption of the theory of plate tectonics in the 1960s and 1970s that reimagined the evolutionary history of the lithosphere. The theory of plate tectonics did not fundamentally contradict the spiritual topography of the central Javanese sultanates, rather, this paper demonstrates how they were assembled together.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89747291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This is the first study to chart changes in military responses to natural disaster in colonial Indonesia (the Netherlands East Indies). It reveals that, up until the early twentieth century, colonial forces conducting wars of conquest across the archipelago were caught in disasters as they happened, and their responses were localized and reactive. Around 1918, colonial policy shifted toward a more coordinated, interventionist role for the military that attended to the humanitarian needs of Indonesian disaster victims. The groundwork for an integrated, first-responder role for the military in natural disasters was laid during the 1920s, with the establishment of an air force with capabilities in aerial reconnaissance and photography. These new technologies fostered a militarization of colonial knowledge about natural disasters that reached its fullest expression during the Merapi eruption of 1930 and, notably, exceeded operational purposes by shaping colonial science, as well as disaster- and geo-tourism.
{"title":"Military Responses to and Forms of Knowledge About Natural Disaster in Colonial Indonesia, 1865–1930","authors":"Susie Protschky","doi":"10.1353/ind.2022.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2022.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This is the first study to chart changes in military responses to natural disaster in colonial Indonesia (the Netherlands East Indies). It reveals that, up until the early twentieth century, colonial forces conducting wars of conquest across the archipelago were caught in disasters as they happened, and their responses were localized and reactive. Around 1918, colonial policy shifted toward a more coordinated, interventionist role for the military that attended to the humanitarian needs of Indonesian disaster victims. The groundwork for an integrated, first-responder role for the military in natural disasters was laid during the 1920s, with the establishment of an air force with capabilities in aerial reconnaissance and photography. These new technologies fostered a militarization of colonial knowledge about natural disasters that reached its fullest expression during the Merapi eruption of 1930 and, notably, exceeded operational purposes by shaping colonial science, as well as disaster- and geo-tourism.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75432606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article posits that examining Indonesia as a locus of global learning begins to answer Greg Bankoff’s critique (2001, 2018) of “resilience” and “vulnerability” in contemporary disaster studies as stagist, neocolonial frameworks for recasting developmental concerns. It proposes working “along the fault line” to examine how Indonesia’s disaster sites have generated diverse forms of knowledge about catastrophe, from deep time to the present day. Counter to Anthony Reid’s (2013, 2015) contention that discontinuity must punctuate the past and future of an archipelago located along the Pacific Ring of Fire, this article argues that catastrophic events in Indonesia should not be principally understood as acute episodes triggering rupture and change, but also as occasions for tracing important continuities. These become evident when foregrounding the key preoccupation of the plural communities that have occupied and studied Indonesian sites of catastrophe: that is, how to live with disaster, not just survive it. This article provides an overview of new research from historians, geographers, and anthropologists on how that concern is evident in ancient oral traditions that inform current work on geomythology, in premodern Javanese and Balinese sources on time and power, in state and scientific attempts to mitigate disaster that bridge colonial and postcolonial regimes, and in contemporary religious practices in Indonesia.
{"title":"Disaster in Indonesia: Along the Fault Line toward New Approaches","authors":"Susie Protschky","doi":"10.1353/ind.2022.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2022.0000","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article posits that examining Indonesia as a locus of global learning begins to answer Greg Bankoff’s critique (2001, 2018) of “resilience” and “vulnerability” in contemporary disaster studies as stagist, neocolonial frameworks for recasting developmental concerns. It proposes working “along the fault line” to examine how Indonesia’s disaster sites have generated diverse forms of knowledge about catastrophe, from deep time to the present day. Counter to Anthony Reid’s (2013, 2015) contention that discontinuity must punctuate the past and future of an archipelago located along the Pacific Ring of Fire, this article argues that catastrophic events in Indonesia should not be principally understood as acute episodes triggering rupture and change, but also as occasions for tracing important continuities. These become evident when foregrounding the key preoccupation of the plural communities that have occupied and studied Indonesian sites of catastrophe: that is, how to live with disaster, not just survive it. This article provides an overview of new research from historians, geographers, and anthropologists on how that concern is evident in ancient oral traditions that inform current work on geomythology, in premodern Javanese and Balinese sources on time and power, in state and scientific attempts to mitigate disaster that bridge colonial and postcolonial regimes, and in contemporary religious practices in Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73487806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The Indonesian archipelago plays a major role in the global history of natural disaster. Traditional sources can provide crucial insights into this history, but their full potential has yet to be realized. This paper investigates a diverse range of sources from Java and Bali, spanning the eighth to the twentieth centuries, to ascertain cultural attitudes to disasters, the impacts of disasters on society, and practices of recording disaster events. These sources include royal charters, historical chronicles, temple ruins, traditional paintings, and divination manuals. The paper finds that natural disasters were considered to be signs of power, broadly conceived to include political, spiritual, and natural power. Disasters were therefore closely associated with political change and divine activity. The impacts of disaster, while sometimes severe, were normalized in Indonesian society through practices of augury and tactics of resilience. The paper’s culture-focused approach allows for more reliable interpretations of traditional records of specific disaster events, such as a major eruption of Bali’s Agung volcano in 1710–11. It can therefore offer valuable insights into how natural disasters have shaped global history in the long term.
{"title":"Portents of Power: Natural Disasters throughout Indonesian History","authors":"Wayan Jarrah Sastrawan","doi":"10.1353/ind.2022.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2022.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The Indonesian archipelago plays a major role in the global history of natural disaster. Traditional sources can provide crucial insights into this history, but their full potential has yet to be realized. This paper investigates a diverse range of sources from Java and Bali, spanning the eighth to the twentieth centuries, to ascertain cultural attitudes to disasters, the impacts of disasters on society, and practices of recording disaster events. These sources include royal charters, historical chronicles, temple ruins, traditional paintings, and divination manuals. The paper finds that natural disasters were considered to be signs of power, broadly conceived to include political, spiritual, and natural power. Disasters were therefore closely associated with political change and divine activity. The impacts of disaster, while sometimes severe, were normalized in Indonesian society through practices of augury and tactics of resilience. The paper’s culture-focused approach allows for more reliable interpretations of traditional records of specific disaster events, such as a major eruption of Bali’s Agung volcano in 1710–11. It can therefore offer valuable insights into how natural disasters have shaped global history in the long term.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85463975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:When plague broke out in Java in 1911, the Dutch responded with home improvement in an attempt to widen the distance between human residents and the rodent host of this disease. Over the following thirty years, home improvement was implemented on a tremendous scale—resulting in the reconstruction of over 1.6 million houses. After the mid-1920s, however, home improvement was gradually implicated in facilitating malaria transmission instead: effectively replacing one set of disease mortality with another. In this article, I trace how this correlation came to light and was responded to. The case of woningverbeteringsmalaria, I suggest, offers a case study for us to reflect on how health priorities were set, how developmentalist colonial policies designed to counter one threat often generated others, and understand how advances in understanding the human-animal relations underpinning health gradually broadened from linear transmission theories into broader ecological models.
{"title":"Plague Rat or Anopheles: Health Disasters and Home Improvement in Late Colonial Java","authors":"M. B. Meerwijk","doi":"10.1353/ind.2022.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2022.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:When plague broke out in Java in 1911, the Dutch responded with home improvement in an attempt to widen the distance between human residents and the rodent host of this disease. Over the following thirty years, home improvement was implemented on a tremendous scale—resulting in the reconstruction of over 1.6 million houses. After the mid-1920s, however, home improvement was gradually implicated in facilitating malaria transmission instead: effectively replacing one set of disease mortality with another. In this article, I trace how this correlation came to light and was responded to. The case of woningverbeteringsmalaria, I suggest, offers a case study for us to reflect on how health priorities were set, how developmentalist colonial policies designed to counter one threat often generated others, and understand how advances in understanding the human-animal relations underpinning health gradually broadened from linear transmission theories into broader ecological models.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76256599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:As part of monumental nation-building relics of the Suharto regime, Taman Mini “Indonesia Indah” showcases the image of the Indonesian archipelago and its provinces in an iconic, reductionist, and ahistorical manner. Thus, as noted by John Pemberton, the park’s spatiotemporal dimension is one of its most salient features, since the blend of various historical signs and simulacra plunges the park in an “everlasting present.” In this article I expand on three decades of postmodern analyses of Taman Mini. I examine its peculiar temporality by establishing parallels with one of its antecedents and inspirational models in particular: Disneyland. By focusing on the transformations occurring in the Papua Pavilion, I bring out the tension between the rigid and quaint park’s atemporal ideological and imaginative setting and the emancipatory internal forces that strive to reconfigure it. I eventually argue that, despite the current changes, the park continues, as foreseen by Benedict Anderson, to cling to “essence and continuity,” rather than “existence and change.”
{"title":"Metamorphoses in an Everlasting Present: Desires, Changes, and the Power of Mini-ization in Taman Mini’s Stone Age","authors":"R. Costa","doi":"10.1353/ind.2021.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2021.0000","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:As part of monumental nation-building relics of the Suharto regime, Taman Mini “Indonesia Indah” showcases the image of the Indonesian archipelago and its provinces in an iconic, reductionist, and ahistorical manner. Thus, as noted by John Pemberton, the park’s spatiotemporal dimension is one of its most salient features, since the blend of various historical signs and simulacra plunges the park in an “everlasting present.” In this article I expand on three decades of postmodern analyses of Taman Mini. I examine its peculiar temporality by establishing parallels with one of its antecedents and inspirational models in particular: Disneyland. By focusing on the transformations occurring in the Papua Pavilion, I bring out the tension between the rigid and quaint park’s atemporal ideological and imaginative setting and the emancipatory internal forces that strive to reconfigure it. I eventually argue that, despite the current changes, the park continues, as foreseen by Benedict Anderson, to cling to “essence and continuity,” rather than “existence and change.”","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81462436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The manuscript uses archival materials to tell the story of tensions surrounding the building of Christian churches in south Aceh in the 1970s, which culminated in the burning of several churches in 1978 and 1979. It then illustrates continuities between these earlier controversies in Aceh and those of a similar nature that have occured in Indonesia since. I use this comparison to reflect upon how interreligious conflict and confrontation in modern Indonesia has been informed by territorialized ideas of the archipelago’s religious history and future. I argue that these territorialized notions of religious difference and history today inform such things as the nationallevel legal and bureaucratic regulations that govern the building of houses of worship, which in turn contributes to the naturalization of these ideas in Indonesian public life. In making this argument, I engage recent discussions of Indonesian political traditions of tolerance without liberalism, especially Jeremy Menchik’s formulation of “godly nationalism,” illustrating how attention to lived experiences of the space and time of the archipelago helps make sense of how such traditions come to be compelling beyond circles of political elites.
{"title":"“Wild Churches” and Chronotopic Tensions: On the Space and Time of Interreligious Relations in Modern Indonesia","authors":"Daniel Andrew Birchok","doi":"10.1353/ind.2021.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2021.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The manuscript uses archival materials to tell the story of tensions surrounding the building of Christian churches in south Aceh in the 1970s, which culminated in the burning of several churches in 1978 and 1979. It then illustrates continuities between these earlier controversies in Aceh and those of a similar nature that have occured in Indonesia since. I use this comparison to reflect upon how interreligious conflict and confrontation in modern Indonesia has been informed by territorialized ideas of the archipelago’s religious history and future. I argue that these territorialized notions of religious difference and history today inform such things as the nationallevel legal and bureaucratic regulations that govern the building of houses of worship, which in turn contributes to the naturalization of these ideas in Indonesian public life. In making this argument, I engage recent discussions of Indonesian political traditions of tolerance without liberalism, especially Jeremy Menchik’s formulation of “godly nationalism,” illustrating how attention to lived experiences of the space and time of the archipelago helps make sense of how such traditions come to be compelling beyond circles of political elites.","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80034231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Indonesian Student Theses on “1965”: An Overview","authors":"Grace Leksana, D. Kammen","doi":"10.1353/ind.2021.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2021.0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41794,"journal":{"name":"Internetworking Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77694879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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