Pub Date : 2020-11-06DOI: 10.5749/buildland.27.2.0106
Susan Kern
{"title":"Restoration and Slavery: Two New Exhibits","authors":"Susan Kern","doi":"10.5749/buildland.27.2.0106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/buildland.27.2.0106","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41826,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & Landscapes-Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79326381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-06DOI: 10.5749/buildland.27.2.0039
S. Mcmurry
abstract:During the twentieth century at least 2.5 million ponds were built on farms and ranches throughout the United States. This essay reviews how and why farm ponds were constructed and discusses their significance. Farm-pond building efforts were first developed in the early twentieth century in the Great Plains states. With the New Deal came the Soil Conservation Service with its innovative decentralized structure of local districts. Pond building took off throughout the United States, aided by funding, expertise, and soon by the availability of inexpensive earth-moving equipment. Stated purposes for ponds were consistent over time and included water for livestock, irrigation, soil conservation, wildlife habitat, fish production, ornamental value, and recreation: fishing, hunting, swimming, ice skating, and boating. Fire protection and spray water were added in the postwar period. Over time, bottom-up pressure helped push officials to more openly embrace farm pond recreation as a valid purpose for conserving the farm’s “human resources.”From an environmental history perspective, the farm pond and its associated features can be regarded as a “hybrid” landscape, manipulated by humans but also transformed by nonhuman nature. Its primary historical importance, however, lies in its role in promoting the much broader reworking of agricultural landscapes fostered by the so-called “conservation-industrial complex.”
{"title":"The American Farm Pond","authors":"S. Mcmurry","doi":"10.5749/buildland.27.2.0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/buildland.27.2.0039","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:During the twentieth century at least 2.5 million ponds were built on farms and ranches throughout the United States. This essay reviews how and why farm ponds were constructed and discusses their significance. Farm-pond building efforts were first developed in the early twentieth century in the Great Plains states. With the New Deal came the Soil Conservation Service with its innovative decentralized structure of local districts. Pond building took off throughout the United States, aided by funding, expertise, and soon by the availability of inexpensive earth-moving equipment. Stated purposes for ponds were consistent over time and included water for livestock, irrigation, soil conservation, wildlife habitat, fish production, ornamental value, and recreation: fishing, hunting, swimming, ice skating, and boating. Fire protection and spray water were added in the postwar period. Over time, bottom-up pressure helped push officials to more openly embrace farm pond recreation as a valid purpose for conserving the farm’s “human resources.”From an environmental history perspective, the farm pond and its associated features can be regarded as a “hybrid” landscape, manipulated by humans but also transformed by nonhuman nature. Its primary historical importance, however, lies in its role in promoting the much broader reworking of agricultural landscapes fostered by the so-called “conservation-industrial complex.”","PeriodicalId":41826,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & Landscapes-Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83099778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-06DOI: 10.5749/buildland.27.2.0083
Ahlstrom
abstract:Massachusetts’s first state foresters, Alfred Akerman and Franklin W. Rane, strove to revitalize the state’s rural cultural landscape by instituting a new regime of scientific forestry—a practice that aimed to rationalize forest growth to maximize timber production. From the 1904 establishment of the Office of State Forester until its 1919 reorganization, these professional foresters sought to improve forests’ profitability and aesthetics to support communities facing outmigration and farm abandonment. This occurred as states throughout the nation developed new ways to protect and cultivate woodlands. This study provides a nuanced understanding of how perceptions of cultural decline, nostalgia for “Old New England,” and apparent environmental degradation influenced early forestry programs and policies. Massachusetts state foresters educated landowners, suppressed forest fires and tree pests, and created model demonstration forests. In 1914, the State Forest Commission formed to purchase and reforest inexpensive lands in the hopes that these rationally managed timber plantations could galvanize widespread reform. By 1919, foresters managed approximately 15,000 acres of state forests, forming a nucleus of a public land system that today protects 311,000 acres. This story exemplifies how state forests throughout the United States emerged from and embody a particular matrix of institutional power, cultural processes, and natural conditions.
{"title":"“Wealth and Beauty in Trees”: State Forestry and the Revitalization of Massachusetts’s Rural Cultural Landscape, 1904–1919","authors":"Ahlstrom","doi":"10.5749/buildland.27.2.0083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/buildland.27.2.0083","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:Massachusetts’s first state foresters, Alfred Akerman and Franklin W. Rane, strove to revitalize the state’s rural cultural landscape by instituting a new regime of scientific forestry—a practice that aimed to rationalize forest growth to maximize timber production. From the 1904 establishment of the Office of State Forester until its 1919 reorganization, these professional foresters sought to improve forests’ profitability and aesthetics to support communities facing outmigration and farm abandonment. This occurred as states throughout the nation developed new ways to protect and cultivate woodlands. This study provides a nuanced understanding of how perceptions of cultural decline, nostalgia for “Old New England,” and apparent environmental degradation influenced early forestry programs and policies. Massachusetts state foresters educated landowners, suppressed forest fires and tree pests, and created model demonstration forests. In 1914, the State Forest Commission formed to purchase and reforest inexpensive lands in the hopes that these rationally managed timber plantations could galvanize widespread reform. By 1919, foresters managed approximately 15,000 acres of state forests, forming a nucleus of a public land system that today protects 311,000 acres. This story exemplifies how state forests throughout the United States emerged from and embody a particular matrix of institutional power, cultural processes, and natural conditions.","PeriodicalId":41826,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & Landscapes-Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88043763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-06DOI: 10.5749/buildland.27.2.0019
J. Giesen
abstract:South Carolina’s Piedmont has undergone dramatic environmental change since the mid-1800s. This article uses the Union County mansion of South Carolina governor William H. Gist to trace how radical changes in its natural setting influenced locals’ presentation of the history of Gist, the house, and the Civil War. In the decades after the war, as exhausted fields gave way to gullies, and free African Americans began working the land and living in the house, white Southerners portrayed the mansion as crumbling proof of the tragedy of emancipation. In the 1930s, however, when the federal government bought thousands of acres surrounding the house and transformed the visibly worn land into a national forest, white locals regained control of the house and changed the moral thrust of the narrative. The trees that covered the once-conspicuous wounds of the land made it possible to reimagine the mansion as a testament to the glory of the Confederacy—a verdant monument to the Lost Cause. Scientists researching the ecology of the area in recent years, though, have excavated a telling irony: the soil continues to suffer from a century of cotton cultivation, despite what the green trees and interpretation of the restored house might indicate.
自19世纪中期以来，南卡罗来纳州的皮埃蒙特经历了剧烈的环境变化。本文以南卡罗来纳州长威廉·h·吉斯特(William H. Gist)的联合县官邸为例，追溯其自然环境的根本变化是如何影响当地人对吉斯特、房屋和内战历史的介绍的。在战争结束后的几十年里，随着枯竭的田地被沟壑所取代，自由的非裔美国人开始在这片土地上劳作，住在这所房子里，南方白人将这座豪宅描绘成解放悲剧的摇摇欲倒的证据。然而，在20世纪30年代，当联邦政府购买了房子周围数千英亩的土地，并将这片明显破旧的土地改造成国家森林时，当地白人重新控制了房子，改变了故事的道德主旨。树木覆盖着这片土地上曾经显眼的伤口，这使人们有可能把这座豪宅重新想象成邦联荣耀的见证——一座苍翠的纪念碑，纪念失败的事业。然而，近年来研究该地区生态的科学家们发现了一个明显的讽刺:尽管绿色的树木和修复后的房子可能表明了什么，但土壤仍在遭受一个世纪的棉花种植。
{"title":"The View from Rose Hill: Environmental, Architectural, and Cultural Recovery on a Piedmont Landscape","authors":"J. Giesen","doi":"10.5749/buildland.27.2.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/buildland.27.2.0019","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:South Carolina’s Piedmont has undergone dramatic environmental change since the mid-1800s. This article uses the Union County mansion of South Carolina governor William H. Gist to trace how radical changes in its natural setting influenced locals’ presentation of the history of Gist, the house, and the Civil War. In the decades after the war, as exhausted fields gave way to gullies, and free African Americans began working the land and living in the house, white Southerners portrayed the mansion as crumbling proof of the tragedy of emancipation. In the 1930s, however, when the federal government bought thousands of acres surrounding the house and transformed the visibly worn land into a national forest, white locals regained control of the house and changed the moral thrust of the narrative. The trees that covered the once-conspicuous wounds of the land made it possible to reimagine the mansion as a testament to the glory of the Confederacy—a verdant monument to the Lost Cause. Scientists researching the ecology of the area in recent years, though, have excavated a telling irony: the soil continues to suffer from a century of cotton cultivation, despite what the green trees and interpretation of the restored house might indicate.","PeriodicalId":41826,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & Landscapes-Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84533972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.5749/buildland.27.2.0005
J. Ore
{"title":"Viewpoint: Landscape Disputed: What Environmental History Can Show Us","authors":"J. Ore","doi":"10.5749/buildland.27.2.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/buildland.27.2.0005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41826,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & Landscapes-Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74314317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-22DOI: 10.5749/buildland.27.1.0003
William Littmann
{"title":"Viewpoint: Walk This Way: Reconsidering Walking for the Study of Cultural Landscapes","authors":"William Littmann","doi":"10.5749/buildland.27.1.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/buildland.27.1.0003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41826,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & Landscapes-Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79856068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-22DOI: 10.5749/buildland.27.1.0079
Henry K. Sharp
{"title":"Research Notes: New Discoveries in Old Sources: A Neglected Ledger Reveals the Persons and Processes of Building in Late-Colonial Virginia","authors":"Henry K. Sharp","doi":"10.5749/buildland.27.1.0079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/buildland.27.1.0079","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41826,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & Landscapes-Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87892468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-22DOI: 10.5749/buildland.27.1.0017
Ryan K. Smith
abstract:The hilltop at the intersection of Fifth and Hospital Streets in Richmond, Virginia, served as the city's primary burial ground for enslaved and free blacks from 1816 through emancipation, making it one of the longest-serving and most populous burial grounds of its kind in the nation. The site's early history and active use show its profound role in the lives of the city's African American residents as well as intimate connections with resident whites buried in adjoining cemeteries. Yet today the burial ground stands as the site of an abandoned gas station, its historic core unrecognized like so many other smaller burial grounds for the enslaved elsewhere. By tracing the process of obliteration at Richmond's "second African Burial Ground," this article illustrates how those in power—in this case a New South coalition of government officials, city engineers, and private developers—worked to truncate the highly charged memorial landscape related to human remains. The loss of this immense burial ground, untouched in the scholarly literature until now, underscores how essential the landscape and even human bodies are for the maintenance of social space and memory. As this site continues to face threats by roadway and railway projects and a proposed auction, it poses a key challenge to the concept of material "integrity" at the heart of federal preservation guidelines that have placed such properties at a disadvantage. As descendants and activists work to reclaim this burial ground without benefit of archaeological discoveries, the historic importance of its destruction may offer one of its few ways forward.
{"title":"Disappearing the Enslaved: The Destruction and Recovery of Richmond's Second African Burial Ground","authors":"Ryan K. Smith","doi":"10.5749/buildland.27.1.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/buildland.27.1.0017","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:The hilltop at the intersection of Fifth and Hospital Streets in Richmond, Virginia, served as the city's primary burial ground for enslaved and free blacks from 1816 through emancipation, making it one of the longest-serving and most populous burial grounds of its kind in the nation. The site's early history and active use show its profound role in the lives of the city's African American residents as well as intimate connections with resident whites buried in adjoining cemeteries. Yet today the burial ground stands as the site of an abandoned gas station, its historic core unrecognized like so many other smaller burial grounds for the enslaved elsewhere. By tracing the process of obliteration at Richmond's \"second African Burial Ground,\" this article illustrates how those in power—in this case a New South coalition of government officials, city engineers, and private developers—worked to truncate the highly charged memorial landscape related to human remains. The loss of this immense burial ground, untouched in the scholarly literature until now, underscores how essential the landscape and even human bodies are for the maintenance of social space and memory. As this site continues to face threats by roadway and railway projects and a proposed auction, it poses a key challenge to the concept of material \"integrity\" at the heart of federal preservation guidelines that have placed such properties at a disadvantage. As descendants and activists work to reclaim this burial ground without benefit of archaeological discoveries, the historic importance of its destruction may offer one of its few ways forward.","PeriodicalId":41826,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & Landscapes-Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89022784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-22DOI: 10.5749/buildland.27.1.0065
M. Reinberger
{"title":"Research Notes: Using Dendrochronology to Date First-Period Houses in the Georgia Backcountry","authors":"M. Reinberger","doi":"10.5749/buildland.27.1.0065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/buildland.27.1.0065","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41826,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & Landscapes-Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77159195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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