Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1353/bdl.2021.a813374
N. Allison
{"title":"The Invention of Public Space: Designing for Inclusion in Lindsay's New York by Mariana Mogilevich (review)","authors":"N. Allison","doi":"10.1353/bdl.2021.a813374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bdl.2021.a813374","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41826,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & Landscapes-Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73754595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-08DOI: 10.5749/buildland.28.1.0084
Valen
abstract:This essay examines self-reliant landscapes in Depression-era Newfoundland and their role in addressing colonial anxieties. It argues that self-built housing was a tool for smoothing over aspects of Newfoundland's reality that were incongruous with observers' perceived standards of Britishness. The essay focuses on a small-holdings land settlement established in 1939 near Marystown and supervised by the American social reformer and amateur architect Mary Ellicott Arnold. In 1933, Newfoundland's self-government collapsed, leading British authorities to reinstate direct rule over the dominion. British commissioners were struck by the degraded state of the country's social and physical geography. In 1934, they initiated a land settlement program in an effort to rehabilitate rural fishing families' economic and social standards by turning them into self-reliant homesteaders. In addition to reducing the amount of money spent on poor relief, land settlements taught fishing families individual responsibility and promoted the sexual division of labor. In Marystown, settlers also built their own homes, using money and expertise provided by the state. Arnold's correspondence, photographs, and drawings offer a rare glimpse of how the commission's policies were implemented on the ground, as well as the critical importance of architecture within the commission's matrix of social reform policy.
{"title":"\"This House Was Built by Newfoundlanders\": Race, Reconstruction, and Self-Reliant Landscapes in Southern Newfoundland","authors":"Valen","doi":"10.5749/buildland.28.1.0084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/buildland.28.1.0084","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:This essay examines self-reliant landscapes in Depression-era Newfoundland and their role in addressing colonial anxieties. It argues that self-built housing was a tool for smoothing over aspects of Newfoundland's reality that were incongruous with observers' perceived standards of Britishness. The essay focuses on a small-holdings land settlement established in 1939 near Marystown and supervised by the American social reformer and amateur architect Mary Ellicott Arnold. In 1933, Newfoundland's self-government collapsed, leading British authorities to reinstate direct rule over the dominion. British commissioners were struck by the degraded state of the country's social and physical geography. In 1934, they initiated a land settlement program in an effort to rehabilitate rural fishing families' economic and social standards by turning them into self-reliant homesteaders. In addition to reducing the amount of money spent on poor relief, land settlements taught fishing families individual responsibility and promoted the sexual division of labor. In Marystown, settlers also built their own homes, using money and expertise provided by the state. Arnold's correspondence, photographs, and drawings offer a rare glimpse of how the commission's policies were implemented on the ground, as well as the critical importance of architecture within the commission's matrix of social reform policy.","PeriodicalId":41826,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & Landscapes-Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78756231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-08DOI: 10.5749/buildland.28.1.0058
L. Graves
abstract:This article explores the early work of Helen Levitt, specifically Levitt's photographs of children's chalk drawings taken during her tenure at New York City's Federal Art Project in 1937. It shows how Levitt, dissenting from normative representations of the urban child, suggested a reading of children that attended to their place-making ability. It argues that through her continued attention to collective and marginal spaces within the urban landscape—sidewalks, stoops, façades, and doors—Levitt recognized children's ability to create, define, and transform space into their own. In Levitt's photographs, her subjects typically took ownership of streetscapes through acts of play, disclosing the disruptive potential of this spirited ritual. Levitt framed these chalk pictures as fine artworks, instances that uncover the folklore of the urban spaces of East Harlem and the inner workings of a child's mind. Through a close look at the objects, subjects, and ideas that populate the chalk drawings, we see children's efforts to create and inhabit their own imagined landscapes, ones that are woven into the collective space of the urban street. Through this creation, activation, and socialization of space—real and imagined—they fashioned a place for themselves within the contested city streets.
{"title":"Inheritors of the Street: Helen Levitt Photographs Children's Chalk Drawings","authors":"L. Graves","doi":"10.5749/buildland.28.1.0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/buildland.28.1.0058","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:This article explores the early work of Helen Levitt, specifically Levitt's photographs of children's chalk drawings taken during her tenure at New York City's Federal Art Project in 1937. It shows how Levitt, dissenting from normative representations of the urban child, suggested a reading of children that attended to their place-making ability. It argues that through her continued attention to collective and marginal spaces within the urban landscape—sidewalks, stoops, façades, and doors—Levitt recognized children's ability to create, define, and transform space into their own. In Levitt's photographs, her subjects typically took ownership of streetscapes through acts of play, disclosing the disruptive potential of this spirited ritual. Levitt framed these chalk pictures as fine artworks, instances that uncover the folklore of the urban spaces of East Harlem and the inner workings of a child's mind. Through a close look at the objects, subjects, and ideas that populate the chalk drawings, we see children's efforts to create and inhabit their own imagined landscapes, ones that are woven into the collective space of the urban street. Through this creation, activation, and socialization of space—real and imagined—they fashioned a place for themselves within the contested city streets.","PeriodicalId":41826,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & Landscapes-Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86112578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-08DOI: 10.5749/buildland.28.1.0005
P. Carlino
abstract:Between 1860 and 1920, Americans grappled with the demographic and political changes of modernization. American baseball-team owners used furniture selection and arrangement to invite upperand middle-class native-born white men and women to the center of spectatorship and to marginalize nonwhite, immigrant, and working-class fans. Owners installed a new type of seating, the opera chair, to tame rowdy male audiences and protect the bodies of white women who attended frequent ladies' days. In newspapers, owners and sportswriters stereotyped spectators by seating section. Fans embraced, and at times resisted, the status imposed upon them through stadium design. A close reading of the interior landscape recorded in newspaper descriptions and photographs reveals spaces divided into hierarchical groups designed to assuage the anxieties of bourgeois white audiences. Professional baseball teams invited all into communal spectatorship to watch the national game, but segregated fans in pursuit of profit.
{"title":"Bleacher Bugs and Fifty-Centers: The Social Stratification of Baseball Fans through Stadium Design, 1880–1920","authors":"P. Carlino","doi":"10.5749/buildland.28.1.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/buildland.28.1.0005","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:Between 1860 and 1920, Americans grappled with the demographic and political changes of modernization. American baseball-team owners used furniture selection and arrangement to invite upperand middle-class native-born white men and women to the center of spectatorship and to marginalize nonwhite, immigrant, and working-class fans. Owners installed a new type of seating, the opera chair, to tame rowdy male audiences and protect the bodies of white women who attended frequent ladies' days. In newspapers, owners and sportswriters stereotyped spectators by seating section. Fans embraced, and at times resisted, the status imposed upon them through stadium design. A close reading of the interior landscape recorded in newspaper descriptions and photographs reveals spaces divided into hierarchical groups designed to assuage the anxieties of bourgeois white audiences. Professional baseball teams invited all into communal spectatorship to watch the national game, but segregated fans in pursuit of profit.","PeriodicalId":41826,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & Landscapes-Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77360004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-08DOI: 10.5749/buildland.28.1.0001
Jeffrey E. Klee
{"title":"Edward A. Chappell: An Appreciation October 16, 1948–July 25, 2020","authors":"Jeffrey E. Klee","doi":"10.5749/buildland.28.1.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/buildland.28.1.0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41826,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & Landscapes-Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89797743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-08DOI: 10.5749/buildland.28.1.0109
Moon
abstract:This article examines how freed African Americans advanced the design and quality of their homes under varying degrees of White control in the Lowcountry of South Carolina. It uses slave houses at Magnolia and McLeod Plantations in Charleston and Hobcaw Barony in Georgetown as a starting point from which to compare houses built for African American phosphate miners on former plantations such as Drayton Hall and Middleton Place in Charleston, as well as houses built by successful freedmen who owned the land upon which they built their houses in Bluffton and on Edisto Island. This survey illustrates how White planters who ran phosphate mining endeavors on their properties continued to manipulate freed people through the design and condition of their houses. African Americans who built their own homes challenged White suppression by advancing the scale, framing techniques, ornamentation, and plans of their homes.
{"title":"Timber-Framed Dwellings of the Enslaved and Freedmen in the South Carolina Lowcountry: Continuities and Innovations in Building Practices and Housing Standards","authors":"Moon","doi":"10.5749/buildland.28.1.0109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/buildland.28.1.0109","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:This article examines how freed African Americans advanced the design and quality of their homes under varying degrees of White control in the Lowcountry of South Carolina. It uses slave houses at Magnolia and McLeod Plantations in Charleston and Hobcaw Barony in Georgetown as a starting point from which to compare houses built for African American phosphate miners on former plantations such as Drayton Hall and Middleton Place in Charleston, as well as houses built by successful freedmen who owned the land upon which they built their houses in Bluffton and on Edisto Island. This survey illustrates how White planters who ran phosphate mining endeavors on their properties continued to manipulate freed people through the design and condition of their houses. African Americans who built their own homes challenged White suppression by advancing the scale, framing techniques, ornamentation, and plans of their homes.","PeriodicalId":41826,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & Landscapes-Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81969570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-08DOI: 10.5749/buildland.28.1.0030
J. P. Gruen
abstract:Between 1929 and 1944, a complex of three buildings resembling a Pacific Northwest fortification was built for tourists and administrators at Mount Rainier National Park. Placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987, the Yakima Park Stockade Group, with its log-sided buildings covering wooden frames, has been lauded principally for its "rustic" characteristics, with local materials seemingly worked by hand and an overall design in harmony with the site's environmental and historic context. The past to which this particular military frontier vernacular refers, however, largely has gone unexplored. Fortifications in the West were built primarily for European American settlers to defend themselves against Native American incursions, and this fortification at Mount Rainier was erected upon a subalpine meadow known to have had spiritual and cultural significance for indigenous Yakama peoples. Yet the Native American presence has been erased, rendered invisible in an appreciation for carefully whittled logs blending with a spectacular wilderness context and a celebration of nineteenth-century White American "pioneers." Bringing this cultural and political landscape to bear upon the buildings complicates the formal and contextual narrative and raises questions about how and for whom the past has been constructed.
{"title":"Blocked Out: Mount Rainier and the Landscape of Disappearance","authors":"J. P. Gruen","doi":"10.5749/buildland.28.1.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/buildland.28.1.0030","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:Between 1929 and 1944, a complex of three buildings resembling a Pacific Northwest fortification was built for tourists and administrators at Mount Rainier National Park. Placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987, the Yakima Park Stockade Group, with its log-sided buildings covering wooden frames, has been lauded principally for its \"rustic\" characteristics, with local materials seemingly worked by hand and an overall design in harmony with the site's environmental and historic context. The past to which this particular military frontier vernacular refers, however, largely has gone unexplored. Fortifications in the West were built primarily for European American settlers to defend themselves against Native American incursions, and this fortification at Mount Rainier was erected upon a subalpine meadow known to have had spiritual and cultural significance for indigenous Yakama peoples. Yet the Native American presence has been erased, rendered invisible in an appreciation for carefully whittled logs blending with a spectacular wilderness context and a celebration of nineteenth-century White American \"pioneers.\" Bringing this cultural and political landscape to bear upon the buildings complicates the formal and contextual narrative and raises questions about how and for whom the past has been constructed.","PeriodicalId":41826,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & Landscapes-Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89304160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5749/buildland.28.1.bm
{"title":"Back Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.5749/buildland.28.1.bm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/buildland.28.1.bm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41826,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & Landscapes-Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88939513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-06DOI: 10.5749/buildland.27.2.0059
Andrzejewski
abstract:The Mackle Company of Miami rose to national prominence in the mid-1950s when it shifted to the vacation and retirement housing market. Capitalizing on a newly emerging population of retirees with disposable pension income and on a growing number of middle-class Americans seeking fun in the sun, the family firm targeted these groups in an aggressive, nationwide marketing campaign. Central in this promotional scheme were the sundrenched locations of its residential developments on the east and west coasts of south Florida. The Mackles’ marketing strategies belie a complex relationship with the environment, one deeply rooted in American ideas regarding the perfectibility of nature. The company’s houses, typically containing generous indoor-outdoor living spaces and lined with bands of windows opening onto waterfront lots, were presumably designed for a living experience tailored to the Edenic qualities of the Sunshine State. But, paradoxically, they relied on central air conditioning, a modern amenity intended to thwart the tropical climate that lured northerners to Florida in the first place. Moreover, the company depended on significant land modifications through dredging and filling, bulkheading and canal digging, beach improvements, and clearing of foliage and trees to make its communities inhabitable and appealing to its out-of-state clients. The tension between celebrating Florida’s subtropical landscape while simultaneously altering it pervaded the company’s marketing materials, even as the scale of the Mackle Company’s efforts increased, culminating in an ambitious project at Marco Island begun in the mid-1960s. Although the Mackles’ ambitions did not succeed to the extent they envisioned, their sales pitch to “sell sunshine” dramatically reshaped the cultural and natural landscape of south Florida.
{"title":"“Selling Sunshine”: The Mackle Company’s Marketing Campaign to Build Retirement and Vacation Communities in South Florida, 1945–1975","authors":"Andrzejewski","doi":"10.5749/buildland.27.2.0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5749/buildland.27.2.0059","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:The Mackle Company of Miami rose to national prominence in the mid-1950s when it shifted to the vacation and retirement housing market. Capitalizing on a newly emerging population of retirees with disposable pension income and on a growing number of middle-class Americans seeking fun in the sun, the family firm targeted these groups in an aggressive, nationwide marketing campaign. Central in this promotional scheme were the sundrenched locations of its residential developments on the east and west coasts of south Florida. The Mackles’ marketing strategies belie a complex relationship with the environment, one deeply rooted in American ideas regarding the perfectibility of nature. The company’s houses, typically containing generous indoor-outdoor living spaces and lined with bands of windows opening onto waterfront lots, were presumably designed for a living experience tailored to the Edenic qualities of the Sunshine State. But, paradoxically, they relied on central air conditioning, a modern amenity intended to thwart the tropical climate that lured northerners to Florida in the first place. Moreover, the company depended on significant land modifications through dredging and filling, bulkheading and canal digging, beach improvements, and clearing of foliage and trees to make its communities inhabitable and appealing to its out-of-state clients. The tension between celebrating Florida’s subtropical landscape while simultaneously altering it pervaded the company’s marketing materials, even as the scale of the Mackle Company’s efforts increased, culminating in an ambitious project at Marco Island begun in the mid-1960s. Although the Mackles’ ambitions did not succeed to the extent they envisioned, their sales pitch to “sell sunshine” dramatically reshaped the cultural and natural landscape of south Florida.","PeriodicalId":41826,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & Landscapes-Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85634494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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