Summary Among the Croatian speaking population and their elites in former Western Hungary and later Burgenland, standard written language issues have been debated throughout the 20th century. Various language policy entrepreneurs favored for a convergence with Serbo-Croatian / Croato-Serbian or the common Štokavian standard language, respectively. My article focuses on one such linguistic entrepreneur, Ignac Horvat, who was not a linguist by training, but as a priest, editor and writer one of the leading voices since the interwar period. His language policy articulated in newspaper articles as well as two typewritten and autotyped orthographic compilations vividly shows that minority languages always have to position themselves in a multilingual context and that language policy actors of such “small” languages try to follow the concepts of “bigger” standard languages. His linguistic policy, however, eventually failed and highlights that in standardization processes of minority languages ideologies are often oriented differently, rejecting stigmatization of local forms, but exaggerated emphasizing intelligibility as the main factor for language maintenance.
{"title":"Im Spannungsfeld von Mehrsprachigkeit und Variantenvielfalt: Sprachpolitische Positionen zum Kroatischen im Burgenland am Beispiel Ignac Horvats","authors":"Katharina Tyran","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2022-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Among the Croatian speaking population and their elites in former Western Hungary and later Burgenland, standard written language issues have been debated throughout the 20th century. Various language policy entrepreneurs favored for a convergence with Serbo-Croatian / Croato-Serbian or the common Štokavian standard language, respectively. My article focuses on one such linguistic entrepreneur, Ignac Horvat, who was not a linguist by training, but as a priest, editor and writer one of the leading voices since the interwar period. His language policy articulated in newspaper articles as well as two typewritten and autotyped orthographic compilations vividly shows that minority languages always have to position themselves in a multilingual context and that language policy actors of such “small” languages try to follow the concepts of “bigger” standard languages. His linguistic policy, however, eventually failed and highlights that in standardization processes of minority languages ideologies are often oriented differently, rejecting stigmatization of local forms, but exaggerated emphasizing intelligibility as the main factor for language maintenance.","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44579163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Most recent studies on multilingual writing deal with literature by first- or second-generation immigrants. This article responds to debates about multilingual literature by examining the asymmetrical, historically-rooted multilingualism of minority groups in East-Central Europe. It does so by exploring linguistic diversity and its effects in the novels of the bilingual Serbian-Hungarian author Petar Milošević, novels that put the Serbian minority in Hungary centre stage. It is argued that Milošević’s prose fiction not only invites the reader to rethink the nature of script, standard language and cultural identity as historically contingent and multiply entangled, but also effectively refashions the cultural memory of the Serbian minority in Hungary. The novels’ broader relevance lies in their foregrounding of the minority’s cultural and linguistic doubleness, both in relation to the nation-state in which they live and to the external homeland. As such, they also potentially illuminate the position of other linguistic minorities in former Habsburg borderlands.
{"title":"Linguistic Diversity in East-Central European Minority Literature: The Post-Imperial Borderlands of Petar Milošević","authors":"S. Vervaet","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2022-0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Most recent studies on multilingual writing deal with literature by first- or second-generation immigrants. This article responds to debates about multilingual literature by examining the asymmetrical, historically-rooted multilingualism of minority groups in East-Central Europe. It does so by exploring linguistic diversity and its effects in the novels of the bilingual Serbian-Hungarian author Petar Milošević, novels that put the Serbian minority in Hungary centre stage. It is argued that Milošević’s prose fiction not only invites the reader to rethink the nature of script, standard language and cultural identity as historically contingent and multiply entangled, but also effectively refashions the cultural memory of the Serbian minority in Hungary. The novels’ broader relevance lies in their foregrounding of the minority’s cultural and linguistic doubleness, both in relation to the nation-state in which they live and to the external homeland. As such, they also potentially illuminate the position of other linguistic minorities in former Habsburg borderlands.","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41932175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary The article analyses multilingual and multicultural diversity in the narrative prose of the Croatian writer Nedjeljko Fabrio. Set in the borderlands of Dalmatia and Kvarner, Fabrio’s novels evoke the lives of people belonging to different ethnic and speech communities – Croats, Italians, Austrians, Serbs, Yugoslavs, or as yet to be defined individuals – from the beginning of the 19th c. until today. Staging ‘weak protagonists’ rather than ‘strong heroes’ and inclining to sociolects and dialects rather than to standard language, his novels create a universe in which the characters’ individual experience counters Croatian national narratives. Fabrio’s narratives suggest that multilingual settings might either lead to conflicts between ethnic groups or to reconciliation between them. Ignoring social rules, individuals join other communities, moving up and down the class ladder. Such mésalliances result in complex genealogical trees out of which a hybrid culture emerges. Through allegorical transfer, the author signals the possibility of reconciliation between different conflicted communities.
{"title":"Imagining Borderlands and Remembering Multilingualism: The Adriatic Trilogy of Nedjeljko Fabrio","authors":"M. Czerwiński","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2022-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0030","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The article analyses multilingual and multicultural diversity in the narrative prose of the Croatian writer Nedjeljko Fabrio. Set in the borderlands of Dalmatia and Kvarner, Fabrio’s novels evoke the lives of people belonging to different ethnic and speech communities – Croats, Italians, Austrians, Serbs, Yugoslavs, or as yet to be defined individuals – from the beginning of the 19th c. until today. Staging ‘weak protagonists’ rather than ‘strong heroes’ and inclining to sociolects and dialects rather than to standard language, his novels create a universe in which the characters’ individual experience counters Croatian national narratives. Fabrio’s narratives suggest that multilingual settings might either lead to conflicts between ethnic groups or to reconciliation between them. Ignoring social rules, individuals join other communities, moving up and down the class ladder. Such mésalliances result in complex genealogical trees out of which a hybrid culture emerges. Through allegorical transfer, the author signals the possibility of reconciliation between different conflicted communities.","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41481283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mapping Minority Multilingualism: Perspectives from Central and South-Eastern European Borderlands – Introduction to the Thematic Issue","authors":"S. Vervaet, M. Mandić","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2022-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49668377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary This paper is a diachronic sociolinguistic analysis of the multilingual repertoire of Sephardic Jews in Sarajevo used in out-group communication, especially among men. I reflect on the language repertoire of the Sephardim during Ottoman (ca. 1565–1878), Austro-Hungarian (1878–1918) and Yugoslav (1918–1941) rule and with respect to inter-Jewish contact with the Ashkenazim, who migrated to Sarajevo during the Austro-Hungarian occupation. The change from Ottoman to Austro-Hungarian and then to Yugoslav regimes resulted in an ideological upheaval and change to the language repertoire. The enduring and stable multilingualism in popular use during Ottoman rule was replaced by languages dominant in Austro-Hungarian Sarajevo, namely Serbo-Croatian and German. Later, in the new South Slavic state, the use of Serbo-Croatian prevailed in public life.
{"title":"Multilingualism in Sarajevo through the Lens of the Sephardim","authors":"Ivana Vučina Simović","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2022-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0028","url":null,"abstract":"Summary This paper is a diachronic sociolinguistic analysis of the multilingual repertoire of Sephardic Jews in Sarajevo used in out-group communication, especially among men. I reflect on the language repertoire of the Sephardim during Ottoman (ca. 1565–1878), Austro-Hungarian (1878–1918) and Yugoslav (1918–1941) rule and with respect to inter-Jewish contact with the Ashkenazim, who migrated to Sarajevo during the Austro-Hungarian occupation. The change from Ottoman to Austro-Hungarian and then to Yugoslav regimes resulted in an ideological upheaval and change to the language repertoire. The enduring and stable multilingualism in popular use during Ottoman rule was replaced by languages dominant in Austro-Hungarian Sarajevo, namely Serbo-Croatian and German. Later, in the new South Slavic state, the use of Serbo-Croatian prevailed in public life.","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43280880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary The Banat has been one of Europe’s most multilingual regions since the 18th century. From the 19th century European intellectuals have been engaged in building nations, which has resulted in the marginalization of multilingualism in many forms. The monolingual literary novel has been described as one of the important instruments in this process. Phenomena remaining resistant to this idea are brought into focus through the analysis of multilingualism in four novels written by authors from the Banat. In this manner, the chances of multilingualism in the context of national cultures and intellectuals are examined. As a conclusion, it is argued that the multiplicity of languages in literature presents an opportunity for a better cross-cultural understanding.
{"title":"Multilingualism in the Banat: A Focus on Intellectual Perspectives through the Analysis of Literary Works","authors":"P. Laihonen","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2022-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0029","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The Banat has been one of Europe’s most multilingual regions since the 18th century. From the 19th century European intellectuals have been engaged in building nations, which has resulted in the marginalization of multilingualism in many forms. The monolingual literary novel has been described as one of the important instruments in this process. Phenomena remaining resistant to this idea are brought into focus through the analysis of multilingualism in four novels written by authors from the Banat. In this manner, the chances of multilingualism in the context of national cultures and intellectuals are examined. As a conclusion, it is argued that the multiplicity of languages in literature presents an opportunity for a better cross-cultural understanding.","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48923814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary The southern part of the Austrian state of Carinthia has a long history of language contact between Slovene and German. Since the beginning of the 19th century a decrease in bilingualism and the use of Slovene has been taking place which has accelerated in the last few decades. This contribution analyzes this transformation and in particular the influence of local and regional factors on the development of bilingualism in Carinthia. A multi-methodological approach is adopted, combining data from two different sources: (1) cemeteries and gravestones as public witnesses of language use and markers of (self-)identification, and (2) data on language use from the census and other (parish language, language in schools) for a quantitative analysis. Using this approach, data from two case studies is discussed in detail: two villages/parishes with similar initial conditions (high percentage of Slovene in 1880) but different outcomes. In one case, bilingualism is preserved (albeit on a low level); in the other, the bilingual reality of the past has been transformed into a monolingual German one. Such differences can be attributed to general political developments regarding the status of Slovene in Austria, but also to local factors such as the presence of a Slovene cultural association. Our analyses further show the political character of census data, which has little overlap with actual language usage, but depicts attitudes towards bilingualism and Slovene. Cemeteries, on the other hand, bear witness to the Slovene past long after “active” bilingualism has disappeared.
{"title":"Stumme Zeugen des Sprachgebrauchs: Friedhöfe und Volkszählungen als Indikatoren der Entwicklung des Slowenischen in Kärnten/Koroška","authors":"F. Kühnel, K. Prochazka","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2022-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The southern part of the Austrian state of Carinthia has a long history of language contact between Slovene and German. Since the beginning of the 19th century a decrease in bilingualism and the use of Slovene has been taking place which has accelerated in the last few decades. This contribution analyzes this transformation and in particular the influence of local and regional factors on the development of bilingualism in Carinthia. A multi-methodological approach is adopted, combining data from two different sources: (1) cemeteries and gravestones as public witnesses of language use and markers of (self-)identification, and (2) data on language use from the census and other (parish language, language in schools) for a quantitative analysis. Using this approach, data from two case studies is discussed in detail: two villages/parishes with similar initial conditions (high percentage of Slovene in 1880) but different outcomes. In one case, bilingualism is preserved (albeit on a low level); in the other, the bilingual reality of the past has been transformed into a monolingual German one. Such differences can be attributed to general political developments regarding the status of Slovene in Austria, but also to local factors such as the presence of a Slovene cultural association. Our analyses further show the political character of census data, which has little overlap with actual language usage, but depicts attitudes towards bilingualism and Slovene. Cemeteries, on the other hand, bear witness to the Slovene past long after “active” bilingualism has disappeared.","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43300767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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