Summary The southern part of the Austrian state of Carinthia has a long history of language contact between Slovene and German. Since the beginning of the 19th century a decrease in bilingualism and the use of Slovene has been taking place which has accelerated in the last few decades. This contribution analyzes this transformation and in particular the influence of local and regional factors on the development of bilingualism in Carinthia. A multi-methodological approach is adopted, combining data from two different sources: (1) cemeteries and gravestones as public witnesses of language use and markers of (self-)identification, and (2) data on language use from the census and other (parish language, language in schools) for a quantitative analysis. Using this approach, data from two case studies is discussed in detail: two villages/parishes with similar initial conditions (high percentage of Slovene in 1880) but different outcomes. In one case, bilingualism is preserved (albeit on a low level); in the other, the bilingual reality of the past has been transformed into a monolingual German one. Such differences can be attributed to general political developments regarding the status of Slovene in Austria, but also to local factors such as the presence of a Slovene cultural association. Our analyses further show the political character of census data, which has little overlap with actual language usage, but depicts attitudes towards bilingualism and Slovene. Cemeteries, on the other hand, bear witness to the Slovene past long after “active” bilingualism has disappeared.
{"title":"Stumme Zeugen des Sprachgebrauchs: Friedhöfe und Volkszählungen als Indikatoren der Entwicklung des Slowenischen in Kärnten/Koroška","authors":"F. Kühnel, K. Prochazka","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2022-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The southern part of the Austrian state of Carinthia has a long history of language contact between Slovene and German. Since the beginning of the 19th century a decrease in bilingualism and the use of Slovene has been taking place which has accelerated in the last few decades. This contribution analyzes this transformation and in particular the influence of local and regional factors on the development of bilingualism in Carinthia. A multi-methodological approach is adopted, combining data from two different sources: (1) cemeteries and gravestones as public witnesses of language use and markers of (self-)identification, and (2) data on language use from the census and other (parish language, language in schools) for a quantitative analysis. Using this approach, data from two case studies is discussed in detail: two villages/parishes with similar initial conditions (high percentage of Slovene in 1880) but different outcomes. In one case, bilingualism is preserved (albeit on a low level); in the other, the bilingual reality of the past has been transformed into a monolingual German one. Such differences can be attributed to general political developments regarding the status of Slovene in Austria, but also to local factors such as the presence of a Slovene cultural association. Our analyses further show the political character of census data, which has little overlap with actual language usage, but depicts attitudes towards bilingualism and Slovene. Cemeteries, on the other hand, bear witness to the Slovene past long after “active” bilingualism has disappeared.","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":"67 1","pages":"534 - 563"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43300767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary The article explores how two early modern Ukrainian preachers, Stefan Javors’kyj and Antonij Radyvylovs’kyj, adapt and combine Neoplatonic philosophy, Aristotelian epistemology, the antique, and the Renaissance idea of poetry and painting as sister arts to create pictorial texts that translate some material manifestations of contemporary visual culture such as the emblem into written form; how these images – both visual and verbal – help structure and organize thought, and what effects they might have on cognition. I will argue that in their sermons, the traditional concept of ut pictura poesis often intersects with what we may call ut pictura creatio divina (as is painting so is divine creation) – with an emphasis on the analogies that tie painting to God’s creation of man. Just like God “painted” man into existence so the preacher should make use of verbal pictures to visualize the moral and spiritual truths he is propounding to his audience. Accordingly, in the second part of the article, I discuss the preachers’ engagement with verbal-visual forms such as emblems and impresas, showing how verbal representations of physical images could function as cognitive devices that could be stored in the audience’s memory to stimulate virtuous behavior.
{"title":"Writing for the Eyes: Preaching and Visual Imagery in Seventeenth-Century Kyiv","authors":"M. Bartolini","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2022-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The article explores how two early modern Ukrainian preachers, Stefan Javors’kyj and Antonij Radyvylovs’kyj, adapt and combine Neoplatonic philosophy, Aristotelian epistemology, the antique, and the Renaissance idea of poetry and painting as sister arts to create pictorial texts that translate some material manifestations of contemporary visual culture such as the emblem into written form; how these images – both visual and verbal – help structure and organize thought, and what effects they might have on cognition. I will argue that in their sermons, the traditional concept of ut pictura poesis often intersects with what we may call ut pictura creatio divina (as is painting so is divine creation) – with an emphasis on the analogies that tie painting to God’s creation of man. Just like God “painted” man into existence so the preacher should make use of verbal pictures to visualize the moral and spiritual truths he is propounding to his audience. Accordingly, in the second part of the article, I discuss the preachers’ engagement with verbal-visual forms such as emblems and impresas, showing how verbal representations of physical images could function as cognitive devices that could be stored in the audience’s memory to stimulate virtuous behavior.","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":"67 1","pages":"135 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48897033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Our study explores the field of receptive bilingualism, a highly common phenomenon with respect to heritage languages—one that, despite its commonness, has been analyzed by few studies. We collected data from 10 receptive bilinguals of Polish as a heritage language in Germany, including data from interviews regarding language biographies, a battery of tests on language comprehension skills, and a single-word production task. The main focus of our study was the analysis of the receptive abilities of our 10 participants, with a specific emphasis on their level of listening comprehension of spoken text. We conducted an explorative correlation analysis with respect to the interrelation of listening comprehension with other parameters, such as single-word comprehension, sentence comprehension, single-word production, and the language choice of the participants’ parents. The results indicate that all participants coped well with spoken texts up to level B1 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). There was great variance in performance at levels B2 and C1, with some of the participants still performing very well. Their performance at levels B2 and C1 strongly correlated with the number of direct address instances in Polish by the parents during childhood and with single-word comprehension. Furthermore, the word production task generated the lowest outcomes of all tests, thus revealing a wide gap between receptive and productive abilities. Interestingly, the results of the word production task did not correlate with those pertaining to the listening comprehension of texts at levels B2 and C1. This finding underscores the fact that productive skills do not constitute a valid indicator of receptive abilities. In summary, our results demonstrate the special quality of receptive bilingualism and the need to avoid underestimating this specific status (e. g., in language classes).
{"title":"What does a receptive bilingual understand? Evidence from Polish as a heritage language in Germany","authors":"Tanja Anstatt, Ursula Mikić","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2022-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Our study explores the field of receptive bilingualism, a highly common phenomenon with respect to heritage languages—one that, despite its commonness, has been analyzed by few studies. We collected data from 10 receptive bilinguals of Polish as a heritage language in Germany, including data from interviews regarding language biographies, a battery of tests on language comprehension skills, and a single-word production task. The main focus of our study was the analysis of the receptive abilities of our 10 participants, with a specific emphasis on their level of listening comprehension of spoken text. We conducted an explorative correlation analysis with respect to the interrelation of listening comprehension with other parameters, such as single-word comprehension, sentence comprehension, single-word production, and the language choice of the participants’ parents. The results indicate that all participants coped well with spoken texts up to level B1 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). There was great variance in performance at levels B2 and C1, with some of the participants still performing very well. Their performance at levels B2 and C1 strongly correlated with the number of direct address instances in Polish by the parents during childhood and with single-word comprehension. Furthermore, the word production task generated the lowest outcomes of all tests, thus revealing a wide gap between receptive and productive abilities. Interestingly, the results of the word production task did not correlate with those pertaining to the listening comprehension of texts at levels B2 and C1. This finding underscores the fact that productive skills do not constitute a valid indicator of receptive abilities. In summary, our results demonstrate the special quality of receptive bilingualism and the need to avoid underestimating this specific status (e. g., in language classes).","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":"67 1","pages":"355 - 388"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42375705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary This paper examines the history of the Slavic locative viewed from the perspective of language contact(s) in diachronic language change. From a comparative study of Slavic languages, it transpires that whereas in most of these languages the locative was replaced by a prepositive well before the emergence of a written tradition, in the North East Slavia, notably in the Old Novgorodian dialect, it was preserved in certain lexical groups until the 13th century. By studying the use of the locative in the corpus of Novgorodian birchbark texts (11th–15th centuries), the paper argues that language contact(s) have both a catalyzing and a conserving function in language change.
{"title":"Sprachkontakt in der Geschichte des archaischen Lokativs im binnenslawischen Vergleich (anhand der Nowgoroder Birkenrindentexte)","authors":"V. Warditz","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2022-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Summary This paper examines the history of the Slavic locative viewed from the perspective of language contact(s) in diachronic language change. From a comparative study of Slavic languages, it transpires that whereas in most of these languages the locative was replaced by a prepositive well before the emergence of a written tradition, in the North East Slavia, notably in the Old Novgorodian dialect, it was preserved in certain lexical groups until the 13th century. By studying the use of the locative in the corpus of Novgorodian birchbark texts (11th–15th centuries), the paper argues that language contact(s) have both a catalyzing and a conserving function in language change.","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":"67 1","pages":"405 - 434"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42375120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Milorad Pavić’s An Inscription in the Sign of the Virgin (1973) has not been the subject of scholarly investigation yet, although this story manifests a peculiar poetics of epiphany which aims to counter Yugoslavian (post-)modernity immanently by using its own hybrid and fragmented strategies and to restore an allegedly lost totality and transcendentality by focusing on a mythological past. The text is structured as a postmodern play with language and literary conventions; but its ontological, phenomenological, linguistic and geopoetic implications carry a conservative character. Every movement the text makes towards fragmentation is followed by an opposite movement towards a restoration of traditional structures. For these reasons, I propose to label this poetics of epiphany as ‘retro-(post-)modernism’. In this article, I will focus on the mentioned issues by illustrating these opposite movements with the help of the philosophical concepts of Jean-Luc Marion, Martin Heidegger, Jacques Derrida and Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari.
{"title":"“We are all constructors”. Milorad Pavić’s Zapis u znaku device as epiphanic retro-(post-) modernism","authors":"M. Ghilarducci","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2022-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Milorad Pavić’s An Inscription in the Sign of the Virgin (1973) has not been the subject of scholarly investigation yet, although this story manifests a peculiar poetics of epiphany which aims to counter Yugoslavian (post-)modernity immanently by using its own hybrid and fragmented strategies and to restore an allegedly lost totality and transcendentality by focusing on a mythological past. The text is structured as a postmodern play with language and literary conventions; but its ontological, phenomenological, linguistic and geopoetic implications carry a conservative character. Every movement the text makes towards fragmentation is followed by an opposite movement towards a restoration of traditional structures. For these reasons, I propose to label this poetics of epiphany as ‘retro-(post-)modernism’. In this article, I will focus on the mentioned issues by illustrating these opposite movements with the help of the philosophical concepts of Jean-Luc Marion, Martin Heidegger, Jacques Derrida and Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari.","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":"67 1","pages":"465 - 485"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48363836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary In the context of contrastive pragmatics, some expressions of politeness in the special environment in a sanatorium are dealt with in this article. In particular these three forms: addressing and greeting known or unknown people, communicativeness, i. e. the convention of entering into a conversation with strangers or avoiding it, and gallantry, i.e. courteous non-verbal actions like holding a door open for those who follow, pushing a chair into position, clearing a place. The study is based on participant observation during a 10-day stay in a health resort in the North Caucasus in the summer of 2018 and in Austrian facilities. Oral communication between the medical and other staff with the spa guests and communication between themselves, as well as written announcements and inscriptions of various kinds were analysed. Austria in its self-image is a very polite and hospitable country, Russia perceives itself as very hospitable, but not particularly polite. The comparison of politeness in the microcosm of a sanatorium in the North Caucasus and similar institutions (health resorts / facilities) in Austria did not confirm the assumption of low politeness in Russia. In both cultures, a high level of courtesy and respect could be observed among the staff and among or towards the spa guests. It should also be noted that even if one hears repeatedly of the condescending or even suppressive treatment of members of Caucasian nationalities, in the microcosm of the sanatorium there was an equally respectful attitude towards everyone and no discrimination whatsoever was observed. Whether the findings in a spa facility in another part of Russia would be different still has to be the subject of further investigation.
{"title":"Höflichkeit im Mikrokosmos eines Sanatoriums. Vergleich Russland-Österreich","authors":"Renate Rathmayr","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2022-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Summary In the context of contrastive pragmatics, some expressions of politeness in the special environment in a sanatorium are dealt with in this article. In particular these three forms: addressing and greeting known or unknown people, communicativeness, i. e. the convention of entering into a conversation with strangers or avoiding it, and gallantry, i.e. courteous non-verbal actions like holding a door open for those who follow, pushing a chair into position, clearing a place. The study is based on participant observation during a 10-day stay in a health resort in the North Caucasus in the summer of 2018 and in Austrian facilities. Oral communication between the medical and other staff with the spa guests and communication between themselves, as well as written announcements and inscriptions of various kinds were analysed. Austria in its self-image is a very polite and hospitable country, Russia perceives itself as very hospitable, but not particularly polite. The comparison of politeness in the microcosm of a sanatorium in the North Caucasus and similar institutions (health resorts / facilities) in Austria did not confirm the assumption of low politeness in Russia. In both cultures, a high level of courtesy and respect could be observed among the staff and among or towards the spa guests. It should also be noted that even if one hears repeatedly of the condescending or even suppressive treatment of members of Caucasian nationalities, in the microcosm of the sanatorium there was an equally respectful attitude towards everyone and no discrimination whatsoever was observed. Whether the findings in a spa facility in another part of Russia would be different still has to be the subject of further investigation.","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":"67 1","pages":"389 - 404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47952263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary In the article, relating to my earlier works, I discuss Julian Krzyżanowski’s reflections on the relationship between the joking text of Peregrynacja Maćkowa (1612) and Finkenritter (ca. 1560). Although there is no direct relationship between both texts, I show that they share a common traditional narrative form, and that they both belong to the humorous and joking literature.In this context, one can assume an indirect relationship between the texts, probably based on the oral or written knowledge of a number of motives, both in the case of the author of Finkenritter and the writer of Peregrynacja Maćkowa.The motives in question are highly characteristic of the Cocagne (Schlaraffenland) themes. These Cocagne themes constantly acquire a local and therefore different characteristic or quality.
{"title":"Peregrynacja Maćkowa (Matzes Reise) (1612) und Finkenritter (um 1560). Traditionen der Erzählform und das Spiel mit den Konventionen: Einiges zu Julian Krzyżanowskis Überlegungen","authors":"Witold Wojtowicz","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2022-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Summary In the article, relating to my earlier works, I discuss Julian Krzyżanowski’s reflections on the relationship between the joking text of Peregrynacja Maćkowa (1612) and Finkenritter (ca. 1560). Although there is no direct relationship between both texts, I show that they share a common traditional narrative form, and that they both belong to the humorous and joking literature.In this context, one can assume an indirect relationship between the texts, probably based on the oral or written knowledge of a number of motives, both in the case of the author of Finkenritter and the writer of Peregrynacja Maćkowa.The motives in question are highly characteristic of the Cocagne (Schlaraffenland) themes. These Cocagne themes constantly acquire a local and therefore different characteristic or quality.","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":"67 1","pages":"224 - 243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48653933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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