Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.3727/109830421x16296375579606
From influencers to established travel brands to casual consumers, there are a number of existing organisms in the online ecosystem of Instagram simultaneously producing and consuming content. At first glance, the nature of these relationships seems simple - sharing and engaging via a visual medium - but upon prolonged review, deeper questions about the interwoven complexity existing between these organisms and their content emerge. The authors illuminate several discernible patterns through a deep theoretical framing of the gaze, mimetic reproduction and ownership followed by a conceptual modelling through a review of everyday Instagramic practices. What becomes apparent are a number of stages of development in this process. Firstly, the practice of photographic mimicry becomes a form of consumption in which the consumer ‘consumes places’ vicariously across space and time, making image reproduction an embodied practice. Secondly, the Instagram fee of an individual consumer (or influencer) becomes a sort of living autobiography, curating and aggrandizing the glossiest images which form a projected extension of self that is not grounded necessarily in authenticity, but in reproduction. Finally, the proliferation of communication between consumer and consumer reproduces a surrogate type that creates a constantly evolving circular content loop where the flow of influence and information becomes muddled and originality becomes less distinguishable. This paper critically explores how Instagram has collapsed traditional influence and consumer relationships particularly in how tourist experience and imagery are shared, resulting in a complex online community that resembles a cultural colonial organism fed by communication feedback loops. The result of this paper is the positioning of a surrogate tourist embodied within a collection of individual entities performing specialized tasks dependent on other individuals in the community in which the function and nature of the individual recedes in importance to the relationship existing between organisms.
{"title":"SURROGATE TOURISTS ON INSTAGRAM: AN(OTHER) KIND OF MIMETIC GAZE","authors":"","doi":"10.3727/109830421x16296375579606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/109830421x16296375579606","url":null,"abstract":"From influencers to established travel brands to casual consumers, there are a number of existing organisms in the online ecosystem of Instagram simultaneously producing and consuming content. At first glance, the nature of these relationships seems simple - sharing and engaging via a visual medium - but upon prolonged review, deeper questions about the interwoven complexity existing between these organisms and their content emerge. The authors illuminate several discernible patterns through a deep theoretical framing of the gaze, mimetic reproduction and ownership followed by a conceptual modelling through a review of everyday Instagramic practices. What becomes apparent are a number of stages of development in this process. Firstly, the practice of photographic mimicry becomes a form of consumption in which the consumer ‘consumes places’ vicariously across space and time, making image reproduction an embodied practice. Secondly, the Instagram fee of an individual consumer (or influencer) becomes a sort of living autobiography, curating and aggrandizing the glossiest images which form a projected extension of self that is not grounded necessarily in authenticity, but in reproduction. Finally, the proliferation of communication between consumer and consumer reproduces a surrogate type that creates a constantly evolving circular content loop where the flow of influence and information becomes muddled and originality becomes less distinguishable. This paper critically explores how Instagram has collapsed traditional influence and consumer relationships particularly in how tourist experience and imagery are shared, resulting in a complex online community that resembles a cultural colonial organism fed by communication feedback loops. The result of this paper is the positioning of a surrogate tourist embodied within a collection of individual entities performing specialized tasks dependent on other individuals in the community in which the function and nature of the individual recedes in importance to the relationship existing between organisms.","PeriodicalId":41836,"journal":{"name":"TOURISM CULTURE & COMMUNICATION","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86477356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.3727/109830421x16296375579543
The introduction to this special issue explores why in an ‘age of communication’ it has become increasingly important to revisit a somewhat lost sense of communication that we describe as the interface of culture and communication. Inspired by Karen Barad’s work and the diverse range of contributions to this special issue, we reflect on the fragmented, multiplied and diffracted sense of communication that has emerged in recent years. We examine this emergent form of communication through three interlinking yet distinct areas of study: “affective communication”, “tourism media interface”, and “interface of the human and nonhuman”. Providing grounded empirical research alongside unique theoretical insights, the eight articles bring together a diverse and complex range of contexts that would otherwise not enter into conversation with one another. And yet in their own ways each contribution challenges how communication has been approached and perceived in specific tourism settings and opens up spaces for understanding communication as diffraction and differentiation rather than a coming-together. By revisiting communication in this way, previous relationships embedded in tourism can be seen in new and interesting ways. The introduction to this special issue offers an initial exploratory conceptual framing of what we call the interface of culture and communication in effort to forefront new ways of thinking and engaging with culture and communication in tourism studies and beyond.
{"title":"SPECIAL ISSUE: THE INTERFACE OF CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION","authors":"","doi":"10.3727/109830421x16296375579543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/109830421x16296375579543","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction to this special issue explores why in an ‘age of communication’ it has become increasingly important to revisit a somewhat lost sense of communication that we describe as the interface of culture and communication. Inspired by Karen Barad’s work and the diverse range of contributions to this special issue, we reflect on the fragmented, multiplied and diffracted sense of communication that has emerged in recent years. We examine this emergent form of communication through three interlinking yet distinct areas of study: “affective communication”, “tourism media interface”, and “interface of the human and nonhuman”. Providing grounded empirical research alongside unique theoretical insights, the eight articles bring together a diverse and complex range of contexts that would otherwise not enter into conversation with one another. And yet in their own ways each contribution challenges how communication has been approached and perceived in specific tourism settings and opens up spaces for understanding communication as diffraction and differentiation rather than a coming-together. By revisiting communication in this way, previous relationships embedded in tourism can be seen in new and interesting ways. The introduction to this special issue offers an initial exploratory conceptual framing of what we call the interface of culture and communication in effort to forefront new ways of thinking and engaging with culture and communication in tourism studies and beyond.","PeriodicalId":41836,"journal":{"name":"TOURISM CULTURE & COMMUNICATION","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82804038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.3727/109830421x16345418234029
Alana Dillette
This auto-ethnography, grounded in my experiences as a biracial, bicultural black woman, is written as an exploration of how identity formation is impacted through travel. It considers my lived experiences with Du Bois’ double consciousness in a traditionally hegemonic society. Using Poston’s (1990) biracial identity development model as a framework for my inquiry, I examine a roots tourism trip to Ghana as a reflection of my lived experiences to demonstrate how the utilization of auto-ethnography as a critical method of inquiry can provide important insights into the intersectionality between roots tourism and identity. Results from this study suggest that exposure to roots travel can be the catalyst for personal internal and external reflection on one’s patterns of behavior and thought about their identity.
{"title":"EXPLORING BIRACIAL IDENTITY THROUGH ROOTS TRAVEL FOR AFRICAN DIASPORAS","authors":"Alana Dillette","doi":"10.3727/109830421x16345418234029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/109830421x16345418234029","url":null,"abstract":"This auto-ethnography, grounded in my experiences as a biracial, bicultural black woman, is written as an exploration of how identity formation is impacted through travel. It considers my lived experiences with Du Bois’ double consciousness in a traditionally hegemonic society. Using Poston’s (1990) biracial identity development model as a framework for my inquiry, I examine a roots tourism trip to Ghana as a reflection of my lived experiences to demonstrate how the utilization of auto-ethnography as a critical method of inquiry can provide important insights into the intersectionality between roots tourism and identity. Results from this study suggest that exposure to roots travel can be the catalyst for personal internal and external reflection on one’s patterns of behavior and thought about their identity.","PeriodicalId":41836,"journal":{"name":"TOURISM CULTURE & COMMUNICATION","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91035161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.3727/109830421x16257465701936
To be successful in tourism, destinations must ensure their competitive advantages in national and global markets. While destination competitiveness is a relatively better studied theme in tourism literature, much of the research into it largely focused on conceptualizing destinations at national, regional and local self-contained attraction levels. This study presents an assessment of tourism competitiveness in a tourist route context by examining selected destinations in the Southern Ethiopian Route as a study context. Its objectives were to evaluate the factors that determine destination competitiveness of the route from tour operators’ perspective. Data were collected through structured questionnaire from a comprehensive sample of 117 tour operators. The data, analyzed using hierarchical regression, showed that destination resources, infrastructure and support services, and human related factors were the major determinants of Southern Ethiopian Route’s destination competitiveness. However, situational conditions did not predict the route’s competitiveness in a statistically significant way. The study contributes a conceptual insight to destination competitiveness literature through its examination of tourist routes in the African context from industry practitioners’ perspective. It also offers implications for tourism administrators and marketers in the route to step up efforts to enhance the route’s competitiveness as a destination.
{"title":"DESTINATION COMPETITIVENESS IN A TOURIST ROUTE CONTEXT: TOUR OPERATORS’ PERSPECTIVE","authors":"","doi":"10.3727/109830421x16257465701936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/109830421x16257465701936","url":null,"abstract":"To be successful in tourism, destinations must ensure their competitive advantages in national and global markets. While destination competitiveness is a relatively better studied theme in tourism literature, much of the research into it largely focused on conceptualizing destinations at national, regional and local self-contained attraction levels. This study presents an assessment of tourism competitiveness in a tourist route context by examining selected destinations in the Southern Ethiopian Route as a study context. Its objectives were to evaluate the factors that determine destination competitiveness of the route from tour operators’ perspective. Data were collected through structured questionnaire from a comprehensive sample of 117 tour operators. The data, analyzed using hierarchical regression, showed that destination resources, infrastructure and support services, and human related factors were the major determinants of Southern Ethiopian Route’s destination competitiveness. However, situational conditions did not predict the route’s competitiveness in a statistically significant way. The study contributes a conceptual insight to destination competitiveness literature through its examination of tourist routes in the African context from industry practitioners’ perspective. It also offers implications for tourism administrators and marketers in the route to step up efforts to enhance the route’s competitiveness as a destination.","PeriodicalId":41836,"journal":{"name":"TOURISM CULTURE & COMMUNICATION","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74395249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.3727/194341421x16231805260377
{"title":"BOOK REVIEW_HANDBOOK OF CULTURAL ECONOMICS","authors":"","doi":"10.3727/194341421x16231805260377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/194341421x16231805260377","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p> </jats:p>","PeriodicalId":41836,"journal":{"name":"TOURISM CULTURE & COMMUNICATION","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83198986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.3727/109830421x16296375579570
The success of tourism encounters can be aided by devising cross-cultural strategies so that conscious feelings (emotions) and subtle impressions (affects) of locals are communicated effectively to tourists. This article investigates how post-disaster tourism narratives, practices, and landmarks can be used to ‘attune’ the feelings of culturally different groups. After the Triple Disaster of 2011 in the Tōhoku region of Japan, the recovering communities have used tours as a way to support the local economy, confront their loss and overcome trauma. As global attention moves to new disasters, communities feel the need to attract more visitors and create new jobs for the locals. However, this has proven difficult: differences in expressing emotional responses caused tensions and dissatisfaction amongst locals and internationals, as locals feel misunderstood and tourists do not see their expectations met. This hinders the tourist encounter, which is seen by some of the communities as crucial, as they feel that ‘being able to tell their stories’ and ‘being remembered’ is a central tenet of the recovery process. In the case of Japan, we argue, affect can constitute an appropriate means to negotiate meaning and memory between Japanese and internationals. Affective elements are often overlooked by academics, as they are considered volatile and unstructured. There is no research that utilizes geographical and interdisciplinary theories of affect to gain an in-depth understanding in the ways to communicate heritage and memory cross-culturally in disaster sites, as well as rigorous and appropriate approaches to affective methods. Affect can benefit both locals and visitors, as it bridges understandings of the delicate and complex issues pertaining to disaster memory and heritage, and may lead to more socio-culturally and politically sustainable approaches to planning, development and management of tourism.
{"title":"CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION THROUGH AFFECT: THE POTENTIAL FOR POST-DISASTER TOURISM IN JAPAN","authors":"","doi":"10.3727/109830421x16296375579570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/109830421x16296375579570","url":null,"abstract":"The success of tourism encounters can be aided by devising cross-cultural strategies so that conscious feelings (emotions) and subtle impressions (affects) of locals are communicated effectively to tourists. This article investigates how post-disaster tourism narratives, practices, and landmarks can be used to ‘attune’ the feelings of culturally different groups. After the Triple Disaster of 2011 in the Tōhoku region of Japan, the recovering communities have used tours as a way to support the local economy, confront their loss and overcome trauma. As global attention moves to new disasters, communities feel the need to attract more visitors and create new jobs for the locals. However, this has proven difficult: differences in expressing emotional responses caused tensions and dissatisfaction amongst locals and internationals, as locals feel misunderstood and tourists do not see their expectations met. This hinders the tourist encounter, which is seen by some of the communities as crucial, as they feel that ‘being able to tell their stories’ and ‘being remembered’ is a central tenet of the recovery process. In the case of Japan, we argue, affect can constitute an appropriate means to negotiate meaning and memory between Japanese and internationals. Affective elements are often overlooked by academics, as they are considered volatile and unstructured. There is no research that utilizes geographical and interdisciplinary theories of affect to gain an in-depth understanding in the ways to communicate heritage and memory cross-culturally in disaster sites, as well as rigorous and appropriate approaches to affective methods. Affect can benefit both locals and visitors, as it bridges understandings of the delicate and complex issues pertaining to disaster memory and heritage, and may lead to more socio-culturally and politically sustainable approaches to planning, development and management of tourism.","PeriodicalId":41836,"journal":{"name":"TOURISM CULTURE & COMMUNICATION","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88753018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.3727/109830421x16191799471999
{"title":"CHINESE WORKING HOLIDAYMAKERS IN NEW ZEALAND: ADAPTATION TO WORK CULTURE","authors":"","doi":"10.3727/109830421x16191799471999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/109830421x16191799471999","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p> </jats:p>","PeriodicalId":41836,"journal":{"name":"TOURISM CULTURE & COMMUNICATION","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88951619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.3727/109830421x16262461231800
As a typical cultural concept being deeply rooted in Chinese society, “face” regulates many social behaviors in China. However, research on the social aspect of “face” is limited in tourism studies. This study applies an extended TPB model incorporating face gaining for examining millennials’ outbound travel intention from mainland China. By analyzing data from 350 Chinese millennial tourists, we find that face gaining has an indirect impact on outbound travel intention through attitude (ATT), subjective norm (SN) and perceived behavioral control (PBC). Based on the findings, the research provides some insights regarding “face gaining” in travel behavior, and destination marketing on Chinese millennials.
{"title":"THE ROLE OF FACE GAINING ON MILLENNIALS’ OUTBOUND TRAVEL INTENTION IN MAINLAND CHINA","authors":"","doi":"10.3727/109830421x16262461231800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/109830421x16262461231800","url":null,"abstract":"As a typical cultural concept being deeply rooted in Chinese society, “face” regulates many social behaviors in China. However, research on the social aspect of “face” is limited in tourism studies. This study applies an extended TPB model incorporating face gaining for examining millennials’ outbound travel intention from mainland China. By analyzing data from 350 Chinese millennial tourists, we find that face gaining has an indirect impact on outbound travel intention through attitude (ATT), subjective norm (SN) and perceived behavioral control (PBC). Based on the findings, the research provides some insights regarding “face gaining” in travel behavior, and destination marketing on Chinese millennials.","PeriodicalId":41836,"journal":{"name":"TOURISM CULTURE & COMMUNICATION","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84271412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.3727/109830421x16345418234001
M. Nielsen, K. Zethsen
Hotel bookings are increasingly made online, and many travellers rely on eWOM in the form of peer hotel reviews. These reviews potentially contain information of great relevance to the tourism industry and offer a unique and ever-expanding corpus of unsolicited data. If this data is investigated systematically, it may provide insights that would enable hotel managers to be proactive in their marketing. The present study focuses on the under-researched area of the potential impact of nationality on the reviews. Using a corpus of authentic American and German hotel reviews and the qualitative, phenomenologically-inspired method of Systematic Text Condensation, this study investigates the impact of national culture on review comments in order to establish whether nationality makes a difference for the themes and attitudes expressed. The data indicate that Americans are more likely to focus on old-world charm, romance, physical comfort, personal service/relations and problem-solving than Germans are. The overall results of this qualitative study allow us to conclude that there are indeed differences between the German and the American reviews to a degree that is worth pursuing in future mixed-methods research and that may have practice implications for hotel managers.
{"title":"“THE ROOM WAS QUITE SMALL BY AMERICAN STANDARDS” – ARE ONLINE HOTEL REVIEWS CULTURE-SPECIFIC?","authors":"M. Nielsen, K. Zethsen","doi":"10.3727/109830421x16345418234001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/109830421x16345418234001","url":null,"abstract":"Hotel bookings are increasingly made online, and many travellers rely on eWOM in the form of peer hotel reviews. These reviews potentially contain information of great relevance to the tourism industry and offer a unique and ever-expanding corpus of unsolicited data. If this data is investigated systematically, it may provide insights that would enable hotel managers to be proactive in their marketing. The present study focuses on the under-researched area of the potential impact of nationality on the reviews. Using a corpus of authentic American and German hotel reviews and the qualitative, phenomenologically-inspired method of Systematic Text Condensation, this study investigates the impact of national culture on review comments in order to establish whether nationality makes a difference for the themes and attitudes expressed. The data indicate that Americans are more likely to focus on old-world charm, romance, physical comfort, personal service/relations and problem-solving than Germans are. The overall results of this qualitative study allow us to conclude that there are indeed differences between the German and the American reviews to a degree that is worth pursuing in future mixed-methods research and that may have practice implications for hotel managers.","PeriodicalId":41836,"journal":{"name":"TOURISM CULTURE & COMMUNICATION","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83749352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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