IntroductionThe research employs variables that influence individual behavior, such as personal or dispositional variables based on the personality and attribution theory and situational variables based on social exchange theory. In terms of social exchange theory, positive working experience has impacts on the organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), although researchers in the field failed to show the existence of employees' rotation (Bowler and Brass, 2006). Strong friendship gives reciprocal effect and social exchange, and also drives organizational citizenship behavior. OCB is actually influenced by interdependent situation that the work setting becomes strong determinant and this influences the OCB in addition to the existence of personal characteristics such as personality (Comeau and Griffith, 2005).This study integrates three theories that ground the antecedent of employees' organizational citizenship behavior assuming that, in general, individual behavior is driven by personal factors, such as personality and motives, and situational factors, such as relationship with others, trust and the existence of shared values. The combination of the two factors based on the three theories is an accordance with Mitchell and James (2001) who stated that building a better theory needs to integrate theory, design and analysis, so that falsification can be correctly carried out, both theoretically and methodologically.Further, the explanations on dispositional and situational factors are not mutually exclusive (Gerhart, 2005). There are methods in relating one with the other (Cohrs, et al. 2006). The first is the influence of dispositional and situational factors to behavior both directly and simultaneously. Next factor is the spurious correlation between situational factor and behavior due to the dispositional factor. The third is the influence of dispositional factor towards behavior moderated by situational factor. Individual commits OCB when they know and trust each other, as well as sharing the same values. The influence of dispositional factors on behavior is moderated by situational factors. Besides, individual behaves because of certain drives or motives and he has a personality that supports the behavior.Besides, judgments from different parties give different evaluation perspectives and provide valuable information that increases the validity of individual performance rating (Van der Heijden and Nijhof, 2004). Self and other ratings in the OCB give significant influence towards motives of carrying out the behavior in question (Finkelstein and Penner, 2004; Penner et al., 2005). Supervisor-rating was employed to minimize problems related to the bias resulted from using the self-rating by self reporting in judging a variable (Organ and Ryan, 1995).The main objective of the research was to test the influence of social capital moderation towards the model of relations between core-self evaluation and three motives of organizational citizenship
本研究采用影响个体行为的变量,如基于人格与归因理论的个人或性格变量和基于社会交换理论的情境变量。在社会交换理论中,积极的工作经验对组织公民行为(OCB)有影响,尽管该领域的研究者未能证明员工轮换的存在(Bowler and Brass, 2006)。牢固的友谊产生了互惠效应和社会交换,也推动了组织公民行为。组织公民行为实际上受到相互依存情况的影响,工作环境成为强大的决定因素,除了人格等个人特征的存在之外,这也影响了组织公民行为(Comeau and Griffith, 2005)。本研究整合了三种理论,这些理论为员工组织公民行为的前因奠定了基础,假设个人行为通常受到个人因素(如个性和动机)和情境因素(如与他人的关系、信任和共同价值观的存在)的驱动。在三种理论的基础上将两种因素结合起来,这与Mitchell和James(2001)的观点是一致的,他们认为建立一个更好的理论需要将理论、设计和分析结合起来,这样才能在理论和方法上正确地进行证伪。此外,性格因素和情境因素的解释并不相互排斥(Gerhart, 2005)。有一些方法可以将一个与另一个联系起来(Cohrs, et al. 2006)。首先是性格和情境因素对行为的直接和同时的影响。下一个因素是由于性格因素导致的情景因素和行为之间的虚假相关性。三是性格因素对行为的影响受情境因素的调节。当个体之间相互了解和信任,并且具有相同的价值观时,才会提交OCB。性格因素对行为的影响受情境因素的调节。此外,个人的行为是由于某种驱动或动机,他有一种支持这种行为的人格。此外,来自不同各方的判断给出了不同的评价视角,并提供了有价值的信息,增加了个人绩效评级的有效性(Van der Heijden and Nijhof, 2004)。组织公民行为委员会中的自我和其他评价对行为动机有显著影响(Finkelstein and Penner, 2004;Penner et al., 2005)。采用Supervisor-rating是为了最大限度地减少在判断变量时使用自我报告的自评所产生的偏差问题(Organ and Ryan, 1995)。本研究的主要目的是检验社会资本调节对核心自我评价与组织公民行为应用三种动机之间关系模型的影响。本研究采用两种评分法对员工的组织行为进行评估。理论和实证结果表明,个人绩效有两个维度,即基于角色的绩效或任务绩效和非基于角色的绩效或组织公民行为(Borman and Motowidlo, 1993)。组织公民行为通常被认为是社会和心理环境中实现任务绩效的支持因素(Organ, 1997;Bergeron, 2005)。组织、情境和个体等调节变量有助于理解组织公民行为前因与行为之间的关系。组织公民行为组织公民行为是个人在工作场所活动的一个独特方面。然而,这些活动在工作中并不是正式要求的,是独立的,也没有在正式的工作程序和执行系统中明确规定。控制由于其独立性,减少了不属于角色的行为(Niehoff and Moorman, 1993)。…
{"title":"Social Capital Moderating Roles towards Relationship of Motoves, Personality and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Cases in Indonesian Banking Industry","authors":"D. Ariani","doi":"10.21002/SEAM.V4I2.5637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21002/SEAM.V4I2.5637","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionThe research employs variables that influence individual behavior, such as personal or dispositional variables based on the personality and attribution theory and situational variables based on social exchange theory. In terms of social exchange theory, positive working experience has impacts on the organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), although researchers in the field failed to show the existence of employees' rotation (Bowler and Brass, 2006). Strong friendship gives reciprocal effect and social exchange, and also drives organizational citizenship behavior. OCB is actually influenced by interdependent situation that the work setting becomes strong determinant and this influences the OCB in addition to the existence of personal characteristics such as personality (Comeau and Griffith, 2005).This study integrates three theories that ground the antecedent of employees' organizational citizenship behavior assuming that, in general, individual behavior is driven by personal factors, such as personality and motives, and situational factors, such as relationship with others, trust and the existence of shared values. The combination of the two factors based on the three theories is an accordance with Mitchell and James (2001) who stated that building a better theory needs to integrate theory, design and analysis, so that falsification can be correctly carried out, both theoretically and methodologically.Further, the explanations on dispositional and situational factors are not mutually exclusive (Gerhart, 2005). There are methods in relating one with the other (Cohrs, et al. 2006). The first is the influence of dispositional and situational factors to behavior both directly and simultaneously. Next factor is the spurious correlation between situational factor and behavior due to the dispositional factor. The third is the influence of dispositional factor towards behavior moderated by situational factor. Individual commits OCB when they know and trust each other, as well as sharing the same values. The influence of dispositional factors on behavior is moderated by situational factors. Besides, individual behaves because of certain drives or motives and he has a personality that supports the behavior.Besides, judgments from different parties give different evaluation perspectives and provide valuable information that increases the validity of individual performance rating (Van der Heijden and Nijhof, 2004). Self and other ratings in the OCB give significant influence towards motives of carrying out the behavior in question (Finkelstein and Penner, 2004; Penner et al., 2005). Supervisor-rating was employed to minimize problems related to the bias resulted from using the self-rating by self reporting in judging a variable (Organ and Ryan, 1995).The main objective of the research was to test the influence of social capital moderation towards the model of relations between core-self evaluation and three motives of organizational citizenship","PeriodicalId":41895,"journal":{"name":"South East Asian Journal of Management","volume":"4 1","pages":"161-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2016-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21002/SEAM.V4I2.5637","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68244220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Mathew, T. Subramanya, Nivedita Agarwal, Anirudha Dambal
(ProQuest: ... denotes formula omitted.)IntroductionHuman Resource Management (HRM) is an important support function to main business. The type of support it provides is well addressed in studies that investigate Human Resource (HR) activities (Harel and Tzafrir, 1999; Huselid and Becker, 1997; Ulrich, 1998; Jackson et al., 2004; Budhwar and Boyne, 2004; Budhwar et al., 2006a; Budhwar et al., 2006b; Lambooij et al., 2006; Jain et al., 2009). The profiles of organizations in multiple sectors vary and so do HR activities. There is however a firm belief irrespective of sector that HRM must play a more strategic role in supporting business. This implies that it must rise above just being a support function. Looking across literature it is seen that activities of HR professionals within a sector are much less addressed. A sector that needs close attention is the growing flagship sector of Information Technology in India. This paper communicates the activities that HR professionals play in organizations of the Indian IT sector. We describe their roles and activities with a specific reference to where the role played is strategic.The Indian IT industryThe success story of Indian IT industry is well described (Sheshabalaya, 2005). Most of this business is characterized as IT outsourcing and software code development. The industry is growing rapidly, and in the year 2008 it registered a growth of about 34%. The growing success of the Indian IT companies has brought with it a great surge of recruitment activities from the HR perspective. The top three Indian IT organizations namely TCS, Infosys and Wipro employ over 240,000 professionals.Table 1 shows the status of large IT companies in India. The top ten companies compete to be in the top ten ranks. The companies have varying growth percentages and revenues. The fully owned IT companies such as HCL, Cognizant and Wipro have very high growth percentages. Implying that they are fast growth companies needing care and nurture where the HR function is concerned. The companies at the over all lead revenue-wise are TCS, Wipro and Infosys. These have been in the lead for over a decade.HRM in the growing IT sectorGoals such as beating competition, meeting demanding customer's deadlines, managing fluctuating currency and the urge for speed, precipitate volatility. Volatility in the IT economy makes the role of HR professionals more complicated. HR professionals have a tight rope to walk in order to help drive performance and productivity in software development and out sourcing. The industry has challenges that HR professionals encounter on a daily basis. HR professionals spend time identifying ways to recruit, retain and right size manpower, pay competitive salaries on time, and maintain a work life balance; else employees leave and quit jobs.Developing reward (tangible and intangible) packages in IT organizations under such conditions is a challenge. Retaining the knowledge worker when attrition rates in IT organ
(ProQuest:……表示公式省略。)人力资源管理(HRM)是对主营业务的重要支持功能。在调查人力资源活动的研究中,它提供的支持类型得到了很好的解决(Harel和Tzafrir, 1999;Huselid and Becker, 1997;乌尔里希,1998;Jackson et al., 2004;Budhwar and Boyne, 2004;Budhwar et al., 2006;Budhwar et al., 2006;Lambooij et al., 2006;Jain et al., 2009)。不同部门的组织情况各不相同,人力资源活动也是如此。然而,无论哪个部门,人们都坚信人力资源管理必须在支持业务方面发挥更具战略性的作用。这意味着它必须超越仅仅是一个支持功能。纵观文献,可以看到一个部门内人力资源专业人员的活动很少得到解决。一个需要密切关注的部门是印度日益增长的信息技术旗舰部门。本文传达了人力资源专业人员在印度IT部门组织中发挥的作用。我们在描述他们的角色和活动时,特别提到了所扮演的角色是战略性的。印度IT业印度IT业的成功故事是很好的描述(Sheshabalaya, 2005)。这种业务的大部分特点是IT外包和软件代码开发。该行业发展迅速,2008年的增长率约为34%。从人力资源的角度来看,印度IT公司的日益成功带来了大量的招聘活动。印度三大IT公司,即TCS、Infosys和Wipro,雇佣了超过24万名专业人员。表1显示了印度大型IT公司的现状。排名前十的公司竞相跻身前十。两家公司的增长率和收入各不相同。HCL、Cognizant和Wipro等全资IT公司的增长率非常高。暗示他们是快速成长的公司,在人力资源职能方面需要照顾和培养。总体而言,收入领先的公司是TCS、Wipro和Infosys。十多年来,它们一直处于领先地位。不断发展的IT行业中的人力资源管理目标,如击败竞争对手,满足苛刻的客户的最后期限,管理波动的货币和对速度的渴望,都加剧了波动性。IT经济的不稳定使得人力资源专业人员的角色更加复杂。为了帮助推动软件开发和外包的性能和生产力,人力资源专业人员有很长的路要走。人力资源专业人员每天都会遇到这个行业的挑战。人力资源专业人士花时间寻找招聘、保留和适当规模的人力资源,按时支付有竞争力的薪水,并保持工作与生活的平衡;其他员工离职或辞职。在这样的条件下,在IT组织中开发奖励(有形的和无形的)包是一个挑战。当IT组织的年流失率在10-40%之间时,留住知识工作者是另一个挑战。在大多数组织中,知识工作者的流失率很高,离开的原因是:出国留学、在国外工作、在印度找新工作或在印度学习(Sontakke, 2000)。在地理位置接近的开发团队中,甚至在虚拟团队中距离较远的开发团队中,维护双赢和协作的精神使人力资源专业人员忙于冲突管理技术以解决人际冲突。虽然这些管理者为组织付出了自己,但在组织中为自己的形象游说可能会成为一个消耗精力的问题。CEO以人为本的理念影响着CEO对人力资源职能的依赖。反过来,人力资源专业人员需要在组织的技术业务中进行自我教育。如今,部门经理通常与人力资源专业人员合作,以实现业务成果。…
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IntroductionNowadays, entrepreneurship is considered as one of the future drivers for Asian economy. Although the majority of Asia's economies are developing ones, the region boasts 90 of the world's 691 billionaires GDP (Faustino, 2005). Yet, despite their rising incomes and rapid economic growth, Asian countries still face widespread and pervasive poverty. This picture indicates the importance of entrepreneurial skills in this region. Given this, educational or training programs particularly for young people in order to stimulate knowledge awareness/acquisition on entrepreneurship and to start up a business are necessary.Many studies have been conducted to explore and investigate entrepreneurial intentions and behaviour using various entrepreneurial indicators, such as environment and personality indicators (Mazzarol et al., 1999); psychological characteristics e.g. need for achievement (Green et al., 1996; Sengupta and Debnath, 1994). Another study by Misra and Kumar (2000) proposed a model to explain entrepreneurial behavior that incorporated several factors, such as entrepreneurial intentions, entrepreneurial environment, and demographic, psychological and situational factors. Moreover, Morrison (2000) pointed out that there was relationship between entrepreneurship and culture specificity.Furthermore, previous studies found that entrepreneurial intentions among students are a source of creating new business (Gorman et al., 1997; Kourilsky and Walstad, 1998). Their attitudes, behaviours, and knowledge on entrepreneurship tend to stimulate their intentions and willingness to start a new venture in the future. Entrepreneurial intention is defined as a process of information-searching which can be used to achieve a new venture (Katz and Gartner, 1988). People with intention to start a new venture are more ready and have better progress in running a new business rather than those without. According to Krueger and Carsrud (1993), entrepreneurial intention is recognized as the best predictor for entrepreneurial behavior. Therefore, entrepreneurial intention can be used as a basic approach to understand who want to be an entrepreneur (Choo and Wong, 2006).This study aimed to examine what factors determined the students' entrepreneurial intentions in Asia. The Asia Development Bank (2009) had explored various indicators for Asia and Pacific's development; and found that the dynamics of entrepreneurship is dominant for SMEs development in these countries. The study focused on personality and environmental factors. Personality factors include need for achievement (i.e. McClelland, 1961) and self-efficacy (Gilles and Rea, 1999), while environmental factors include factors such as social networks, capital and information access (Mazzarol et al., 1999). Similar studies have been conducted to investigate students' entrepreneurial intentions in Norway (Indarti, 2002), in Indonesia (Kristiansen and Indarti, 2004), in Japan (Indarti and Rostiani, 2008), and
如今,企业家精神被认为是亚洲经济未来的驱动力之一。虽然大多数亚洲经济体是发展中国家,但该地区拥有全球691个亿万富翁GDP中的90个(Faustino, 2005)。然而,尽管亚洲国家的收入不断增加,经济增长迅速,但它们仍然面临着广泛和普遍的贫困。这幅图显示了创业技能在该地区的重要性。有鉴于此,有必要特别为年轻人制定教育或培训方案,以促进对创业精神的认识/获取知识和开办企业。许多研究利用各种创业指标(如环境和个性指标)来探索和调查创业意图和行为(Mazzarol et al., 1999);心理特征,如成就需求(Green et al., 1996);Sengupta和Debnath, 1994)。Misra和Kumar(2000)的另一项研究提出了一个模型来解释创业行为,该模型包含了几个因素,如创业意图、创业环境以及人口、心理和情境因素。此外,Morrison(2000)指出企业家精神与文化特异性之间存在关系。此外,以往的研究发现,学生的创业意向是创建新企业的一个来源(Gorman et al., 1997;Kourilsky and Walstad, 1998)。他们对创业的态度、行为和知识往往会激发他们未来创业的意图和意愿。创业意向被定义为一个信息搜索的过程,可以用来实现一个新的企业(Katz和Gartner, 1988)。有创业意向的人比没有创业意向的人准备得更充分,在经营新企业方面也有更好的进展。Krueger和Carsrud(1993)认为,创业意向被认为是创业行为的最佳预测因子。因此,创业意向可以作为了解谁想成为企业家的基本方法(Choo和Wong, 2006)。本研究旨在探讨哪些因素决定了亚洲学生的创业意向。亚洲开发银行(2009年)探索了亚太发展的各种指标;发现创业的动力在这些国家的中小企业发展中占主导地位。这项研究主要关注个性和环境因素。人格因素包括成就需要(即McClelland, 1961)和自我效能(Gilles and Rea, 1999),环境因素包括社会网络、资本和信息获取等因素(Mazzarol et al., 1999)。挪威(Indarti, 2002)、印度尼西亚(Kristiansen和Indarti, 2004)、日本(Indarti和Rostiani, 2008)和马来西亚(Ismail et al., 2009)也进行了类似的研究,以调查学生的创业意向。目前的研究是Indarti(2002)最初研究的延伸,包括了更多的亚洲国家进行比较,即韩国、泰国和台湾。这项研究的产出预计将参与辩论,特别是关于来自亚洲不同国家的创业意图预测因素的辩论。此外,学术界和政府尤其可以利用这项研究的结果,在制定促进学生创业的计划时考虑到这些结果。如果可能的话,这些计划是针对具体国家的。然后,预计应届毕业生不仅准备好在公司工作,而且还准备好自主创业,或者他们能够在公司工作时应用创业原则。如前所述,本研究的主要目的是调查哪些因素(即人格因素、环境因素和人口因素)决定了亚洲学生的创业意向。…
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IntroductionOrganizations worldwide today face many challenges with the growing integration of the world economy into one single, huge marketplace resulting in intense global competition. Besides needing to keep pace with technological advances, it is also crucial for an organization to be able to retain its best employees in the face of globalization and workforce diversity.Collectively, an organization's employees can provide a source of competitive advantage that is difficult for competitors to imitate. Barney (1991) firm resource model of sustained competitive advantage suggests that in order for a firm's resource to generate sustained competitive advantage, the resource must add value to the firm, is rare, cannot be imitated, and is nonsubstitutable.Turnover intention is among the strongest predictors of actual turnover and organizational commitment is one of the most important antecedents to turnover intention (Thatcher et al., 2003; Mitchel, 1981). These findings underscored the importance of organizational commitment in retaining employees and the appropriate use of intention to leave as the dependent variable because it is linked to actual turnover.The average employee turnover rate in Malaysia is 18% based on international human resource consulting firm Hewitt Associate's 2007 Total Compensation Management Survey. Whether it is involuntary, such as termination initiated by the employer, or voluntary, such as resignations, turnover is potentially costly and may have negative organizational implications. Some examples of possible negative impact of turnover to organizations are the high cost of recruiting, hiring, training and getting new employees up to speed, productivity loss during replacement search and retraining, loss of high performers, and disruption of social and communication structures (Mobley, 1982).Although the researcher has found many past studies conducted on employees' turnover intention in Malaysia as well as other countries, but the literature search did not provide any studies that were carried out with the combination of these factors: organizational commitment, participation in decision making, and work effort.This study seeks to answer the following research questions: Does employees' organizational commitment affect their intention to leave the organization? Are there any influences of the factors of participation in decision making and work effort on employees' intention to leave? The issue of commitment is important for managers because commitment to organization is positively related to desirable organizational outcomes such as job satisfaction, motivation and attendance, and negatively related to absenteeism and turnover (Lok and Crawford, 2001). With the increasing speed and scale of change in organizations, the retention of talented employees is integral to sustaining the organization's competitive advantage and growth in the marketplace.The identification of variables associated with turnover intentions is
随着世界经济日益融入一个单一的、巨大的市场,导致激烈的全球竞争,当今世界的组织面临着许多挑战。除了需要跟上技术进步的步伐外,面对全球化和劳动力多样性,组织能够留住最优秀的员工也至关重要。总的来说,一个组织的员工可以提供竞争优势的来源,这是竞争对手难以模仿的。Barney(1991)的持续竞争优势企业资源模型认为,为了使企业的资源产生持续竞争优势,该资源必须为企业增加价值,是稀有的、不可模仿的、不可替代的。离职倾向是实际离职的最强预测因子之一,而组织承诺是离职倾向最重要的前因之一(Thatcher et al., 2003;一,1981)。这些发现强调了组织承诺在留住员工方面的重要性,以及适当使用离职意向作为因变量,因为它与实际离职率有关。根据国际人力资源咨询公司Hewitt associates的2007年薪酬管理调查,马来西亚的平均员工流动率为18%。无论是非自愿的,比如雇主主动终止雇佣关系,还是自愿的,比如辞职,离职都可能造成巨大的损失,并可能对组织产生负面影响。流动对组织可能产生的负面影响的一些例子是招聘,雇用,培训和让新员工加快速度的高成本,在寻找替代和再培训期间的生产力损失,高绩效人员的损失以及社会和沟通结构的破坏(Mobley, 1982)。虽然研究者在马来西亚和其他国家发现了很多关于员工离职意向的研究,但是在文献检索中,并没有提供任何结合组织承诺、决策参与和工作努力这些因素进行的研究。本研究旨在回答以下研究问题:员工的组织承诺是否影响其离开组织的意愿?决策参与、工作努力等因素对员工离职意向有影响吗?承诺问题对管理者来说很重要,因为对组织的承诺与理想的组织结果(如工作满意度、动机和出勤率)呈正相关,与缺勤和离职率呈负相关(洛克和克劳福德,2001)。随着组织变化的速度和规模的增加,留住有才能的员工是维持组织在市场上的竞争优势和增长所不可或缺的。识别与离职意向相关的变量被认为是降低实际离职水平的有效策略(Riley, 2006)。本研究尤其试图确定参与决策和工作努力等因素对离职意向的影响,包括其影响的方向和强度。对这些结构有了更清晰的理解,雇主就能够增加他们的知识库,了解是什么原因导致员工选择离开公司。随后,雇主将能够通过适当的干预措施更有效地管理离职过程。下面,我们回顾文献,并对感兴趣的变量提出相关假设。然后描述了抽样设计、测量尺度的选择和数据分析技术。接下来是对结果的介绍和讨论,研究的局限性以及对从业者和未来研究的影响。员工流动的定义员工可以自愿或非自愿地离开一个组织。...
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IntroductionThe constantly changing global business environment requires firms to aim for competitive advantages through creative and innovative business strategies. This is essentially important for their long term sustainability. A study by Seleim, Ashour, and Bontis (2007) analysed the relationship between organizational performance of software companies and human capital. A positive association was found between human capital indicators and organizational performances. The indicators, such as training attended and team-work practices, tended to result in superstar performers which led to more productivity, which could be translated to organizational performances. A significant positive correlation was found by Dooley (2000) between the quality of developers and volume of market shares. It can be said that human capital indicators enhanced the firm performance directly or indirectly. A study by Bontis and Fitzenz (2002) established the relationship between human capital management and economic and business outcomes. Human capital development and enhancement in organizations contribute significantly to organizational competencies which in turn became a great boost for further enhancing innovativeness. Contemporary literature to a large extent supports the fact that firm performance is positively impacted by the presence of human capital practices (Noe et al., 2003; Youndt et al., 2004).Researchers have endorsed that human capital development is a prerequisite to good financial performance (Delaney & Huselid, 1996). The significance of organizational human capital with regard to firm performance was further supported by Hsu et al. (2007). It has been found in a survey (Schmidt, 2003) that there is a strong direct correlation between human resource involvement and 'success' in mergers and acquisitions. Since changing an organization ultimately comes down to changing the practices, attitudes, and behaviors of the people who compose it, human resources departments are an essential component of change management. This research paper aims to study the human capital development role of HR during mergers and acquisitions. Both quantitative as well as qualitative study has been carried out to capture a more complete portrayal of the subject.Literature ReviewDefining Human Capital DevelopmentAdam Smith defined four types of fixed capital (which is characterized as that which affords a revenue or profit without circulating or changing masters). The four types were: 1) useful machines, instruments of the trade; 2) buildings as the means of procuring revenue; 3) improvements of land and 4) human capital (Sullivan and Steven, 2003). 'Human capital represents the knowledge, skills and abilities that make it possible for people to do their jobs. Human capital development is about recruiting, supporting and investing in people through education, training, coaching, mentoring, internships, organizational development and human resource management (LISC, 2009). Hu
不断变化的全球商业环境要求公司通过创造性和创新的商业战略来争取竞争优势。这对它们的长期可持续性至关重要。Seleim、Ashour和Bontis(2007)的一项研究分析了软件公司组织绩效与人力资本之间的关系。人力资本指标与组织绩效之间存在正相关关系。这些指标,如参加的培训和团队合作实践,往往会导致超级明星表演者,从而导致更高的生产力,这可以转化为组织绩效。Dooley(2000)发现开发商的质量与市场份额之间存在显著的正相关关系。可以说,人力资本指标直接或间接地提高了企业绩效。Bontis和Fitzenz(2002)的研究建立了人力资本管理与经济和商业成果之间的关系。组织人力资本的开发和提升对组织能力的提升有着重要的贡献,而组织能力的提升又成为进一步提高创新能力的重要推动力。当代文献在很大程度上支持这样一个事实,即企业绩效受到人力资本实践的积极影响(Noe et al., 2003;Youndt et al., 2004)。研究人员已经认可人力资本发展是良好财务绩效的先决条件(Delaney & Huselid, 1996)。Hsu et al.(2007)进一步支持了组织人力资本对企业绩效的重要性。在一项调查(Schmidt, 2003)中发现,人力资源参与与并购“成功”之间存在很强的直接相关性。由于改变一个组织最终归结为改变组成它的人的实践、态度和行为,人力资源部门是变革管理的重要组成部分。本文旨在研究人力资源在企业并购过程中的人力资本开发作用。已经进行了定量和定性研究,以捕捉更完整的主题写照。亚当·斯密定义了四种类型的固定资本(其特征是提供收入或利润而不流通或更换主人)。这四种类型是:1)有用的机器,贸易工具;2)建筑物作为获取收入的手段;3)土地改良和4)人力资本(Sullivan and Steven, 2003)。“人力资本代表了使人们能够完成工作的知识、技能和能力。人力资本开发是指通过教育、培训、辅导、指导、实习、组织发展和人力资源管理来招聘、支持和投资人才(LISC, 2009)。人力资本是指具有劳动能力从而产生经济价值的技能和知识储备。它是工人通过该领域不同领域的教育和经验获得的技能和知识(维基百科,2009)。舒尔茨(1993)将“人力资本”定义为改善企业资产和员工以提高生产率和保持竞争优势的关键因素。人力资本涉及与培训、教育和其他干预有关的过程,以提高员工的知识、技能、能力、价值观和社会资产的水平,从而提高员工的满意度和绩效,并最终提高公司的绩效。Rastogi(2000)认为人力资本是组织尤其是员工在知识、技能和能力等方面持续改进的重要投入。因此,人力资本的定义被称为“体现在个人身上的知识、技能、能力和属性,这些知识、技能、能力和属性有助于创造个人、社会和经济福祉”(OECD, 2001)。…
{"title":"Human Capital Development Role of HR during Mergers and Acqusitions","authors":"Y. Rizvi","doi":"10.21002/SEAM.V4I1.5628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21002/SEAM.V4I1.5628","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionThe constantly changing global business environment requires firms to aim for competitive advantages through creative and innovative business strategies. This is essentially important for their long term sustainability. A study by Seleim, Ashour, and Bontis (2007) analysed the relationship between organizational performance of software companies and human capital. A positive association was found between human capital indicators and organizational performances. The indicators, such as training attended and team-work practices, tended to result in superstar performers which led to more productivity, which could be translated to organizational performances. A significant positive correlation was found by Dooley (2000) between the quality of developers and volume of market shares. It can be said that human capital indicators enhanced the firm performance directly or indirectly. A study by Bontis and Fitzenz (2002) established the relationship between human capital management and economic and business outcomes. Human capital development and enhancement in organizations contribute significantly to organizational competencies which in turn became a great boost for further enhancing innovativeness. Contemporary literature to a large extent supports the fact that firm performance is positively impacted by the presence of human capital practices (Noe et al., 2003; Youndt et al., 2004).Researchers have endorsed that human capital development is a prerequisite to good financial performance (Delaney & Huselid, 1996). The significance of organizational human capital with regard to firm performance was further supported by Hsu et al. (2007). It has been found in a survey (Schmidt, 2003) that there is a strong direct correlation between human resource involvement and 'success' in mergers and acquisitions. Since changing an organization ultimately comes down to changing the practices, attitudes, and behaviors of the people who compose it, human resources departments are an essential component of change management. This research paper aims to study the human capital development role of HR during mergers and acquisitions. Both quantitative as well as qualitative study has been carried out to capture a more complete portrayal of the subject.Literature ReviewDefining Human Capital DevelopmentAdam Smith defined four types of fixed capital (which is characterized as that which affords a revenue or profit without circulating or changing masters). The four types were: 1) useful machines, instruments of the trade; 2) buildings as the means of procuring revenue; 3) improvements of land and 4) human capital (Sullivan and Steven, 2003). 'Human capital represents the knowledge, skills and abilities that make it possible for people to do their jobs. Human capital development is about recruiting, supporting and investing in people through education, training, coaching, mentoring, internships, organizational development and human resource management (LISC, 2009). Hu","PeriodicalId":41895,"journal":{"name":"South East Asian Journal of Management","volume":"4 1","pages":"17-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2016-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21002/SEAM.V4I1.5628","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68243848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. D. L. Villarmois, Christoper Benavent, Firmanzah Firmanzah
For any large complex organization the problem of ensuring its constituent activity in accordance with overall policy and, at the same time adapt to its environment, is a central and continuing concern. Thus, the fundamental question which must be answered is ‘what control mechanism can facilitate the adaptation process in the local market?’ In multinational corporations (MNCs), the control mechanism, imposed by headquarters, has an objective to integrate the subsidiaries’ activities to the global strategy. However, the presents on the local market necessitates the adaptation to the local environment characteristics. The objective of this paper is to contribute solving the dilemma between control and learning in an MNC. The interaction between control and learning process will be analyzed. The literature study leads us to develop a typology based on two factors: the stage of the learning process (knowledge production and mobilization) and its locus (local or global). The combination of these two factors provides four configurations. The control system produces knowledge, both locally and globally, which can be mobilized by the local or global units. A proposition to resolve our main problem is formulated. The combinations of these four configurations make it possible for an MNC to resolve the dilemma between control and learning. An application of this typology has been carried out by analyzing case studies of MNCs operating in Indonesia.
{"title":"Control and Organizational Learning in MNCs: an Analysis Through the Subsdiaries Sector","authors":"O. D. L. Villarmois, Christoper Benavent, Firmanzah Firmanzah","doi":"10.21002/SEAM.V2I2.5625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21002/SEAM.V2I2.5625","url":null,"abstract":"For any large complex organization the problem of ensuring its constituent activity in accordance with overall policy and, at the same time adapt to its environment, is a central and continuing concern. Thus, the fundamental question which must be answered is ‘what control mechanism can facilitate the adaptation process in the local market?’ In multinational corporations (MNCs), the control mechanism, imposed by headquarters, has an objective to integrate the subsidiaries’ activities to the global strategy. However, the presents on the local market necessitates the adaptation to the local environment characteristics. The objective of this paper is to contribute solving the dilemma between control and learning in an MNC. The interaction between control and learning process will be analyzed. The literature study leads us to develop a typology based on two factors: the stage of the learning process (knowledge production and mobilization) and its locus (local or global). The combination of these two factors provides four configurations. The control system produces knowledge, both locally and globally, which can be mobilized by the local or global units. A proposition to resolve our main problem is formulated. The combinations of these four configurations make it possible for an MNC to resolve the dilemma between control and learning. An application of this typology has been carried out by analyzing case studies of MNCs operating in Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":41895,"journal":{"name":"South East Asian Journal of Management","volume":"2 1","pages":"133-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2016-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21002/SEAM.V2I2.5625","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68243456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Influence of Promotion in Constructing Country's Perception, Autobiographical Memory, Emotional Bonding, and Visiting Intention","authors":"Jony Oktavian Haryanto","doi":"10.21002/SEAM.V3I2.5619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21002/SEAM.V3I2.5619","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41895,"journal":{"name":"South East Asian Journal of Management","volume":"3 1","pages":"83-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2016-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21002/SEAM.V3I2.5619","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68244015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Factors Influencing Purchase Preferences of Store Brands: Examples From Hypermarkets in Malaysia","authors":"N. C. Ha, S. L. S. A. Kadir, Choo Wee Li","doi":"10.21002/SEAM.V2I2.5624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21002/SEAM.V2I2.5624","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41895,"journal":{"name":"South East Asian Journal of Management","volume":"2 1","pages":"117-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2016-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21002/SEAM.V2I2.5624","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68243435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Management Style of Chinese Business Owners in the Chiang Rai Province of Thailand","authors":"J. Walsh, Sittichai Anantarangsi","doi":"10.21002/SEAM.V3I1.5615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21002/SEAM.V3I1.5615","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41895,"journal":{"name":"South East Asian Journal of Management","volume":"3 1","pages":"29-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2016-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68243678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IntroductionPartnerships and Success RatesIn order to survive in the long run, most organizations look for collaboration with other organizations. The types of partnerships may vary from open networks to mergers. In open networks the aim is often at co-innovation projects. In merger situations both organizations become integrated and loose their autonomy to a large extent. In between many other options can be chosen, such as alliances or joint ventures. As a result of changing motives partnerships can evolve over time (Ulrich et al., 2005; Grotenhuis and Kamminga, 2008).Just like in marriage, expectations are often very high, however, success rates prove to be disappointing. In case of mergers and acquisitions, less than 50% of the partnerships are referred to as a success (Lajoux, 1998). Nevertheless we witnessed an increase of the number of mergers and acquisitions, as well as an increasing value of the transactions over the past decades. Unfortunately, mergers and acquisitions often appear to be non-rational transactions.Reasons for success or failure can be divided to the pre-merger phase and the post-merger phase. During the pre-merger phase, financial or legal issues often make that parties do not come together. Sometimes personal issues, related to trust (Boersma, 1999), play a role. During the post-merger phase, most scientists indicate personal, cultural differences as the bottlenecks for a successful relationship (Tihanyi et al., 2005). Differences as such, however, do not necessarily play a huge role. The impact of differences depends on the degree of integration versus autonomy, and on the way the merger is being managed (Grotenhuis, 2001).Concluding, many partnerships are not very successful. Most studies aim at the pre-merger phase where legal and financial issues play a major role to explain reasons for success and failure. This paper provides insights in the post-merger integration phase. The focus is on different factors that influence the learning process in order to prevent similar mistakes and thus increase changes for success.From Courtmaking to Divorce?The metaphor of a marriage is being used on a frequent basis as people prepare everything for the wedding day itself and the ceremony. Parallel, organizations prepare a merger very careful during the due diligence stage. However, the moment the merger agreements have been signed, management often seems to think that business will continue as usual, although a new merger combination needs a lot of management attention to become a success (Haspeslagh and Jemison, 1991).Cartwright and Cooper (1992) identified different stages for M&A that are directly derived from marriage. The different stages are briefly characterized in the figure below.The parallel is evident: it is about people who have to find each other and to work together. Further, similar to mergers, many marriages are not successful either. It is about building trust, managing cultural differences, about managing expec
伙伴关系和成功率为了长期生存,大多数组织都寻求与其他组织的合作。伙伴关系的类型可以从开放网络到合并。在开放网络中,目标往往是共同创新项目。在合并的情况下,两个组织变得一体化,在很大程度上失去了自主性。在这两者之间,可以选择许多其他选择,例如联盟或合资企业。由于动机的改变,伙伴关系可以随着时间的推移而发展(Ulrich et al., 2005;Grotenhuis and Kamminga, 2008)。就像婚姻一样,期望往往很高,然而,成功率被证明是令人失望的。在并购的情况下,只有不到50%的合作伙伴关系被称为成功(Lajoux, 1998)。然而,在过去的几十年里,我们目睹了兼并和收购数量的增加,以及交易价值的增加。不幸的是,并购往往是非理性的交易。成功或失败的原因可以分为并购前阶段和并购后阶段。在合并前阶段,财务或法律问题往往使各方不能走到一起。有时,与信任有关的个人问题也会起作用(Boersma, 1999)。在合并后阶段,大多数科学家认为个人和文化差异是成功关系的瓶颈(Tihanyi et al., 2005)。然而,差异本身并不一定会发挥巨大作用。差异的影响取决于整合与自治的程度,以及管理合并的方式(Grotenhuis, 2001)。总之,许多伙伴关系并不十分成功。大多数研究的目标是前合并阶段,其中法律和财务问题发挥了主要作用,以解释成功和失败的原因。本文提供了对合并后集成阶段的见解。重点是影响学习过程的不同因素,以防止类似的错误,从而增加成功的变化。从上法庭到离婚?人们在为婚礼当天和婚礼仪式做准备时,经常使用“婚姻”这个比喻。同时,组织在尽职调查阶段非常谨慎地准备合并。然而,在合并协议签署的那一刻,管理层往往似乎认为业务将照常进行,尽管新的合并组合需要大量的管理层关注才能取得成功(哈斯斯拉格和杰米森,1991)。Cartwright和Cooper(1992)认为并购的不同阶段直接来源于婚姻。下图简要描述了不同的阶段。两者的相似之处很明显:这是关于人们必须找到彼此并共同努力的故事。此外,与合并类似,许多婚姻也不成功。它是关于建立信任,管理文化差异,管理期望,以及对双方的动机和愿望进行清晰的沟通。成功不是一个单一的结果或时间点,而是一个需要管理层关注的过程。经验的影响如同在婚姻中一样,要想成功,兼并需要小心地管理和监督。尤其是在合并后阶段,管理层的关注是至关重要的。大多数学者都认为,在整合不同组织时,需要主动管理(Bakker和Helmink, 2000)。此外,一些学者强调了在整合阶段利用尽职调查过程中的见解的相关性(Nolop, 2007)。然而,几乎没有任何研究调查(整合)管理者如何从以往的合并经验中学习。通常,集成经理在其职业生涯中只处理一两个合并。这很遗憾,因为他们的现场经验对于后续的集成过程非常有价值。…
{"title":"Successful Partnerships: A Matter of Experience?","authors":"F. Grotenhuis","doi":"10.21002/SEAM.V4I1.5629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21002/SEAM.V4I1.5629","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionPartnerships and Success RatesIn order to survive in the long run, most organizations look for collaboration with other organizations. The types of partnerships may vary from open networks to mergers. In open networks the aim is often at co-innovation projects. In merger situations both organizations become integrated and loose their autonomy to a large extent. In between many other options can be chosen, such as alliances or joint ventures. As a result of changing motives partnerships can evolve over time (Ulrich et al., 2005; Grotenhuis and Kamminga, 2008).Just like in marriage, expectations are often very high, however, success rates prove to be disappointing. In case of mergers and acquisitions, less than 50% of the partnerships are referred to as a success (Lajoux, 1998). Nevertheless we witnessed an increase of the number of mergers and acquisitions, as well as an increasing value of the transactions over the past decades. Unfortunately, mergers and acquisitions often appear to be non-rational transactions.Reasons for success or failure can be divided to the pre-merger phase and the post-merger phase. During the pre-merger phase, financial or legal issues often make that parties do not come together. Sometimes personal issues, related to trust (Boersma, 1999), play a role. During the post-merger phase, most scientists indicate personal, cultural differences as the bottlenecks for a successful relationship (Tihanyi et al., 2005). Differences as such, however, do not necessarily play a huge role. The impact of differences depends on the degree of integration versus autonomy, and on the way the merger is being managed (Grotenhuis, 2001).Concluding, many partnerships are not very successful. Most studies aim at the pre-merger phase where legal and financial issues play a major role to explain reasons for success and failure. This paper provides insights in the post-merger integration phase. The focus is on different factors that influence the learning process in order to prevent similar mistakes and thus increase changes for success.From Courtmaking to Divorce?The metaphor of a marriage is being used on a frequent basis as people prepare everything for the wedding day itself and the ceremony. Parallel, organizations prepare a merger very careful during the due diligence stage. However, the moment the merger agreements have been signed, management often seems to think that business will continue as usual, although a new merger combination needs a lot of management attention to become a success (Haspeslagh and Jemison, 1991).Cartwright and Cooper (1992) identified different stages for M&A that are directly derived from marriage. The different stages are briefly characterized in the figure below.The parallel is evident: it is about people who have to find each other and to work together. Further, similar to mergers, many marriages are not successful either. It is about building trust, managing cultural differences, about managing expec","PeriodicalId":41895,"journal":{"name":"South East Asian Journal of Management","volume":"4 1","pages":"29-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2016-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68243864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}