This study examined the effect of the Covid-19 health crisis on the volatility of sector-wise securities return listed in the Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE) and compared this volatility with the pre-pandemic context. This study focused on the Chittagong Stock Exchange because this bourse offers a platform for negotiability and transferability of securities to investors in Chittagong and also plays a significant role in capital mobilization and the industrial development of Bangladesh. A sample of 90 securities under 19 sectors listed in the CSE were examined. The trend analysis indicated that Bank, Food, Footwear, Leasing, Life Insurance, Electrical and Engineering and Mutual Funds had same level of volatility between the Pre-Covid and Post-Covid time periods. Only four sectors, including Energy, Telecommunication, General Insurance and Miscellaneous sectors displayed a higher Post-Covid volatility relative to the Pre-Covid context. The result indicated that volatility of return was not the same for 19 sectors in the CSE over the selected time period. The researcher discovered that high and low periods of deaths had a significant impact on weekly volatility of return on 19 sectors of the CSE. However, the difference in volatility of return across all sectors between the Pre-Covid and Post-Covid time periods were not statistically significant from each other. Keywords: volatility of return, stock market, covid-19
{"title":"Unparalleled Volatility in Sector-Wise Return in the Chittagong Stock Exchange: A Covid-19 Perspective","authors":"N. Jahan, Mohammad Nayeem Abdullah","doi":"10.24191/apmaj.v16i3-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/apmaj.v16i3-03","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the effect of the Covid-19 health crisis on the volatility of sector-wise securities return listed in the Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE) and compared this volatility with the pre-pandemic context. This study focused on the Chittagong Stock Exchange because this bourse offers a platform for negotiability and transferability of securities to investors in Chittagong and also plays a significant role in capital mobilization and the industrial development of Bangladesh. A sample of 90 securities under 19 sectors listed in the CSE were examined. The trend analysis indicated that Bank, Food, Footwear, Leasing, Life Insurance, Electrical and Engineering and Mutual Funds had same level of volatility between the Pre-Covid and Post-Covid time periods. Only four sectors, including Energy, Telecommunication, General Insurance and Miscellaneous sectors displayed a higher Post-Covid volatility relative to the Pre-Covid context. The result indicated that volatility of return was not the same for 19 sectors in the CSE over the selected time period. The researcher discovered that high and low periods of deaths had a significant impact on weekly volatility of return on 19 sectors of the CSE. However, the difference in volatility of return across all sectors between the Pre-Covid and Post-Covid time periods were not statistically significant from each other. Keywords: volatility of return, stock market, covid-19","PeriodicalId":41923,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44726894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Solichin, Zuraidah Mohd-Sanusi, R. Johari, Tri Gunarsih
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of professional scepticism, competence, and workload compression on an auditor's ability to detect potential fraud. This sample consisted of 149 government auditors from the Indonesian Local Government Inspectorate. Data was gathered through the use of a questionnaire and analysed using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. The findings revealed that internal attribution (professional scepticism and competency) have a significant impact on an auditor's ability to detect the possibility of fraud. Workload compression as an external attribution, did not have a meaningful influence on an auditor's ability to detect probable fraud. Workload reduction was also found to be ineffective in moderating the relationship between internal attribution and an auditor's ability to detect probable fraud. The findings can guide local governments in developing policies aimed at enhancing the role of government auditors in detecting fraud. Keywords: government auditors, professional skepticism, attribution, workload compression
{"title":"Effects of Professional Skepticism, Competency and Workload Compression on the Ability to Detect Possible Fraud among Government Auditors","authors":"M. Solichin, Zuraidah Mohd-Sanusi, R. Johari, Tri Gunarsih","doi":"10.24191/apmaj.v16i3-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/apmaj.v16i3-06","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of professional scepticism, competence, and workload compression on an auditor's ability to detect potential fraud. This sample consisted of 149 government auditors from the Indonesian Local Government Inspectorate. Data was gathered through the use of a questionnaire and analysed using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. The findings revealed that internal attribution (professional scepticism and competency) have a significant impact on an auditor's ability to detect the possibility of fraud. Workload compression as an external attribution, did not have a meaningful influence on an auditor's ability to detect probable fraud. Workload reduction was also found to be ineffective in moderating the relationship between internal attribution and an auditor's ability to detect probable fraud. The findings can guide local governments in developing policies aimed at enhancing the role of government auditors in detecting fraud. Keywords: government auditors, professional skepticism, attribution, workload compression","PeriodicalId":41923,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47075562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuni Nustini, Mohd Taufik Mohd Suffian, N. B. Zakaria, Zuraidah Mohd Sanusi, Wan Shahriah Wan Mohd Radzi
This study aimed to determine if capital market training, on-line facilities, social environment, and a minimum amount of investment affect Indonesian and Malaysian university-students’ decisions in investing in the capital markets of each country, as they are potential smart investors. Based on 229 respondents from both countries, a survey was conducted comprising 24 questions. Respondents were selected using they random sampling method. The results found that capital market training and on-line facilities were not factors that influenced university students’ decisions in Indonesia and Malaysia in making investment in the capital markets. The other two variables, social environment and a minimum amount of investment proved influential. The mediating variable, investment interest partially influenced the relationship between social environment and a minimum amount of investment-to-investment decision, but did not mediate capital market training and on-line facilities to the investment decision. Keywords: capital market training, on-line facilities, social environment, minimum amount of investment, university-students
{"title":"Do Capital Market Training, Online Facilities and Social Environment Matter in Investment Decision","authors":"Yuni Nustini, Mohd Taufik Mohd Suffian, N. B. Zakaria, Zuraidah Mohd Sanusi, Wan Shahriah Wan Mohd Radzi","doi":"10.24191/apmaj.v16i3-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/apmaj.v16i3-11","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to determine if capital market training, on-line facilities, social environment, and a minimum amount of investment affect Indonesian and Malaysian university-students’ decisions in investing in the capital markets of each country, as they are potential smart investors. Based on 229 respondents from both countries, a survey was conducted comprising 24 questions. Respondents were selected using they random sampling method. The results found that capital market training and on-line facilities were not factors that influenced university students’ decisions in Indonesia and Malaysia in making investment in the capital markets. The other two variables, social environment and a minimum amount of investment proved influential. The mediating variable, investment interest partially influenced the relationship between social environment and a minimum amount of investment-to-investment decision, but did not mediate capital market training and on-line facilities to the investment decision. Keywords: capital market training, on-line facilities, social environment, minimum amount of investment, university-students","PeriodicalId":41923,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48169751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Geetha Subramaniam, R. Rasiah, D. Selvaratnam, J. Ramachandran
ASEAN's strength stems from its diversity, which generates a plethora of diverse market opportunities. Over the last few decades, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has risen significantly as a major source of international capital transfer, but the COVID-19 pandemic had a detrimental effect on FDI flows, with the outlook for ASEAN remaining highly unpredictable and contingent on the length of the crisis, the efficacy of policy efforts to encourage investment and to mitigate the economic consequences of the pandemic. This study examines the long-run relationships and short-run dynamic interactions between FDI and its determinants comprising of market size, trade openness, stock market capitalisation and financial development over the period 1970 to 2019. The study applies the dynamic heterogeneous panel estimation techniques of Mean Group (MG), Pooled Mean Group (PMG) and Dynamic Fixed Effects (DFE) to analyse a set of macro panel data of the ASEAN-5 countries, to establish the possible relationships between these variables. An analysis of the results reveals the existence of a long-run causality between FDI and its predictors, indicated by the significant error correction terms for the models tested in this study. There is evidence that market size and stock market capitalization significantly contribute to FDI, with market size being the most dominant contributor. Interestingly, the study also reveals that trade openness and financial development are not significant in determining FDI in the selected countries. The study concludes with an examination of policy implications and also sheds some light on the outlook of FDI in ASEAN-5 post Covid 19. Keywords: foreign direct investment, financial development, pooled mean group, ASEAN-5
{"title":"Financial and Economic Factors Affecting Foreign Direct Investment - A Panel Estimation Study of the ASEAN-5 Countries","authors":"Geetha Subramaniam, R. Rasiah, D. Selvaratnam, J. Ramachandran","doi":"10.24191/apmaj.v16i3-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/apmaj.v16i3-05","url":null,"abstract":"ASEAN's strength stems from its diversity, which generates a plethora of diverse market opportunities. Over the last few decades, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has risen significantly as a major source of international capital transfer, but the COVID-19 pandemic had a detrimental effect on FDI flows, with the outlook for ASEAN remaining highly unpredictable and contingent on the length of the crisis, the efficacy of policy efforts to encourage investment and to mitigate the economic consequences of the pandemic. This study examines the long-run relationships and short-run dynamic interactions between FDI and its determinants comprising of market size, trade openness, stock market capitalisation and financial development over the period 1970 to 2019. The study applies the dynamic heterogeneous panel estimation techniques of Mean Group (MG), Pooled Mean Group (PMG) and Dynamic Fixed Effects (DFE) to analyse a set of macro panel data of the ASEAN-5 countries, to establish the possible relationships between these variables. An analysis of the results reveals the existence of a long-run causality between FDI and its predictors, indicated by the significant error correction terms for the models tested in this study. There is evidence that market size and stock market capitalization significantly contribute to FDI, with market size being the most dominant contributor. Interestingly, the study also reveals that trade openness and financial development are not significant in determining FDI in the selected countries. The study concludes with an examination of policy implications and also sheds some light on the outlook of FDI in ASEAN-5 post Covid 19. Keywords: foreign direct investment, financial development, pooled mean group, ASEAN-5","PeriodicalId":41923,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42722211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Jaleel, Sharifah Nazatul Faiza Syed Mustapha Nazri, Salwa Zolkaflil, N. Omar, Nur Aima Shafie
Money laundering has become a vast global concern, and the rates are growing. Hence, there is a need for a good preventive and monitoring mechanism that monitors suspicious transactions at the source. In Maldives, a Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) was introduced to gather, analyse, and provide financial intelligence report to law enforcement agencies to proceed with an investigation. The FIU plays a vital role in the Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Regime in successfully combat money laundering activities. Since the AML Regime in Maldives was established in 2014, there is a need to conduct a study to investigate the effectiveness of the FIU in combating money laundering in the Maldives. Based on questionnaires collected from 122 enforcement officers, findings show that reporting mechanisms significantly influence the effectiveness of the FIU. The legal framework and the role of the officer did not significantly influence the effectiveness of FIU. It shows that the competency of LEAs in combating money laundering in the Maldives is still low. Therefore, the government needs to enhance the awareness and competencies of enforcement officers in combating money laundering. Future research may conduct a comparative study to understand further the best reporting mechanism that can help enhance the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies. Keywords: financial intelligence unit, money laundering, reporting mechanism
{"title":"The Effectiveness of Maldives’ Financial Intelligence Unit in Combating Money Laundering","authors":"A. Jaleel, Sharifah Nazatul Faiza Syed Mustapha Nazri, Salwa Zolkaflil, N. Omar, Nur Aima Shafie","doi":"10.24191/apmaj.v16i3-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/apmaj.v16i3-16","url":null,"abstract":"Money laundering has become a vast global concern, and the rates are growing. Hence, there is a need for a good preventive and monitoring mechanism that monitors suspicious transactions at the source. In Maldives, a Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) was introduced to gather, analyse, and provide financial intelligence report to law enforcement agencies to proceed with an investigation. The FIU plays a vital role in the Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Regime in successfully combat money laundering activities. Since the AML Regime in Maldives was established in 2014, there is a need to conduct a study to investigate the effectiveness of the FIU in combating money laundering in the Maldives. Based on questionnaires collected from 122 enforcement officers, findings show that reporting mechanisms significantly influence the effectiveness of the FIU. The legal framework and the role of the officer did not significantly influence the effectiveness of FIU. It shows that the competency of LEAs in combating money laundering in the Maldives is still low. Therefore, the government needs to enhance the awareness and competencies of enforcement officers in combating money laundering. Future research may conduct a comparative study to understand further the best reporting mechanism that can help enhance the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies. Keywords: financial intelligence unit, money laundering, reporting mechanism","PeriodicalId":41923,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48520004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study tested the relationship between real earnings management and debt cost in Vietnam, a developing market. We used the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) Technique on a sample of 241 listed firms in Vietnam for 7 years from 2010 to 2016, with a total of 1687 observations collected. The regression result showed a positive association between real earnings management and cost of debt. The results of the study revealed that real earnings management is shown through the rising transactions and directly affected financial reports, thereby affecting creditors by affecting their cost of debt. This can be seen as the driving force for listed companies to increase the quality of their financial information. Our study only focussed on earnings manipulation through real earnings management (REM) to affect transaction costs in Vietnam. The research explains the relationship between managerial behavior (real earnings management) and direct influence on creditors' behavior (cost of debt capital). The result would give outside stakeholders an overall view about the usage of REM in Vietnamese listed firms, the reasonable action of investors, financial institutions, banks, etc on the debt market to reduce risk and the signal of warning for regulators and policy-makers. Keywords: real activities earnings management, cost of debt capital
{"title":"Does Real Earnings Management Explain Cost of Debt? Evidence from an Emerging Economy","authors":"Nguyen Vinh Khuong, N. Liem, Bui Thi Ngan Dung","doi":"10.24191/apmaj.v16i3-09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/apmaj.v16i3-09","url":null,"abstract":"This study tested the relationship between real earnings management and debt cost in Vietnam, a developing market. We used the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) Technique on a sample of 241 listed firms in Vietnam for 7 years from 2010 to 2016, with a total of 1687 observations collected. The regression result showed a positive association between real earnings management and cost of debt. The results of the study revealed that real earnings management is shown through the rising transactions and directly affected financial reports, thereby affecting creditors by affecting their cost of debt. This can be seen as the driving force for listed companies to increase the quality of their financial information. Our study only focussed on earnings manipulation through real earnings management (REM) to affect transaction costs in Vietnam. The research explains the relationship between managerial behavior (real earnings management) and direct influence on creditors' behavior (cost of debt capital). The result would give outside stakeholders an overall view about the usage of REM in Vietnamese listed firms, the reasonable action of investors, financial institutions, banks, etc on the debt market to reduce risk and the signal of warning for regulators and policy-makers. Keywords: real activities earnings management, cost of debt capital","PeriodicalId":41923,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48720256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research studied the impact of internal control on financial performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in an emerging economy. The studying framework was derived from the Agency Theory to examine the relationship between internal control and organizational performance in SMEs. The paper used a survey and non-probability sampling and applied regression analysis to assess this effect on SMEs in Hanoi, Vietnam. Internal control consisted of five elements (including control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication systems, and monitoring activities) by COSO. SME’s performance was measured by ROA primarily. This research analyzed data using SPSS and SmartPLS softwares. Using a sample of 94 respondents, the results show that the control environment which is a dimension of internal control has a positive influence on the performance of SMEs in this case. Other dimensions of internal control that are control activities, information and communication system, risk assessment, and monitoring activities showed insignificant impacts on performance of SMEs but the results still give some meaningful insights for SMEs in Vietnam. The results of this paper provide practical insights on the role of internal control for researchers and business managers. Keywords: internal control, performance, small and medium-sized enterprises
{"title":"The Impact of Internal Control on Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in an Emerging Economy","authors":"Nguyen To Tam, L. Tuan","doi":"10.24191/apmaj.v16i2-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/apmaj.v16i2-13","url":null,"abstract":"This research studied the impact of internal control on financial performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in an emerging economy. The studying framework was derived from the Agency Theory to examine the relationship between internal control and organizational performance in SMEs. The paper used a survey and non-probability sampling and applied regression analysis to assess this effect on SMEs in Hanoi, Vietnam. Internal control consisted of five elements (including control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication systems, and monitoring activities) by COSO. SME’s performance was measured by ROA primarily. This research analyzed data using SPSS and SmartPLS softwares. Using a sample of 94 respondents, the results show that the control environment which is a dimension of internal control has a positive influence on the performance of SMEs in this case. Other dimensions of internal control that are control activities, information and communication system, risk assessment, and monitoring activities showed insignificant impacts on performance of SMEs but the results still give some meaningful insights for SMEs in Vietnam. The results of this paper provide practical insights on the role of internal control for researchers and business managers. Keywords: internal control, performance, small and medium-sized enterprises","PeriodicalId":41923,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42168462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The diversity of a board provides good information for decision-making. In addition, having individuals from different backgrounds and having unique knowledge sets, experiences and skills lead to better governance. The objective of this study was to investigate trends of diversity in the boardroom in publicly listed Malaysian companies. The study was conducted on a sample of 337 companies listed on Bursa Malaysia with 674 observations from 2015 & 2016. The findings show that the diversity of boards with respect to gender, age, education, and ethnicity is beneficial. Most corporations prefer to appoint men to the board of directors. The results of the study show that when it comes to age and ethnicity, diversity becomes a priority for companies to compete in the open market. In addition, the findings indicate that knowledge, which is related to education and qualifications, is a very important element for sitting in the boardroom. In addition, education, diversity has a positive significance in a family firm. Family members need to be better qualified to ensure that the company is able to survive in the market for longer periods. Keywords: board diversity, family firm, education diversity, age diversity
{"title":"Trends of Board Diversity: Who Sits in a Boardroom?","authors":"Syaiful Baharee Jaafar, Mohd Mohid Rahmat","doi":"10.24191/apmaj.v16i2-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/apmaj.v16i2-05","url":null,"abstract":"The diversity of a board provides good information for decision-making. In addition, having individuals from different backgrounds and having unique knowledge sets, experiences and skills lead to better governance. The objective of this study was to investigate trends of diversity in the boardroom in publicly listed Malaysian companies. The study was conducted on a sample of 337 companies listed on Bursa Malaysia with 674 observations from 2015 & 2016. The findings show that the diversity of boards with respect to gender, age, education, and ethnicity is beneficial. Most corporations prefer to appoint men to the board of directors. The results of the study show that when it comes to age and ethnicity, diversity becomes a priority for companies to compete in the open market. In addition, the findings indicate that knowledge, which is related to education and qualifications, is a very important element for sitting in the boardroom. In addition, education, diversity has a positive significance in a family firm. Family members need to be better qualified to ensure that the company is able to survive in the market for longer periods. Keywords: board diversity, family firm, education diversity, age diversity","PeriodicalId":41923,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41724281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nur Farhana Mohd Zaharon, MazurinaMohd Ali, Suhaily Hasnan
The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting awareness of phishing among Generation Y in Malaysia. Specifically, this study identified three factors that may influence awareness of phishing by applying the Theory of Technology Threat Avoidance. The factors are social engineering, anti-phishing knowledge, and security concern. Data was collected through a questionnaire survey. This study found that all the factors significantly influenced awareness of phishing among Generation Y in Malaysia. The findings of this study provide a further understanding of the factors that affect awareness of phishing. This study would benefit the public, especially Generation Y, the government, and all types of businesses, including financial institutions, by raising awareness of phishing and reducing phishing attacks. Keywords: phishing, Generation Y, social engineering, anti-phishing knowledge, security concern
{"title":"Factors Affecting Awareness of Phishing Among Generation Y","authors":"Nur Farhana Mohd Zaharon, MazurinaMohd Ali, Suhaily Hasnan","doi":"10.24191/apmaj.v16i2-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/apmaj.v16i2-15","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting awareness of phishing among Generation Y in Malaysia. Specifically, this study identified three factors that may influence awareness of phishing by applying the Theory of Technology Threat Avoidance. The factors are social engineering, anti-phishing knowledge, and security concern. Data was collected through a questionnaire survey. This study found that all the factors significantly influenced awareness of phishing among Generation Y in Malaysia. The findings of this study provide a further understanding of the factors that affect awareness of phishing. This study would benefit the public, especially Generation Y, the government, and all types of businesses, including financial institutions, by raising awareness of phishing and reducing phishing attacks. Keywords: phishing, Generation Y, social engineering, anti-phishing knowledge, security concern","PeriodicalId":41923,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41693418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an important source of external financing and an important factor for the economic development of a country. FDI is highly important especially for developing countries as it brings modern technologies and management skills in addition to narrowing the financial gaps. In this sense the knowledge of what determines FDI will have a tremendous significance. With the objective of empirically determining the long-run and short-run relationships between financial development, trade openness and FDI inflows in Ethiopia this study employed the ARDL model. The findings indicated that private sector credit, M2 and trade openness have a positive and significant influence on FDI inflows in the long-run while M2, and trade openness has a positive and significant influence on FDI in the short-run too. Current period private sector credit had no impact on FDI while the one period lag of it has a positive significant effect on FDI. Likewise, the causality test results disclose the presence of bi-directional causal relationships between private sector credit and FDI, and between M2 and trade openness. Furthermore, the findings indicate a one direction Granger cause from M2 to FDI. Policy makers are advised to consider trade openness and financial development measures in their quest for more FDI inflow. Keywords: FDI, trade openness, financial development, ARDL, Ethiopia
{"title":"The Dynamic Link Between Financial Development, Trade Openness and Foreign Direct Investment: Empirical Evidence from Ethiopia","authors":"Mekuanent Tesega","doi":"10.24191/apmaj.v16i2-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/apmaj.v16i2-07","url":null,"abstract":"Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an important source of external financing and an important factor for the economic development of a country. FDI is highly important especially for developing countries as it brings modern technologies and management skills in addition to narrowing the financial gaps. In this sense the knowledge of what determines FDI will have a tremendous significance. With the objective of empirically determining the long-run and short-run relationships between financial development, trade openness and FDI inflows in Ethiopia this study employed the ARDL model. The findings indicated that private sector credit, M2 and trade openness have a positive and significant influence on FDI inflows in the long-run while M2, and trade openness has a positive and significant influence on FDI in the short-run too. Current period private sector credit had no impact on FDI while the one period lag of it has a positive significant effect on FDI. Likewise, the causality test results disclose the presence of bi-directional causal relationships between private sector credit and FDI, and between M2 and trade openness. Furthermore, the findings indicate a one direction Granger cause from M2 to FDI. Policy makers are advised to consider trade openness and financial development measures in their quest for more FDI inflow. Keywords: FDI, trade openness, financial development, ARDL, Ethiopia","PeriodicalId":41923,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47561942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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