Carlo Sorrentino, L. Solito, L. Materassi, S. Pezzoli
The COVID-19 pandemic has monopolized communication and media information for months, becoming the first global social fact in the digital age. In a new and redefined communicative space, characterized by the pervasive presence of digital media, each information source needs to establish a specific positioning strategy in the crowded communication field. The article aims at investigating the impact of those processes on the production, spread and use of institutional information. It focuses the attention on the “communicative behaviors” of 12 Italian institutional, political and media players, analyzing their contents’ production, the intensity and characteristics of this production and the communicative resources they used in managing their Facebook pages/profiles. In order to outline the players’ digital strategies and to frame their positioning in the public sphere, different metrics were analyzed and the possible and meaningful connections among the different players and strategies were considered. From this study, a dense interweaving of voices seems to emerge, attesting the complexity of the communicative space, but also the “functionality” of each voice in a sort of inter-relational attitude.
{"title":"L’intreccio delle influenze.","authors":"Carlo Sorrentino, L. Solito, L. Materassi, S. Pezzoli","doi":"10.36253/cambio-11490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/cambio-11490","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has monopolized communication and media information for months, becoming the first global social fact in the digital age. \u0000In a new and redefined communicative space, characterized by the pervasive presence of digital media, each information source needs to establish a specific positioning strategy in the crowded communication field. The article aims at investigating the impact of those processes on the production, spread and use of institutional information. It focuses the attention on the “communicative behaviors” of 12 Italian institutional, political and media players, analyzing their contents’ production, the intensity and characteristics of this production and the communicative resources they used in managing their Facebook pages/profiles. In order to outline the players’ digital strategies and to frame their positioning in the public sphere, different metrics were analyzed and the possible and meaningful connections among the different players and strategies were considered. From this study, a dense interweaving of voices seems to emerge, attesting the complexity of the communicative space, but also the “functionality” of each voice in a sort of inter-relational attitude.","PeriodicalId":41955,"journal":{"name":"Cambio-Rivista sulle Trasformazioni Sociali","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76355216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract della redazione: In the social sciences literature the expressions ‘random sample’ and ‘representative sample’ are often used improperly and sometimes even interchangeably by students who seem to think that sample is representative in so far, and because, it is random. In this essay I shall discuss the proper use of ‘random’, ‘representative’ and related terms, and I shall argue that no logic nexus exists between the two concepts, nor does any causal relationship between the two sets of phenomena. The analysis begins with the term that raises the most annoying problems, and accordingly is less explored in the literature, viz, ‘representativeness’.
{"title":"Representative Samples, Random Sampling","authors":"A. Marradi","doi":"10.36253/cambio-12691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/cambio-12691","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract della redazione: \u0000In the social sciences literature the expressions ‘random sample’ and ‘representative sample’ are often used improperly and sometimes even interchangeably by students who seem to think that sample is representative in so far, and because, it is random. \u0000In this essay I shall discuss the proper use of ‘random’, ‘representative’ and related terms, and I shall argue that no logic nexus exists between the two concepts, nor does any causal relationship between the two sets of phenomena. The analysis begins with the term that raises the most annoying problems, and accordingly is less explored in the literature, viz, ‘representativeness’.","PeriodicalId":41955,"journal":{"name":"Cambio-Rivista sulle Trasformazioni Sociali","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80202288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The social sciences have been investigating the processes of public opinion formation since the second half of the 19th century. From Tocqueville to Le Bon, from Toennies to Allport, from Lazarsfeld to Habermas, from Niklas Luhmann to Pierre Bourdieu, from Noelle-Neumann to Landowski. Among these authors, Lippmann stands out for his theoretical-practical orientation that anticipated themes and methodologies. Exactly one hundred years ago, in his best-known work Public Opinion (Lippmann 1922) he had opened the way to the inevitability of the construction of a world 'beyond the real', through the concept of 'pseudo-environment'. The need for representation determines 'pseudo-environments', interstitial realities made up of stereotyped images and contents that the public interprets to construct shared imaginaries that do not adhere to reality: “The world outside and the picture in your head” (Lippmann 1992: 3). Pseudo-environments enable decision-making and action, reducing complexity (Luhmann e De Giorgi 1992). This phenomenon anticipates the paradigm of hyper-reality, in the sense of Braudillard (1985), but also that of Second Life and the Meta-verse in the sense of Stephenson (1992). Starting from Lippmann’s vision, this proposed paper intends to recontextualize his thought in the light of the most recent theories of communication.
自19世纪下半叶以来，社会科学一直在研究舆论形成的过程。从托克维尔到勒邦，从托尼到奥尔波特，从拉扎斯菲尔德到哈贝马斯，从卢曼到布迪厄，从诺埃尔-诺伊曼到兰多斯基。在这些作者中，李普曼以其预测主题和方法的理论-实践取向而脱颖而出。整整一百年前，在他最著名的著作《舆论》(Lippmann 1922)中，他通过“伪环境”的概念，为“超越现实”的世界的不可避免性的构建开辟了道路。对再现的需求决定了“伪环境”，即由刻板印象和内容组成的间隙现实，公众将其解释为构建不符合现实的共享想象:“外部世界和你脑海中的画面”(Lippmann 1992: 3)。伪环境使决策和行动成为可能，降低了复杂性(Luhmann e De Giorgi 1992)。这一现象预示着超现实的范式，在布劳迪亚(1985)的意义上，也是第二人生和斯蒂芬森(1992)的意义上的元宇宙。本文从李普曼的视角出发，结合最新的传播理论，对他的思想进行重新语境化。
{"title":"From the Pseudo-environment to the Meta-verse","authors":"S. D’Alessandro","doi":"10.36253/cambio-13251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/cambio-13251","url":null,"abstract":"The social sciences have been investigating the processes of public opinion formation since the second half of the 19th century. From Tocqueville to Le Bon, from Toennies to Allport, from Lazarsfeld to Habermas, from Niklas Luhmann to Pierre Bourdieu, from Noelle-Neumann to Landowski. Among these authors, Lippmann stands out for his theoretical-practical orientation that anticipated themes and methodologies. Exactly one hundred years ago, in his best-known work Public Opinion (Lippmann 1922) he had opened the way to the inevitability of the construction of a world 'beyond the real', through the concept of 'pseudo-environment'. \u0000The need for representation determines 'pseudo-environments', interstitial realities made up of stereotyped images and contents that the public interprets to construct shared imaginaries that do not adhere to reality: “The world outside and the picture in your head” (Lippmann 1992: 3). \u0000Pseudo-environments enable decision-making and action, reducing complexity (Luhmann e De Giorgi 1992). This phenomenon anticipates the paradigm of hyper-reality, in the sense of Braudillard (1985), but also that of Second Life and the Meta-verse in the sense of Stephenson (1992). \u0000Starting from Lippmann’s vision, this proposed paper intends to recontextualize his thought in the light of the most recent theories of communication. ","PeriodicalId":41955,"journal":{"name":"Cambio-Rivista sulle Trasformazioni Sociali","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86554492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since some decades professionalism is profoundly changed and traditional approaches have now become insufficient to understand its developments, as mono-dimensional. During the 20th century many professions have been employed within organizational contexts, causing a bureaucratization and standardization of many professional activities. Organizations have become one of the main places in which professional practices take place and professionalism can no longer be considered a «third logic», different from market and bureaucracy (Freidson 2001). Pervasiveness of organizations in professional sphere has also led to the conceptualization of a new kind of «occupational professionalism» (Evetts 2006, 2011, 2014). The paper proposes a systemic perspective to the professions analysis within the organizational contexts, according to which the professional competence plays a pivotal role. The study focuses on social field and particularly on local systems of measures against poverty, providing the findings of a case-study conducted in Italy. Professional competences assumes a key role, as their exercise is currently affecting the redefinition of contents and strategies of social interventions, in the delicate balance between the consolidated settings (locally developed in heterogeneous way) and the orientation towards the administrative re-centralization at national level, within a common community framework.
{"title":"The Contribution of Professional Competence in Social Services Development: a Systemic Perspective","authors":"M. Castro","doi":"10.36253/cambio-10491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/cambio-10491","url":null,"abstract":"Since some decades professionalism is profoundly changed and traditional approaches have now become insufficient to understand its developments, as mono-dimensional. During the 20th century many professions have been employed within organizational contexts, causing a bureaucratization and standardization of many professional activities. Organizations have become one of the main places in which professional practices take place and professionalism can no longer be considered a «third logic», different from market and bureaucracy (Freidson 2001). Pervasiveness of organizations in professional sphere has also led to the conceptualization of a new kind of «occupational professionalism» (Evetts 2006, 2011, 2014). \u0000The paper proposes a systemic perspective to the professions analysis within the organizational contexts, according to which the professional competence plays a pivotal role. The study focuses on social field and particularly on local systems of measures against poverty, providing the findings of a case-study conducted in Italy. Professional competences assumes a key role, as their exercise is currently affecting the redefinition of contents and strategies of social interventions, in the delicate balance between the consolidated settings (locally developed in heterogeneous way) and the orientation towards the administrative re-centralization at national level, within a common community framework.","PeriodicalId":41955,"journal":{"name":"Cambio-Rivista sulle Trasformazioni Sociali","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84043970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay explores the semantics of the term “informal economy” and, in particular, the relation between the two words. It shows how this subject is anything but something with no form and no structure. Moreover, it reflects on the historical relations between this type of economy and the cyclical transformations of capital. Informal economy is seen as a buffer that makes such changes both socially bearable and symbolically necessary – in order to produce alliances between classes and mobilize different sentiments in given circumstances. The example of (neo-)populism(s), especially in a Southern Italian city (Messina), is provided and shortly discussed. Finally, it advocates descriptions of the phenomenon that unfold the substantial overlapping of what is official and “secret”, and is in fact part of the experience of millions of people in an endlessly changing world.
{"title":"Un cuscinetto chiamato informalità. Politiche, simboli e materialità di un “segreto”","authors":"Pietro Saitta","doi":"10.36253/cambio-10825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/cambio-10825","url":null,"abstract":"This essay explores the semantics of the term “informal economy” and, in particular, the relation between the two words. It shows how this subject is anything but something with no form and no structure. Moreover, it reflects on the historical relations between this type of economy and the cyclical transformations of capital. Informal economy is seen as a buffer that makes such changes both socially bearable and symbolically necessary – in order to produce alliances between classes and mobilize different sentiments in given circumstances. The example of (neo-)populism(s), especially in a Southern Italian city (Messina), is provided and shortly discussed. Finally, it advocates descriptions of the phenomenon that unfold the substantial overlapping of what is official and “secret”, and is in fact part of the experience of millions of people in an endlessly changing world.","PeriodicalId":41955,"journal":{"name":"Cambio-Rivista sulle Trasformazioni Sociali","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83281854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Politics in many Western democracies have become increasingly personalized; as a consequence, the individual personalities of voters and their social identity are now essential in order to understand political choices. This essay explores the role of social and personal identity, by relating such factors as one’s family, occupation, class consciousness, religion, and personality in general to political choices in order to understand the recent cultural changes in the political scenarios in Italy and Argentina. This research is based on almost 7,000 face-to-face interviews collected between Italy and Argentina from 2014 to 2020.
{"title":"Identity and politics in Italy and Argentina","authors":"C. Mariotti, A. Marradi","doi":"10.36253/cambio-11242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/cambio-11242","url":null,"abstract":"Politics in many Western democracies have become increasingly personalized; as a consequence, the individual personalities of voters and their social identity are now essential in order to understand political choices. This essay explores the role of social and personal identity, by relating such factors as one’s family, occupation, class consciousness, religion, and personality in general to political choices in order to understand the recent cultural changes in the political scenarios in Italy and Argentina. This research is based on almost 7,000 face-to-face interviews collected between Italy and Argentina from 2014 to 2020.","PeriodicalId":41955,"journal":{"name":"Cambio-Rivista sulle Trasformazioni Sociali","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75048369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current diversity and anti-discrimination policies are the result of intended and non-intended long-term social movements and changes. This implicates informalisation processes as well as formalisation processes of organizations, in which sexism, racism, homophobia etc. are blamed and fought. In this context, the presented EU-Project SPRYNG consists of several data about the cognitive structure as well as the awareness of discrimination in order to support organizational diversity learning. Based on The Established and Outsiders and the process-theoretical debate on diminishing power differences, informality and equality, the paper presents a snapshot of discrimination in educational organizations (schools) and society. The data (survey and expert interviews) give insights into the perception of discrimination. As part of organizational change processes, these collected data supported the discussion about “sensitive and good school culture”. The paper reports about the results, pitfalls and theoretical implications of anti-discrimination politics in the area of education as part of organizational integration politics.
{"title":"Anti-discrimination and diversity at school. Findings from the evaluation of an organizational implementation process","authors":"Stefanie Ernst","doi":"10.36253/cambio-11574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/cambio-11574","url":null,"abstract":"Current diversity and anti-discrimination policies are the result of intended and non-intended long-term social movements and changes. This implicates informalisation processes as well as formalisation processes of organizations, in which sexism, racism, homophobia etc. are blamed and fought. In this context, the presented EU-Project SPRYNG consists of several data about the cognitive structure as well as the awareness of discrimination in order to support organizational diversity learning. Based on The Established and Outsiders and the process-theoretical debate on diminishing power differences, informality and equality, the paper presents a snapshot of discrimination in educational organizations (schools) and society. The data (survey and expert interviews) give insights into the perception of discrimination. As part of organizational change processes, these collected data supported the discussion about “sensitive and good school culture”. The paper reports about the results, pitfalls and theoretical implications of anti-discrimination politics in the area of education as part of organizational integration politics.","PeriodicalId":41955,"journal":{"name":"Cambio-Rivista sulle Trasformazioni Sociali","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88546804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ecologia sociale. La società dopo la pandemia, di Ambrogio Santambrogio","authors":"Emanuela Susca","doi":"10.36253/cambio-12368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/cambio-12368","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>.</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":41955,"journal":{"name":"Cambio-Rivista sulle Trasformazioni Sociali","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73571431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper intends to propose a critical examination of some of the theoretical orientations that have most characterized the debate on the informal economy in recent years. The reflection will take welfare regimes as a research field for analyzing the impact of informality on institutional systems. The paper will be divided into two parts. In the first one, structuralist, geographical and governmental approaches to informality will be discussed, showing some theoretical limits in their interpretation of the plurality of social practices and institutional change. In the second part, some indications will be proposed on how to understand the role of informality on institutional systems starting with a review of some Gramscian notions relating to the problems of normativity and historical change.
{"title":"Il governo dell’informale come problema di egemonia","authors":"A. De Nicola","doi":"10.36253/cambio-10799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/cambio-10799","url":null,"abstract":"This paper intends to propose a critical examination of some of the theoretical orientations that have most characterized the debate on the informal economy in recent years. The reflection will take welfare regimes as a research field for analyzing the impact of informality on institutional systems. The paper will be divided into two parts. In the first one, structuralist, geographical and governmental approaches to informality will be discussed, showing some theoretical limits in their interpretation of the plurality of social practices and institutional change. In the second part, some indications will be proposed on how to understand the role of informality on institutional systems starting with a review of some Gramscian notions relating to the problems of normativity and historical change.","PeriodicalId":41955,"journal":{"name":"Cambio-Rivista sulle Trasformazioni Sociali","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86557066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Informal housing includes the range of practices associated with producing or occupying residential spaces which falls beyond formal systems of urban planning. In this field it is complicated recognize what is legal or illegal and informal self-building and social innovation coexist with urban crime. On the one hand, informal housing is an opportunity for counter-movements against marketisation of the housing sector (squatting, self-construction, grassroots neighbourhood organisations). On the other hand, in the informal housing we can find urban crime, including organised crime groups, which control over the territory, occupy public housing, and manage public housing building. Massive urban security policies tackled informal space through segregation, surveillance, and punitive initiatives. Here the accusation of “mafia” has intensity the criminalisation of urban poverty, and the complexity of socio-spatial inequality is confused under the penal repression. The essay tries to deepen this ambivalence by looking at the outskirts of Rome and, in particular, at the relationship between informal housing in neighbourhoods with public housing complexes, with a high concentration of socio-economic disadvantage and high criminal density.
{"title":"Abitare informale e regolazione violenta. Disagio abitativo e reti criminali ai margini della Capitale","authors":"V. Martone","doi":"10.36253/cambio-10842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/cambio-10842","url":null,"abstract":"Informal housing includes the range of practices associated with producing or occupying residential spaces which falls beyond formal systems of urban planning. In this field it is complicated recognize what is legal or illegal and informal self-building and social innovation coexist with urban crime. On the one hand, informal housing is an opportunity for counter-movements against marketisation of the housing sector (squatting, self-construction, grassroots neighbourhood organisations). On the other hand, in the informal housing we can find urban crime, including organised crime groups, which control over the territory, occupy public housing, and manage public housing building. Massive urban security policies tackled informal space through segregation, surveillance, and punitive initiatives. Here the accusation of “mafia” has intensity the criminalisation of urban poverty, and the complexity of socio-spatial inequality is confused under the penal repression. The essay tries to deepen this ambivalence by looking at the outskirts of Rome and, in particular, at the relationship between informal housing in neighbourhoods with public housing complexes, with a high concentration of socio-economic disadvantage and high criminal density.","PeriodicalId":41955,"journal":{"name":"Cambio-Rivista sulle Trasformazioni Sociali","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87876455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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