The present article draws together two seemingly irreconcilable threads: firstly, the perceived and stereotyped violent, retrograde and inward-looking northern Scot and, secondly, the lettered world of humanist Europeans on the move as encapsulated in the tradition of alba amicorum (friendship albums). By reconciling these seemingly antinomic worlds of northern Scotland and humanist, scholarly culture, alba help redefine and nuance these Highlanders' and northern Scots' identity, culture, and character, which are more in line with these qualities associated with the world of alba, attesting to this group of Scottish northerners' integration into the intellectual and humanist networks then present in Europe. For these individuals, theirs was a Gaelic and/or Scots culture and its appreciation which was complemented with an awareness of and a thirst for a Latinate and Classical culture and an openness to a European and word culture, by playing tourist on the Continent and being receptive to this new and foreign environment. Far from being impervious to other cultures, they opened themselves to these and welcomed foreign visitors. The roles were reversed and, in turn, they acted as guides to these tourists visiting Scotland and their communities. Through alba, it is possible to gain a better understanding of early tourism in Scotland and of tourist sites in northern Scotland, putting them not only in a national context but also an international framework.
{"title":"Scottish Northerners in <i>Alba Amicorum</i>, <i>c</i>. 1540–<i>c</i>. 1720","authors":"Thomas Brochard","doi":"10.3366/jshs.2023.0367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2023.0367","url":null,"abstract":"The present article draws together two seemingly irreconcilable threads: firstly, the perceived and stereotyped violent, retrograde and inward-looking northern Scot and, secondly, the lettered world of humanist Europeans on the move as encapsulated in the tradition of alba amicorum (friendship albums). By reconciling these seemingly antinomic worlds of northern Scotland and humanist, scholarly culture, alba help redefine and nuance these Highlanders' and northern Scots' identity, culture, and character, which are more in line with these qualities associated with the world of alba, attesting to this group of Scottish northerners' integration into the intellectual and humanist networks then present in Europe. For these individuals, theirs was a Gaelic and/or Scots culture and its appreciation which was complemented with an awareness of and a thirst for a Latinate and Classical culture and an openness to a European and word culture, by playing tourist on the Continent and being receptive to this new and foreign environment. Far from being impervious to other cultures, they opened themselves to these and welcomed foreign visitors. The roles were reversed and, in turn, they acted as guides to these tourists visiting Scotland and their communities. Through alba, it is possible to gain a better understanding of early tourism in Scotland and of tourist sites in northern Scotland, putting them not only in a national context but also an international framework.","PeriodicalId":41986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scottish Historical Studies","volume":"199 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135510079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drawing on extensive newspaper accounts of reform processions this article seeks to analyse the portraits, caricatures and other representations of political leaders carried on such occasions. By emphasising the respectability of their leaders through formal portraits, radicals lent a respectable air to proceedings, as if their public actions were sanctioned by these respected men. These portraits also created connections between the marchers and parliament, with captions below portraits cementing the national focus of these local activities. Equally, though, these formal portrayals of political leaders were drawn into wider ideologies of freedom, unity, and resistance to tyranny. Consistent through each of these representations was an attempt to draw upon the gentleman leader for legitimacy, relating local acts to a unified national political movement. Less formal images in the form of cartoons also drew political leaders into these ideologies, placing them in sometimes quite elaborate and highly symbolic situations.
{"title":"Veneration and Mockery: Images of Gentlemen Leaders within the Material Culture of Scottish Radical Procession 1832–1884","authors":"Sonny Angus","doi":"10.3366/jshs.2023.0368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2023.0368","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing on extensive newspaper accounts of reform processions this article seeks to analyse the portraits, caricatures and other representations of political leaders carried on such occasions. By emphasising the respectability of their leaders through formal portraits, radicals lent a respectable air to proceedings, as if their public actions were sanctioned by these respected men. These portraits also created connections between the marchers and parliament, with captions below portraits cementing the national focus of these local activities. Equally, though, these formal portrayals of political leaders were drawn into wider ideologies of freedom, unity, and resistance to tyranny. Consistent through each of these representations was an attempt to draw upon the gentleman leader for legitimacy, relating local acts to a unified national political movement. Less formal images in the form of cartoons also drew political leaders into these ideologies, placing them in sometimes quite elaborate and highly symbolic situations.","PeriodicalId":41986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scottish Historical Studies","volume":"15 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135455748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"R. J. Morris: An Appreciation","authors":"Stana Nenadic","doi":"10.3366/jshs.2023.0370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2023.0370","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scottish Historical Studies","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135455901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On 7 September 1921 a meeting of the United Kingdom’s Cabinet took place outside London for the first time. Besides being remarkable for that reason, the session at Inverness in Scotland was also significant for the future of relationships between Britain and Ireland. Prime Minister Lloyd George was at the height of his career and convened it largely in an effort to advance negotiations with the Irish. He hoped that a peace conference might begin at Inverness later that month. Crowds converged on Inverness Town House for the historic and dramatic Cabinet meeting. Republican couriers ferried messages to and from Éamon de Valera, president of the revolutionary Sinn Féin parliament in Dublin. Some UK government ministers complained about the long round trip from London to Scotland by train. The article analyses the significance of what happened that month, and how an ambiguous form of words that Lloyd George dubbed the ‘Inverness formula’ avoided deadlock and allowed a full Irish peace conference to begin in London in October. This led to the signing of an agreement for a proposed Anglo-Irish Treaty in December 1921.
1921年9月7日，英国内阁第一次在伦敦郊外召开会议。除此之外，在苏格兰因弗内斯举行的会议对英国和爱尔兰关系的未来也具有重要意义。英国首相劳合·乔治(Lloyd George)当时正处于事业的巅峰，他召集这次会议主要是为了推进与爱尔兰的谈判。他希望当月晚些时候能在因弗内斯召开一次和平会议。人群聚集在因弗内斯镇的房子，参加这个历史性的、戏剧性的内阁会议。共和党籍的信使在都柏林议会为革命新芬党主席Éamon de Valera传递信息。一些英国政府部长抱怨从伦敦到苏格兰坐火车往返时间太长。这篇文章分析了那个月发生的事情的重要性，以及劳埃德·乔治(Lloyd George)称之为“因弗内斯公式”(Inverness formula)的模棱两可的措辞如何避免了僵局，并使10月在伦敦召开了一次全面的爱尔兰和平会议。这导致在1921年12月签署了一项拟议中的《英爱条约》。
{"title":"The ‘Inverness Formula’: Lloyd George, Ireland and the First UK Cabinet Meeting outside London","authors":"Colum Kenny","doi":"10.3366/jshs.2023.0369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2023.0369","url":null,"abstract":"On 7 September 1921 a meeting of the United Kingdom’s Cabinet took place outside London for the first time. Besides being remarkable for that reason, the session at Inverness in Scotland was also significant for the future of relationships between Britain and Ireland. Prime Minister Lloyd George was at the height of his career and convened it largely in an effort to advance negotiations with the Irish. He hoped that a peace conference might begin at Inverness later that month. Crowds converged on Inverness Town House for the historic and dramatic Cabinet meeting. Republican couriers ferried messages to and from Éamon de Valera, president of the revolutionary Sinn Féin parliament in Dublin. Some UK government ministers complained about the long round trip from London to Scotland by train. The article analyses the significance of what happened that month, and how an ambiguous form of words that Lloyd George dubbed the ‘Inverness formula’ avoided deadlock and allowed a full Irish peace conference to begin in London in October. This led to the signing of an agreement for a proposed Anglo-Irish Treaty in December 1921.","PeriodicalId":41986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scottish Historical Studies","volume":"25 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135510558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nashon Budy Budi, John Akumu Orondo, S. Okuro, George Odhiambo
Purpose: This study examined the operations of Lake Victoria Ferry Services since the independence of the East African countries in 1961 when the management was under the East Africa Railways and Harbors (EARH) and later the Kenya Railways Corporation (KRC). At the beginning of the 20th century the British colonial government established Lake Victoria transport as an extension of railway line in the lake region in Kenya and into Uganda. Despite some challenges, lake transport demonstrated progress in its services and expansion during the colonial period. However, when the management was transferred to the independent governments of East Africa, the operations of ferries were affected by the inefficiencies which marked the beginning of its decline. This study was guided by Politics of the Belly Theory of Bayart who associates underdevelopment of Africa long after independence with corrupt practices of African leaders. The theory shows that postcolonial African leaders have personalized the state for their own and their ethnic community’s gain thereby neglecting the regions which are perceived to be opposing the ruling regime. Methodology: A Historical Research Design was used to conduct this study. Non probability sampling methods and procedures were used to identify informants during the collection of primary data. Other primary data were gathered from Kenya National Archives and Railways Museum in Nairobi. Secondary data was collected from relevant publications and other materials. Findings: The data obtained were analyzed using content and thematic analysis techniques. This study established that transition in management from colonial to independent East African governments, competition from road transport and disintegration of East African Community led to the decline of maritime transportation on Lake Victoria. In order to revive ferry services on the Lake, major rehabilitations on the existing ports must be done and modern ports built. In the same vein new transport vessels should be acquired. Finally, a permanent solution to the threat of water hyacinth must be pursued and regular dredging of navigational channels done regularly. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This study suggests that, the government should promote integrated transport planning as well as developing proper regulations guiding Lake Victoria transport.
{"title":"The Decline of Lake Victoria Ferry Services in Kenya, 1961-2012","authors":"Nashon Budy Budi, John Akumu Orondo, S. Okuro, George Odhiambo","doi":"10.47941/jhs.1422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jhs.1422","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This study examined the operations of Lake Victoria Ferry Services since the independence of the East African countries in 1961 when the management was under the East Africa Railways and Harbors (EARH) and later the Kenya Railways Corporation (KRC). At the beginning of the 20th century the British colonial government established Lake Victoria transport as an extension of railway line in the lake region in Kenya and into Uganda. Despite some challenges, lake transport demonstrated progress in its services and expansion during the colonial period. However, when the management was transferred to the independent governments of East Africa, the operations of ferries were affected by the inefficiencies which marked the beginning of its decline. This study was guided by Politics of the Belly Theory of Bayart who associates underdevelopment of Africa long after independence with corrupt practices of African leaders. The theory shows that postcolonial African leaders have personalized the state for their own and their ethnic community’s gain thereby neglecting the regions which are perceived to be opposing the ruling regime. \u0000Methodology: A Historical Research Design was used to conduct this study. Non probability sampling methods and procedures were used to identify informants during the collection of primary data. Other primary data were gathered from Kenya National Archives and Railways Museum in Nairobi. Secondary data was collected from relevant publications and other materials. \u0000Findings: The data obtained were analyzed using content and thematic analysis techniques. This study established that transition in management from colonial to independent East African governments, competition from road transport and disintegration of East African Community led to the decline of maritime transportation on Lake Victoria. In order to revive ferry services on the Lake, major rehabilitations on the existing ports must be done and modern ports built. In the same vein new transport vessels should be acquired. Finally, a permanent solution to the threat of water hyacinth must be pursued and regular dredging of navigational channels done regularly. \u0000Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This study suggests that, the government should promote integrated transport planning as well as developing proper regulations guiding Lake Victoria transport.","PeriodicalId":41986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scottish Historical Studies","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91255173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John Akumu Orondo, Nashon Budy Budi, G. Okoth, I. Onjala
Purpose: The purpose of this treatise is to justify the existence of patriarchy without masculinity because of the existence of patriarchal shell as evidenced in the male failure to meet the societal expectation of a functioning masculinity. This study is premised in the pre-colonial belief that in patriarchal society men made far-reaching decisions, they were the breadwinners and wielded exclusive authority and power. Methodology: The study used historical research design of Gottschalk Louis to collect, verifies, and synthesizes evidence from the past to establish facts that defended the existence of patriarchy without masculinity in Homa Bay. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to identify the individuals and gender groups informants during the primary data collection. Primary data was also gathered from the National Archives to triangulate oral and secondary data. Secondary data were collected from, thesis, journal articles, books, and other publications from the internet, university, and other libraries. Findings: The data collected is given thematic content analysis based on study question. Primary and secondary data sources were corroborated to attain the validity and reliability of findings. The publication utilizes patriarchal theory of Robert Filmer which highlights the role of culture on gender performance roles and explains the role of patriarchal ideology in elevating men and making woman to depend on them for survival. In this study masculinity is viewed as a quality or set of habitual performed roles which were stereotypically connected with male gender as opposed to inherent in male. Contrary to the above, this study established that men still claim to have socio-economic and political entitlement in Homa Bay but the level of degeneration and reduction on the same is below expectation. Such degeneration makes patriarchy a shadow of its original reality. This premised in the study findings that there exists a widening masculine gap between the pre and postcolonial men of Homa Bay. The evidence in Homa Bay shows that most men fail to meet the societal expectation in their performances but grapple with vulnerability as they helplessly stare at the systematic loss of pre-colonial socio-economic and political patriarchal authority. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice The existence indicators of the decline of patriarchal dominance in Homa Bay such as long-life expectancy among women, high birth rate among baby girls and the socioeconomic and political degeneration, make patriarchal; theory to be rethought. This paper shows that in the pre-colonial society, there was a concept of valorized hegemonic masculinity which men strived to emulate that consequently established patriarchy. Therefore, the policy makers, governments and the non-governmental organizations should reorganize their strategies to save masculinity from extinction for the purpose of gender egalitarian societies.
{"title":"Patriarchy Without Masculinity in Homa-Bay County of Kenya (1894-2022)","authors":"John Akumu Orondo, Nashon Budy Budi, G. Okoth, I. Onjala","doi":"10.47941/jhs.1421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jhs.1421","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The purpose of this treatise is to justify the existence of patriarchy without masculinity because of the existence of patriarchal shell as evidenced in the male failure to meet the societal expectation of a functioning masculinity. This study is premised in the pre-colonial belief that in patriarchal society men made far-reaching decisions, they were the breadwinners and wielded exclusive authority and power. \u0000Methodology: The study used historical research design of Gottschalk Louis to collect, verifies, and synthesizes evidence from the past to establish facts that defended the existence of patriarchy without masculinity in Homa Bay. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to identify the individuals and gender groups informants during the primary data collection. Primary data was also gathered from the National Archives to triangulate oral and secondary data. Secondary data were collected from, thesis, journal articles, books, and other publications from the internet, university, and other libraries. \u0000Findings: The data collected is given thematic content analysis based on study question. Primary and secondary data sources were corroborated to attain the validity and reliability of findings. The publication utilizes patriarchal theory of Robert Filmer which highlights the role of culture on gender performance roles and explains the role of patriarchal ideology in elevating men and making woman to depend on them for survival. In this study masculinity is viewed as a quality or set of habitual performed roles which were stereotypically connected with male gender as opposed to inherent in male. Contrary to the above, this study established that men still claim to have socio-economic and political entitlement in Homa Bay but the level of degeneration and reduction on the same is below expectation. Such degeneration makes patriarchy a shadow of its original reality. This premised in the study findings that there exists a widening masculine gap between the pre and postcolonial men of Homa Bay. The evidence in Homa Bay shows that most men fail to meet the societal expectation in their performances but grapple with vulnerability as they helplessly stare at the systematic loss of pre-colonial socio-economic and political patriarchal authority. \u0000Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice The existence indicators of the decline of patriarchal dominance in Homa Bay such as long-life expectancy among women, high birth rate among baby girls and the socioeconomic and political degeneration, make patriarchal; theory to be rethought. This paper shows that in the pre-colonial society, there was a concept of valorized hegemonic masculinity which men strived to emulate that consequently established patriarchy. Therefore, the policy makers, governments and the non-governmental organizations should reorganize their strategies to save masculinity from extinction for the purpose of gender egalitarian societies.","PeriodicalId":41986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scottish Historical Studies","volume":"29 14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82933320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John Akumu Orondo, Nashon Budy Budi, G. Okoth, I. Onjala
Purpose: Crowing Political matriarchy in Homa Bay describes the female’s political take over as an impact of the prolonged pursuit of gender equality in Kenya. The takeover is due to policy frameworks intended to address gender gap. While these policy frameworks have been instrumental, historical aspects relating to gender egalitarianism has been underscored to providing elaborate intervention on gender inequality. This paper investigated the impact of the pursuit of gender egalitarianism amidst the survival of patriarchy in Kenya with specific reference to Homa-Bay County since 1964. Methodology: Study is guided by Patriarchal Theory of Robert Filmer which highlights how patriarchal ideology elevated men to superior positions. In the contrary, policy framework; legislative, institutional, and administrative interventions adopted towards gender egalitarianism appear to bear fruits in Homa Bay. A historical research design was applied together with non-probability sampling methods and procedures to identify informants during the study. Other primary data was gathered from the National Archives while secondary data were collected from theses, journal articles, books, and other publications from the internet, university, and other libraries. The data collected has been thematic analysis based of period. The findings may guide policy makers to review and re-assess the impact of the strategies established in the pursuit of gender egalitarianism. Paper deals with the state of gender and political transformation in Homa-Bay County since 1992. Findings: Publication indicates that, legislative, institutional, and administrative interventions adopted in Kenya challenge the patriarchal legitimacy and political entitlement. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This treatise reports that the gender egalitarian policies and practices make political voices of females in Homa Bay to crow louder than men. Female political voices in Homa Bay began with Asiyo and Bondo who were elected Member of Parliament and councilor respectively in 1980’s. Nevertheless, the gender egalitarian policies have been legalized by the Kenya constitution 2010 to the advantage of females leading to the pinnacle of political matriarchy in Homa Bay.
{"title":"The Crowing Political Matriarchy in Homa Bay County (1963-2022)","authors":"John Akumu Orondo, Nashon Budy Budi, G. Okoth, I. Onjala","doi":"10.47941/jhs.1278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jhs.1278","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Crowing Political matriarchy in Homa Bay describes the female’s political take over as an impact of the prolonged pursuit of gender equality in Kenya. The takeover is due to policy frameworks intended to address gender gap. While these policy frameworks have been instrumental, historical aspects relating to gender egalitarianism has been underscored to providing elaborate intervention on gender inequality. This paper investigated the impact of the pursuit of gender egalitarianism amidst the survival of patriarchy in Kenya with specific reference to Homa-Bay County since 1964. \u0000Methodology: Study is guided by Patriarchal Theory of Robert Filmer which highlights how patriarchal ideology elevated men to superior positions. In the contrary, policy framework; legislative, institutional, and administrative interventions adopted towards gender egalitarianism appear to bear fruits in Homa Bay. A historical research design was applied together with non-probability sampling methods and procedures to identify informants during the study. Other primary data was gathered from the National Archives while secondary data were collected from theses, journal articles, books, and other publications from the internet, university, and other libraries. The data collected has been thematic analysis based of period. The findings may guide policy makers to review and re-assess the impact of the strategies established in the pursuit of gender egalitarianism. Paper deals with the state of gender and political transformation in Homa-Bay County since 1992. \u0000Findings: Publication indicates that, legislative, institutional, and administrative interventions adopted in Kenya challenge the patriarchal legitimacy and political entitlement. \u0000Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This treatise reports that the gender egalitarian policies and practices make political voices of females in Homa Bay to crow louder than men. Female political voices in Homa Bay began with Asiyo and Bondo who were elected Member of Parliament and councilor respectively in 1980’s. Nevertheless, the gender egalitarian policies have been legalized by the Kenya constitution 2010 to the advantage of females leading to the pinnacle of political matriarchy in Homa Bay. ","PeriodicalId":41986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scottish Historical Studies","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84806592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While the importance of closer, wider communications to Scotland and Scots adaptation to life within the Union, and the development of Britishness, has been commonly acknowledged, the role of the Post Office within these processes has never been systematically examined. This article charts the increasingly rapid development of postal services within Scotland and linking Scotland to London and the rest of England and Wales from the mid eighteenth century. It demonstrates the sheer extent and scope of growth of postal services in Scotland, and explores their use by different sections of Scottish society, by the mid nineteenth century. While commerce and manufacturing, as well as banking, together with the landed classes, account for the main sources of growth in use of the post, they were far from the sole beneficiaries of expanding, more efficient services. Scotland participated fully in the democratization of letter writing which was a feature of the Georgian period. The article then reflects on the consequences of these developments for the enfolding of Scotland within Britain and the rise of the latter as a salient framework within which people lived their lives. It underlines, in this context, the contemporary importance of letter writing and transmission of printed information to sustaining and forging connections and relationships between people and businesses, and overcoming frictions of distance within Britain.
{"title":"The Post Office and the Making of North Britain, c. 1750–c. 1840","authors":"B. Harris","doi":"10.3366/jshs.2023.0360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2023.0360","url":null,"abstract":"While the importance of closer, wider communications to Scotland and Scots adaptation to life within the Union, and the development of Britishness, has been commonly acknowledged, the role of the Post Office within these processes has never been systematically examined. This article charts the increasingly rapid development of postal services within Scotland and linking Scotland to London and the rest of England and Wales from the mid eighteenth century. It demonstrates the sheer extent and scope of growth of postal services in Scotland, and explores their use by different sections of Scottish society, by the mid nineteenth century. While commerce and manufacturing, as well as banking, together with the landed classes, account for the main sources of growth in use of the post, they were far from the sole beneficiaries of expanding, more efficient services. Scotland participated fully in the democratization of letter writing which was a feature of the Georgian period. The article then reflects on the consequences of these developments for the enfolding of Scotland within Britain and the rise of the latter as a salient framework within which people lived their lives. It underlines, in this context, the contemporary importance of letter writing and transmission of printed information to sustaining and forging connections and relationships between people and businesses, and overcoming frictions of distance within Britain.","PeriodicalId":41986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scottish Historical Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43880059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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