The overrepresentation of Indigenous peoples in the Canadian criminal justice system is an enduring and systemic issue that must be addressed. Over the past 10 years, the proportion of women behind bars has increased by almost 30 percent; for Indigenous women, this number is 60 percent (Office of the Correctional Investigator 2017). Using a critical feminist criminological lens, this paper explores the ways in which colonial legacies, patriarchy, trauma, and systemic victimization inside and outside the criminal justice system contribute to the criminalization and (over)prisoning of Indigenous women and questions the practice of prisoning an already marginalized and oppressed group of people. Drawing on critical feminist criminological research and empirical studies, I theorize a victimization–criminalization–incarceration cycle concept to explain the ways in which societal- , institutional- , and individual-level factors intersect and impact Indigenous women’s journeys through the criminal justice system in tangled and complicated ways. Future research could provide additional insights into the potential value of this concept for policy and practice.
{"title":"Prisoning Indigenous Women: Strength and Resilience in the Face of Systemic Trauma","authors":"Jana Grekul","doi":"10.5663/aps.v9i1.29360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5663/aps.v9i1.29360","url":null,"abstract":"The overrepresentation of Indigenous peoples in the Canadian criminal justice system is an enduring and systemic issue that must be addressed. Over the past 10 years, the proportion of women behind bars has increased by almost 30 percent; for Indigenous women, this number is 60 percent (Office of the Correctional Investigator 2017). Using a critical feminist criminological lens, this paper explores the ways in which colonial legacies, patriarchy, trauma, and systemic victimization inside and outside the criminal justice system contribute to the criminalization and (over)prisoning of Indigenous women and questions the practice of prisoning an already marginalized and oppressed group of people. Drawing on critical feminist criminological research and empirical studies, I theorize a victimization–criminalization–incarceration cycle concept to explain the ways in which societal- , institutional- , and individual-level factors intersect and impact Indigenous women’s journeys through the criminal justice system in tangled and complicated ways. Future research could provide additional insights into the potential value of this concept for policy and practice.","PeriodicalId":42043,"journal":{"name":"Aboriginal Policy Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44370756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cet article propose une revue de littérature des enjeux freinant la mise en œuvre de la Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des Peuples autochtones en contexte canadien. Adoptée en 2007, cela fait plus de dix années que des processus de mise en œuvre ont été initiés un peu partout au pays. Cet article constitue ainsi l’opportunité de revenir sur ces dix années et d’en dresser un bilan. Trois types d’enjeux ont été répertoriés, liés à la nature, au contenu et encore à l’utilisation de la Déclaration. A ces enjeux, se rajoute la question de la réconciliation en tant que frein consubstantiel au contexte canadien. Le concept de réconciliation, fortement mobilisé ces dernières années par le gouvernement fédéral pour justifier un certain nombre de pratiques, suggère un cadre référentiel de mise en œuvre beaucoup plus restrictif puisque circonscrit uniquement au cadre politique interne canadien et limitant de fait la reconnaissance des droits politiques des Peuples autochtones.
{"title":"Freins à la mise en œuvre en contexte canadien de la Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des Peuples autochtones","authors":"Karine Gentelet, M. Samson","doi":"10.5663/aps.v9i1.29364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5663/aps.v9i1.29364","url":null,"abstract":"Cet article propose une revue de littérature des enjeux freinant la mise en œuvre de la Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des Peuples autochtones en contexte canadien. Adoptée en 2007, cela fait plus de dix années que des processus de mise en œuvre ont été initiés un peu partout au pays. Cet article constitue ainsi l’opportunité de revenir sur ces dix années et d’en dresser un bilan. Trois types d’enjeux ont été répertoriés, liés à la nature, au contenu et encore à l’utilisation de la Déclaration. A ces enjeux, se rajoute la question de la réconciliation en tant que frein consubstantiel au contexte canadien. Le concept de réconciliation, fortement mobilisé ces dernières années par le gouvernement fédéral pour justifier un certain nombre de pratiques, suggère un cadre référentiel de mise en œuvre beaucoup plus restrictif puisque circonscrit uniquement au cadre politique interne canadien et limitant de fait la reconnaissance des droits politiques des Peuples autochtones.","PeriodicalId":42043,"journal":{"name":"Aboriginal Policy Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42492998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Understanding that Indigenous learners can face specific barriers or challenges when pursuing higher education, schools and programs within McMaster’s Faculty of Health Sciences have facilitated admissions streams for Indigenous (First Nations, Métis, and Inuit) applicants. The intent of reframing admissions policies is to provide equitable access while aligning with the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada’s Calls to Action, specifically Number 23. This work explores the development of an Indigenous-determined Facilitated Indigenous Admissions Program (FIAP), a self-identification policy that moves away from the politics of mathematical blood quantum to nationhood, community, and seeing the applicant as whole being. Further, it critiques (for example) medical school admissions as biased, in that they often replicate an elite and narrow segment of society. It also addresses how interpretations of decisions like Daniels v Canada, which speaks to the rights of Métis and non-status Indigenous peoples, are communicated or miscommunicated within emerging population groups in terms of rights and their potential relationship to admissions.
{"title":"Where are you From? Reframing Facilitated Admissions Policies in the Faculty of Health Sciences","authors":"Danielle N. Soucy, Cornelia Wieman","doi":"10.5663/aps.v9i1.29359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5663/aps.v9i1.29359","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding that Indigenous learners can face specific barriers or challenges when pursuing higher education, schools and programs within McMaster’s Faculty of Health Sciences have facilitated admissions streams for Indigenous (First Nations, Métis, and Inuit) applicants. The intent of reframing admissions policies is to provide equitable access while aligning with the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada’s Calls to Action, specifically Number 23. This work explores the development of an Indigenous-determined Facilitated Indigenous Admissions Program (FIAP), a self-identification policy that moves away from the politics of mathematical blood quantum to nationhood, community, and seeing the applicant as whole being. Further, it critiques (for example) medical school admissions as biased, in that they often replicate an elite and narrow segment of society. It also addresses how interpretations of decisions like Daniels v Canada, which speaks to the rights of Métis and non-status Indigenous peoples, are communicated or miscommunicated within emerging population groups in terms of rights and their potential relationship to admissions.","PeriodicalId":42043,"journal":{"name":"Aboriginal Policy Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43008718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Max Foran’s The Subjugation of Canadian Wildlife argues that wildlife management and, by association, conservation are implicated in discriminatory anthropocentric practices that diminish biodiversity, protected areas, and marine ecosystems and dominate wildlife. Foran links the humancentric speciesism associated with animal domination to Aristotelian and Stoic philosophy and early Christianity. From there, he outlines the historical contours of what he calls the “dominant belief system.” This belief system includes a combination of the indirect duties argument, which suggested that humans benefited from extending kindness to animals (Immanuel Kant 1724–1804), and utilitarianism (Jeremy Bentham 1784–1832), which advocated maximizing utility or causing the least pain. This belief system, Foran suggests, later evolved in the early nineteenth century to expand into what is now known as the “classic animal welfare” position. This position advocates pursuing an anti-cruelty policy for animals while maintaining their use to humans. According to Foran, this belief system has not evolved since. Instead, human exceptionalism and entitlement to animal exploitation based on underdeveloped linguistic and cognitive capacities are commonplace. The Subjugation of Wildlife offers a thorough assessment of the current status of wildlife management and conservation in Canada. Foran offers examples from each of the provinces and territories to illustrate the consistency of the dominant belief system that underlies wildlife policy in this country. In addition to individual species, he lists failures in habitat protection, climate change policy, and the subjective application of wildlife risk markers (e.g., “concern,” “at risk,” and “extinct”). The introduction provides readers with the philosophical underpinning and overarching argument for the remainder of the book. Here, Foran summarizes the significant human moral and ethical positions that support our contemporary utilitarian/humanist approach to wildlife conservation and management.
Max Foran的《加拿大野生动物的征服》认为，野生动物的管理和保护与歧视性的人类中心主义做法有关，这种做法减少了生物多样性、保护区和海洋生态系统，并主宰了野生动物。Foran将与动物统治相关的以人类为中心的物种主义与亚里士多德、斯多葛派哲学和早期基督教联系起来。在此基础上，他勾勒出了他所谓的“主导信仰体系”的历史轮廓。这一信仰体系包括间接责任论证(Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804)和功利主义(Jeremy Bentham, 1784-1832)的结合，前者认为人类从善待动物中受益，后者主张将效用最大化或造成的痛苦最小化。福兰认为，这种信仰体系后来在19世纪初发展壮大，成为现在所知的“经典动物福利”立场。这一立场主张奉行反虐待动物的政策，同时保持对人类的利用。根据Foran的说法，这种信仰体系从那时起就没有发展过。相反，人类的例外论和基于不发达的语言和认知能力的动物剥削权利是司空见惯的。《野生动物的征服》对加拿大野生动物管理和保护的现状进行了全面的评估。Foran提供了来自每个省和地区的例子来说明这个国家野生动物政策背后的主导信仰体系的一致性。除了个别物种，他还列举了栖息地保护、气候变化政策和野生动物风险标记(如“关注”、“有风险”和“灭绝”)的主观应用方面的失败。引言为读者提供了本书其余部分的哲学基础和总体论点。在这里，Foran总结了重要的人类道德和伦理立场，这些立场支持我们当代功利主义/人道主义的野生动物保护和管理方法。
{"title":"The Subjugation of Canadian Wildlife: Failures of Principle and Policy by Max Foran","authors":"A. Bennett","doi":"10.5663/aps.v9i1.29384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5663/aps.v9i1.29384","url":null,"abstract":"Max Foran’s The Subjugation of Canadian Wildlife argues that wildlife management and, by association, conservation are implicated in discriminatory anthropocentric practices that diminish biodiversity, protected areas, and marine ecosystems and dominate wildlife. Foran links the humancentric speciesism associated with animal domination to Aristotelian and Stoic philosophy and early Christianity. From there, he outlines the historical contours of what he calls the “dominant belief system.” This belief system includes a combination of the indirect duties argument, which suggested that humans benefited from extending kindness to animals (Immanuel Kant 1724–1804), and utilitarianism (Jeremy Bentham 1784–1832), which advocated maximizing utility or causing the least pain. This belief system, Foran suggests, later evolved in the early nineteenth century to expand into what is now known as the “classic animal welfare” position. This position advocates pursuing an anti-cruelty policy for animals while maintaining their use to humans. According to Foran, this belief system has not evolved since. Instead, human exceptionalism and entitlement to animal exploitation based on underdeveloped linguistic and cognitive capacities are commonplace. The Subjugation of Wildlife offers a thorough assessment of the current status of wildlife management and conservation in Canada. Foran offers examples from each of the provinces and territories to illustrate the consistency of the dominant belief system that underlies wildlife policy in this country. In addition to individual species, he lists failures in habitat protection, climate change policy, and the subjective application of wildlife risk markers (e.g., “concern,” “at risk,” and “extinct”). The introduction provides readers with the philosophical underpinning and overarching argument for the remainder of the book. Here, Foran summarizes the significant human moral and ethical positions that support our contemporary utilitarian/humanist approach to wildlife conservation and management.","PeriodicalId":42043,"journal":{"name":"Aboriginal Policy Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48744976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article answers the question, 'is the influence of the Indian Act associated with worse economic income and education outcomes in Manitoba? This investigation focuses on the category of Aboriginal persons who self-reported as First Nations and compared the economic outcome of Status Indians (those affected by the Indian Act) with those of non-Status Indians. This paper's principal contribution to the field is that it assesses empirically the effect of the Indian Act on the economic outcomes of the Indian population in Manitoba using the 2011 NHS individual data. The results indicate that being a Status Indian is associated with a lower probability of higher economic outcomes in terms of income and education.
{"title":"Does the Indian Act Influence the Income and Education Outcomes of Manitoban Urban Indian People?","authors":"Rosa E. Sanchez G.","doi":"10.5663/aps.v8i2.29338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5663/aps.v8i2.29338","url":null,"abstract":"This article answers the question, 'is the influence of the Indian Act associated with worse economic income and education outcomes in Manitoba? This investigation focuses on the category of Aboriginal persons who self-reported as First Nations and compared the economic outcome of Status Indians (those affected by the Indian Act) with those of non-Status Indians. This paper's principal contribution to the field is that it assesses empirically the effect of the Indian Act on the economic outcomes of the Indian population in Manitoba using the 2011 NHS individual data. The results indicate that being a Status Indian is associated with a lower probability of higher economic outcomes in terms of income and education.","PeriodicalId":42043,"journal":{"name":"Aboriginal Policy Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5663/aps.v8i2.29338","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41524970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study described perceptions of bullying as a school characteristic and associations with school, academic, and health characteristics among a representative sample of First Nations high school students living off reserve in Canada using data from the 2012 Aboriginal Peoples Survey. Almost 4 in 10 of First Nations youth living off reserve perceived bullying as a problem at their schools. A perceived climate of bullying co-occurred with other negative school climate characteristics such as racism, violence, and the presence of alcohol and drugs. First Nations youth living off reserve who perceived bullying as a problem at school reported higher psychological distress and a higher prevalence of suicidal ideation, even after controlling for the effects of youth sex, age, and household income. These findings highlight the need to focus on school characteristics as perceived by youth to improve school climate and youth health.
{"title":"Correlates of Perceptions of Bullying at School among First Nations Youth Living Off Reserve","authors":"Rubab G. Arim, É. Bougie, D. Kohen","doi":"10.5663/aps.v8i2.29349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5663/aps.v8i2.29349","url":null,"abstract":"This study described perceptions of bullying as a school characteristic and associations with school, academic, and health characteristics among a representative sample of First Nations high school students living off reserve in Canada using data from the 2012 Aboriginal Peoples Survey. Almost 4 in 10 of First Nations youth living off reserve perceived bullying as a problem at their schools. A perceived climate of bullying co-occurred with other negative school climate characteristics such as racism, violence, and the presence of alcohol and drugs. First Nations youth living off reserve who perceived bullying as a problem at school reported higher psychological distress and a higher prevalence of suicidal ideation, even after controlling for the effects of youth sex, age, and household income. These findings highlight the need to focus on school characteristics as perceived by youth to improve school climate and youth health.","PeriodicalId":42043,"journal":{"name":"Aboriginal Policy Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5663/aps.v8i2.29349","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41882419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While Justice Dallaire was of the opinion that it would be “easier to nail Jell-O to the wall” than draw any conclusions about the existence of a “Métis” community in Maniwaki, the Séguin affaire is nevertheless scheduled to go to trial in 2020. The lawyer for the accused in the Tremblay affaire has asked for a trial novo due to "new evidence" that has come forward. This "new evidence" is partly from Dr. Sébastien Malette's expert witness report and testimony in the Séguin affaire as well as from Guillaume Marcotte's M.A. thesis that was recently published as a monograph. Malette and Marcotte also published an article together in which they claim that a certain Marie-Louise Riel of the Gatineau region was Louis Riel's aunt and that she hid him from Canadian authorities. This article seeks to evaluate both of these claims, as well as to contextualize certain quotes from Louis Riel, Gabriel Dumont and Valéry Havard that they mobilize as further "evidence" of the existence of historical "Métis" communities in eastern Canada.
{"title":"Wiisaakodewininiwag ga-nanaakonaawaad: Jiibe- Giizhikwe, Racial Homeopathy, and “Eastern Métis” Identity Claims","authors":"Darren O'Toole","doi":"10.5663/aps.v8i2.29357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5663/aps.v8i2.29357","url":null,"abstract":"While Justice Dallaire was of the opinion that it would be “easier to nail Jell-O to the wall” than draw any conclusions about the existence of a “Métis” community in Maniwaki, the Séguin affaire is nevertheless scheduled to go to trial in 2020. The lawyer for the accused in the Tremblay affaire has asked for a trial novo due to \"new evidence\" that has come forward. This \"new evidence\" is partly from Dr. Sébastien Malette's expert witness report and testimony in the Séguin affaire as well as from Guillaume Marcotte's M.A. thesis that was recently published as a monograph. Malette and Marcotte also published an article together in which they claim that a certain Marie-Louise Riel of the Gatineau region was Louis Riel's aunt and that she hid him from Canadian authorities. This article seeks to evaluate both of these claims, as well as to contextualize certain quotes from Louis Riel, Gabriel Dumont and Valéry Havard that they mobilize as further \"evidence\" of the existence of historical \"Métis\" communities in eastern Canada. ","PeriodicalId":42043,"journal":{"name":"Aboriginal Policy Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5663/aps.v8i2.29357","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42672931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To explore how the threat of prejudice can interfere with a learner’s ability beliefs, expectancies of success and subjective task value 165 Métis post-secondary students were asked to consider themselves applying for a job with a non-Indigenous employer. Participants were grouped into high and low Métis identifiers and then placed into one of three groups: (1) Employer-prejudiced, (2) Employer non-prejudiced, and (3) Employer’s attitudes about Indigenous peoples unknown. A 2x3 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the relationship between Métis identity (high/low) and five concepts: (1) expectations about being hired, (2) value placed on being hired, (3) learners’ beliefs about the mock employer’s integrity, (4) the extent to which learner’s held negative over-generalized negative beliefs about non-Indigenous people, and (5) actual task performance. Although there were no interaction effects a number of main effects are reported. While students with a stronger sense of Métis identity reported more overall optimism about being hired that those learners with a weaker sense of Métis identity, they nevertheless reported less motivation to perform an assigned task to the best of their respective abilities. Students in the prejudiced condition reported lower expectations about being hired and less motivation to perform the assigned task to the best of their ability. Students in the prejudiced condition also reported stronger negative generalized beliefs about both the mock employer and non-Indigenous people in general. Although the students in the prejudiced condition reported less motivation to exert high effort on the assigned task, their actual performance on the task was not related to whether or not the hypothetical employer was described as prejudiced, non-prejudiced, or neither about Indigenous peoples. Future studies should explore how one’s sense of Métis identity and other minority group identity can influence reactions to a threatening academic environment and suppress academic motivation.
{"title":"Expectancy-Value Theory of Achievement Motivation: How Perceived Racial Prejudice Can Influence Ability Beliefs, Expectancy Beliefs and Subject Task Value of Métis Post-Secondary Students","authors":"L. Ferguson","doi":"10.5663/aps.v8i1.29341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5663/aps.v8i1.29341","url":null,"abstract":"To explore how the threat of prejudice can interfere with a learner’s ability beliefs, expectancies of success and subjective task value 165 Métis post-secondary students were asked to consider themselves applying for a job with a non-Indigenous employer. Participants were grouped into high and low Métis identifiers and then placed into one of three groups: (1) Employer-prejudiced, (2) Employer non-prejudiced, and (3) Employer’s attitudes about Indigenous peoples unknown. A 2x3 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the relationship between Métis identity (high/low) and five concepts: (1) expectations about being hired, (2) value placed on being hired, (3) learners’ beliefs about the mock employer’s integrity, (4) the extent to which learner’s held negative over-generalized negative beliefs about non-Indigenous people, and (5) actual task performance. Although there were no interaction effects a number of main effects are reported. While students with a stronger sense of Métis identity reported more overall optimism about being hired that those learners with a weaker sense of Métis identity, they nevertheless reported less motivation to perform an assigned task to the best of their respective abilities. Students in the prejudiced condition reported lower expectations about being hired and less motivation to perform the assigned task to the best of their ability. Students in the prejudiced condition also reported stronger negative generalized beliefs about both the mock employer and non-Indigenous people in general. Although the students in the prejudiced condition reported less motivation to exert high effort on the assigned task, their actual performance on the task was not related to whether or not the hypothetical employer was described as prejudiced, non-prejudiced, or neither about Indigenous peoples. Future studies should explore how one’s sense of Métis identity and other minority group identity can influence reactions to a threatening academic environment and suppress academic motivation.","PeriodicalId":42043,"journal":{"name":"Aboriginal Policy Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5663/aps.v8i1.29341","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41581220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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