Pub Date : 2016-11-21DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2016.0007
Álvaro Cantos Carnicer
The text shows the study of two interesting inventories mentioning the objects of two castles (“Mayor” and “Real”) of Calatayud (Aragon), carried out in 1371. Firstly, the original text in Catalan of the Archive of the Crown of Aragon has been transcribed. The work is focused on the elements of armour, arms and artillery machines; the nature and function of every object have been researched, comparing, as far as possible, with other contemporary sources; the terminology has also been analysed and some evident Aragonese words have been found. This work has allowed to know the different elements existing in the castles, establishing their specificity, state and lacks, sometimes not easily explicable, as in the case of the crossbows. The meticulous description of the artillery machines is absolutely exceptional.
{"title":"Los castillos Mayor y Real de la ciudad de Calatayud en el año 1371 a la luz de dos inventarios del Archivo Real","authors":"Álvaro Cantos Carnicer","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2016.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2016.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The text shows the study of two interesting inventories mentioning the objects of two castles (“Mayor” and “Real”) of Calatayud (Aragon), carried out in 1371. Firstly, the original text in Catalan of the Archive of the Crown of Aragon has been transcribed. The work is focused on the elements of armour, arms and artillery machines; the nature and function of every object have been researched, comparing, as far as possible, with other contemporary sources; the terminology has also been analysed and some evident Aragonese words have been found. This work has allowed to know the different elements existing in the castles, establishing their specificity, state and lacks, sometimes not easily explicable, as in the case of the crossbows. The meticulous description of the artillery machines is absolutely exceptional.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"36 1","pages":"141-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70059587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-21DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2016.0006
G. Żabiński, Aleksandra Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz, Tomasz Nowakiewicz, Bartosz Kontny, Paweł Kucypera
The paper discusses a recent stray find of a sword fragment with a possible stamp from Masuria in NE Poland. It was found close to a Roman Period cemetery of the Bogaczewo Culture. On typological grounds, the sword can be classified as a Roman Period weapon. However, the results of metallographic examinations suggest that the find may have been made either from very clean bloomery steel (or hypoeutectoid crucible steel) or from mass-made Industrial Age steel (Bessemer, Thomas, Siemens-Martin, etc.). On the other hand, the chemical composition of the sword would rather imply a pre-Industrial Period steel. In conclusion, it is carefully suggested that the weapon may be a genuine Ancient sword, although its final recognition as a Roman Period weapon could only be verified by finds made from similar metal in undoubted Roman Period contexts.
{"title":"A possible Roman Period sword from Grzybowo (Grzybowen), Masuria, NE Poland. The archaeological and technological context","authors":"G. Żabiński, Aleksandra Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz, Tomasz Nowakiewicz, Bartosz Kontny, Paweł Kucypera","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2016.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2016.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses a recent stray find of a sword fragment with a possible stamp from Masuria in NE Poland. It was found close to a Roman Period cemetery of the Bogaczewo Culture. On typological grounds, the sword can be classified as a Roman Period weapon. However, the results of metallographic examinations suggest that the find may have been made either from very clean bloomery steel (or hypoeutectoid crucible steel) or from mass-made Industrial Age steel (Bessemer, Thomas, Siemens-Martin, etc.). On the other hand, the chemical composition of the sword would rather imply a pre-Industrial Period steel. In conclusion, it is carefully suggested that the weapon may be a genuine Ancient sword, although its final recognition as a Roman Period weapon could only be verified by finds made from similar metal in undoubted Roman Period contexts.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"36 1","pages":"97-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70059955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper submits the iron swords from the necropolis of Son Pellisser (Calvia-Majorca). Although the materials that we find are numerous and still under research offer a preliminary study about three imported swords, found in burial objects, also their possible origin and way of introduction on the island. These weapons could be the first archaeological evidence that the Balearic mercenaries participated in the Wars of Sicily, between Carthaginians and Greeks, from the fifth century BC.
{"title":"Las espadas de hierro de la necrópolis de Son Pellisser; avance preliminar","authors":"Agustín Fernández Martínez, Mercedes Alvarez Jurado-Figueroa","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2016.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2016.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This paper submits the iron swords from the necropolis of Son Pellisser (Calvia-Majorca). Although the materials that we find are numerous and still under research offer a preliminary study about three imported swords, found in burial objects, also their possible origin and way of introduction on the island. These weapons could be the first archaeological evidence that the Balearic mercenaries participated in the Wars of Sicily, between Carthaginians and Greeks, from the fifth century BC.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"36 1","pages":"33-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70058875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-21DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2016.0009
Denis Toichkin, Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani
The karabela hilt is described as a hilt with a crossguard and a pommel in the shape of a stylized head of a bird most often similar to a hawk. This type of handle was usually mounted on long cavalry saber blades. In general, karabela s were mounted with different types of blades, often those of a wedged-shape, curved blade of a classical Persian shamshir . The oldest karabela s (of Turkish origin or based on Turkish models) that are preserved in the museums of Poland, generally have blades with a raised back edge called a yelman . The main feature of the socalled `saber of hawk`, a characteristic form of a curved pommel resembling the head of a hawk and a cross guard, is closely associated with karabela . The main goal of the present article is to do a comparative study on different sources on sabers and swords with a karabela hilt and try to establish an origin of this type of hilt.
{"title":"El desarrollo de empuñadura de karabela de las espadas y sables: un estudio comparativo","authors":"Denis Toichkin, Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2016.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2016.0009","url":null,"abstract":"The karabela hilt is described as a hilt with a crossguard and a pommel in the shape of a stylized head of a bird most often similar to a hawk. This type of handle was usually mounted on long cavalry saber blades. In general, karabela s were mounted with different types of blades, often those of a wedged-shape, curved blade of a classical Persian shamshir . The oldest karabela s (of Turkish origin or based on Turkish models) that are preserved in the museums of Poland, generally have blades with a raised back edge called a yelman . The main feature of the socalled `saber of hawk`, a characteristic form of a curved pommel resembling the head of a hawk and a cross guard, is closely associated with karabela . The main goal of the present article is to do a comparative study on different sources on sabers and swords with a karabela hilt and try to establish an origin of this type of hilt.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"36 1","pages":"181-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70059631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-21DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2016.0004
M. Villanueva
The dismemberment of a female dog as a purification ceremony before a ritual combat that the Macedonian army held in the Xandica, could be related to Ennodia goddess, an equivalent to Hecate in the Thessalian and Macedonian context. From the historical sources statements and the archaeological remains, we try to prove this hypothesis, in which we present the possibility that this ritual was incorporated with Thessalian troops that Philip II introduced in the Macedonian army in the context of the deep military reform developed when he came to the head of the kingdom.
{"title":"Sacrificios caninos en las Jándicas: una hipótesis sobre el culto a Enodia en el ejército macedonio","authors":"M. Villanueva","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2016.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2016.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The dismemberment of a female dog as a purification ceremony before a ritual combat that the Macedonian army held in the Xandica, could be related to Ennodia goddess, an equivalent to Hecate in the Thessalian and Macedonian context. From the historical sources statements and the archaeological remains, we try to prove this hypothesis, in which we present the possibility that this ritual was incorporated with Thessalian troops that Philip II introduced in the Macedonian army in the context of the deep military reform developed when he came to the head of the kingdom.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"36 1","pages":"59-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70058998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-21DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2016.0008
R. M. G. Pascual
This paper analyses sword trade between Spain and Italy in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries through the study of two commercial routes used by European commercial networks from two unpublished sources: Archivio di Stato di Firenze and Archivo Historico de Protocolos de Granada. Firstly, we will examine sword importation through Leghorn, port of Florence and Tuscany, from the Spanish ports of Cadiz and Alicante, among others. Secondly, we will analyse Italian sword trade carried out by Genoese commercial companies placed in Granada. These merchants supplied swordsmiths from Granada —almost unknown by historiography— with Italian sword blades from Milan, Brescia, Serravalle and Genoa.
{"title":"“Cruzando aceros”. El comercio de espadas entre España e Italia en los siglos XVI y XVII","authors":"R. M. G. Pascual","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2016.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2016.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses sword trade between Spain and Italy in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries through the study of two commercial routes used by European commercial networks from two unpublished sources: Archivio di Stato di Firenze and Archivo Historico de Protocolos de Granada. Firstly, we will examine sword importation through Leghorn, port of Florence and Tuscany, from the Spanish ports of Cadiz and Alicante, among others. Secondly, we will analyse Italian sword trade carried out by Genoese commercial companies placed in Granada. These merchants supplied swordsmiths from Granada —almost unknown by historiography— with Italian sword blades from Milan, Brescia, Serravalle and Genoa.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"36 1","pages":"161-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70059599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-21DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2016.0003
Alexander K. Nefedkin
In the battle array the German warriors with long spears and large shields stood at the front since their shields were of no use within the ranks. The size of the shields provided good protection against enemy weapons and therefore armor was not very necessary for the warriors. On the other hand, the lack of armor encourages the development of good coverage by a large shield. Behind the shield-bearers stood a large body of warriors armed with missiles: the Germans were armed with spears and javelins. During close combat the shield-bearers covered their throwers from enemy attack. Extending their long spears forward, they did not allow the enemy to approach closely, striking him from a distance. Large shields protected well against missiles both the shield-bearers and the throwers standing behind them. The elementary tactics of the Germans gives us the key to understanding the interaction on the battlefield of throwers and warriors armed with long spears and shields.
{"title":"Lanzas largas y tácticas de los Germanos occidentales en el siglo I D. C. (según la descripción de Tácito)","authors":"Alexander K. Nefedkin","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2016.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2016.0003","url":null,"abstract":"In the battle array the German warriors with long spears and large shields stood at the front since their shields were of no use within the ranks. The size of the shields provided good protection against enemy weapons and therefore armor was not very necessary for the warriors. On the other hand, the lack of armor encourages the development of good coverage by a large shield. Behind the shield-bearers stood a large body of warriors armed with missiles: the Germans were armed with spears and javelins. During close combat the shield-bearers covered their throwers from enemy attack. Extending their long spears forward, they did not allow the enemy to approach closely, striking him from a distance. Large shields protected well against missiles both the shield-bearers and the throwers standing behind them. The elementary tactics of the Germans gives us the key to understanding the interaction on the battlefield of throwers and warriors armed with long spears and shields.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"36 1","pages":"49-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70058939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0006
Rita Ríos de la Llave
The discovery of a document about a woman who was a master in gunpowder during the reign of the Catholic Kings allows for reflection on the role of women in the exercise of military activity in the Middle Ages. Unlike thesis which tends to prioritize the role of women as victims of war and perform auxiliary or defensive tasks, it is concluded that there were medieval women who played more active works, for example in the art of gunpowder, although their labour has been unnoticed. A comparative method has been used to try to determine how the female protagonist of this work could have this trade, and it has served to highlight some gender differences in the practice of military activities.
{"title":"Catalina Alfonso: una “maestra de fazer pólvora” durante el reinado de los Reyes Católicos","authors":"Rita Ríos de la Llave","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The discovery of a document about a woman who was a master in gunpowder during the reign of the Catholic Kings allows for reflection on the role of women in the exercise of military activity in the Middle Ages. Unlike thesis which tends to prioritize the role of women as victims of war and perform auxiliary or defensive tasks, it is concluded that there were medieval women who played more active works, for example in the art of gunpowder, although their labour has been unnoticed. A comparative method has been used to try to determine how the female protagonist of this work could have this trade, and it has served to highlight some gender differences in the practice of military activities.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"35 1","pages":"105-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70058735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0005
Martijn A. Wijnhoven
La cota de malla de Vimose (Fionia, Dinamarca) se encuentra en un estado extraordinario pese a corresponder a un artefacto de epoca Romana. Un examen detallado demuestra que su confeccion es muy similar a las tunicas romanas y difiere de las cotas de malla medievales. Los apliques para regular la apertura del cuello parecen un fenomeno germanico local. Precisamente esta mezcla de elementos germanicos y romanos en la cota de Vimose es excelente evidencia para el estudio de la manufactura local de las cotas de malla en el ambito germanico septentrional.
{"title":"The Iron Tunic from Vimose (Funen, Denmark): Further Research into the Construction of Mail Garments","authors":"Martijn A. Wijnhoven","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0005","url":null,"abstract":"La cota de malla de Vimose (Fionia, Dinamarca) se encuentra en un estado extraordinario pese a corresponder a un artefacto de epoca Romana. Un examen detallado demuestra que su confeccion es muy similar a las tunicas romanas y difiere de las cotas de malla medievales. Los apliques para regular la apertura del cuello parecen un fenomeno germanico local. Precisamente esta mezcla de elementos germanicos y romanos en la cota de Vimose es excelente evidencia para el estudio de la manufactura local de las cotas de malla en el ambito germanico septentrional.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"35 1","pages":"77-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70058694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0001
Augusto Gayubas
In a recent article, anthropologist Robert L. Carneiro reassessed his most debated hypothesis about the emergence of chiefdoms and the State as a result of environmental or social circumscription, theorized for a series of historical contexts including that of the Predynastic Nile Valley. The problem of the origin of the State is beyond our scope, but regarding the emergence of institutionalized leadership and chiefdoms in the Nile Valley, Carneiro’s ideas about warfare as a main factor in the process of social change remain interesting, even when his insistence in circumscription is still debatable. The aim of the present paper is to briefly review the available archaeological evidence of warfare among non-State societies of the Predynastic Nile Valley, and to evaluate its possible relation to the emergence of socio-political hierarchies, in turn refering to and criticizing some of Carneiro’s recent ideas about the issue.
在最近的一篇文章中，人类学家罗伯特·l·卡内罗(Robert L. Carneiro)重新评估了他最具争议的假设，即酋长管辖地和国家的出现是环境或社会限制的结果，并将一系列历史背景(包括前王朝时期的尼罗河谷)理论化。国家起源的问题超出了我们的范围，但关于尼罗河谷制度化领导和酋长管辖地的出现，卡内罗关于战争是社会变革过程中主要因素的观点仍然很有趣，即使他坚持限制仍然存在争议。本文的目的是简要回顾一下关于前王朝时期尼罗河谷非国家社会之间战争的现有考古证据，并评估其与社会政治等级出现的可能关系，进而参考和批评卡尼罗最近关于这个问题的一些观点。
{"title":"Warfare and socio-political hierarchies: reflections on non-State societies of the Predynastic Nile Valley","authors":"Augusto Gayubas","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0001","url":null,"abstract":"In a recent article, anthropologist Robert L. Carneiro reassessed his most debated hypothesis about the emergence of chiefdoms and the State as a result of environmental or social circumscription, theorized for a series of historical contexts including that of the Predynastic Nile Valley. The problem of the origin of the State is beyond our scope, but regarding the emergence of institutionalized leadership and chiefdoms in the Nile Valley, Carneiro’s ideas about warfare as a main factor in the process of social change remain interesting, even when his insistence in circumscription is still debatable. The aim of the present paper is to briefly review the available archaeological evidence of warfare among non-State societies of the Predynastic Nile Valley, and to evaluate its possible relation to the emergence of socio-political hierarchies, in turn refering to and criticizing some of Carneiro’s recent ideas about the issue.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"35 1","pages":"7-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70058391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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