Pub Date : 2011-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0002
D. Castro
This paper wants to carry out an analytical description of the use of Greek mercenaries in the East, from King’s Peace of 386 BC. In a new international world-system based on multilateral relations, Athens employed a shadow force of mercenaries in order to support the enemies of its allied powers, no matter if they were Sparta or Persia. Taking this example into mind, the radical improvements in war strategy along the IV century, as well as the high complexity of the international relations in the East, made such soldiers become an essential tool for any Ancient state with hegemonic aspirations.
{"title":"La campaña egipcio-chipriota (383-373 a.C.): relaciones internacionales y mercenarios griegos en oriente","authors":"D. Castro","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This paper wants to carry out an analytical description of the use of Greek mercenaries in the East, from King’s Peace of 386 BC. In a new international world-system based on multilateral relations, Athens employed a shadow force of mercenaries in order to support the enemies of its allied powers, no matter if they were Sparta or Persia. Taking this example into mind, the radical improvements in war strategy along the IV century, as well as the high complexity of the international relations in the East, made such soldiers become an essential tool for any Ancient state with hegemonic aspirations.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"31 1","pages":"43-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70057855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0008
Ramón Teja, Silvia Acerbi
In this paper we propose a short analysis of the iconographical canon related to Abu Seifein, best known as Saint Mercurius, a military martyr of the III rd. century, focusing specially on the saint’s weapons just as this appears in the Western and Eastern iconography. The epithet under with he is known in the Coptic sphere makes reference to the two swords, the human and the divine one, with which he is represented in the act of killing the emperor Julian the Apostate. There are, however, some other iconographical variants, very poor in details as far as the weapons and the stratiotike esthes are concerned, if we face them up to the contemporary military Byzantine treatises.
{"title":"Apuntes hagiográficos e iconográficos sobre un modelo de santidad militar: Mercurio-Abu Seifein, el mártir de las dos espadas","authors":"Ramón Teja, Silvia Acerbi","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0008","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we propose a short analysis of the iconographical canon related to Abu Seifein, best known as Saint Mercurius, a military martyr of the III rd. century, focusing specially on the saint’s weapons just as this appears in the Western and Eastern iconography. The epithet under with he is known in the Coptic sphere makes reference to the two swords, the human and the divine one, with which he is represented in the act of killing the emperor Julian the Apostate. There are, however, some other iconographical variants, very poor in details as far as the weapons and the stratiotike esthes are concerned, if we face them up to the contemporary military Byzantine treatises.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"4 1","pages":"189-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70057612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0004
Héctor Ceñal Martínez
In this article we have attempted to present a general idea of the use of a weapon that is not usually associated with Praetorian soldiers, showing how soldiers were forced to adapt to new times. We have analyzed epigraphic and literary sources, and we can consider as proven the employment of this weapon in the praetorium throughout the 3rd century AD as a result of adaptation to new battle techniques in the face of old and new enemies.
{"title":"Uso del arco en las cohortes pretorianas","authors":"Héctor Ceñal Martínez","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0004","url":null,"abstract":"In this article we have attempted to present a general idea of the use of a weapon that is not usually associated with Praetorian soldiers, showing how soldiers were forced to adapt to new times. We have analyzed epigraphic and literary sources, and we can consider as proven the employment of this weapon in the praetorium throughout the 3rd century AD as a result of adaptation to new battle techniques in the face of old and new enemies.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"31 1","pages":"77-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70057941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0010
Alan Williams
A large number of swords from the Viking era bear the inscription «VLFBERHT» or a variation on that. The metallurgy of different examples of these swords varies considerably but the metal employed correlates with the spelling of that name. In seeking to determine the origin of these swords, metallurgical studies may guide us, especially as many of the best examples differ considerably from both earlier and later Medieval swords.
{"title":"A note on the analysis of viking swords","authors":"Alan Williams","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0010","url":null,"abstract":"A large number of swords from the Viking era bear the inscription «VLFBERHT» or a variation on that. The metallurgy of different examples of these swords varies considerably but the metal employed correlates with the spelling of that name. In seeking to determine the origin of these swords, metallurgical studies may guide us, especially as many of the best examples differ considerably from both earlier and later Medieval swords.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"31 1","pages":"207-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70057721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0003
Aitor Iriarte Kortazar
Spanish bibliography hardly ever deals with Greco-Roman torsion artillery. This paper aims to fill that void, even if at a very basic level, and to furnish the reader with an up-to-date bibliography.
{"title":"Introducción a la artillería de torsión","authors":"Aitor Iriarte Kortazar","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish bibliography hardly ever deals with Greco-Roman torsion artillery. This paper aims to fill that void, even if at a very basic level, and to furnish the reader with an up-to-date bibliography.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"31 1","pages":"57-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70057868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0001
Ignasi Garcés i Estalló, Raimon Fabregat
Horse muzzles and Bronze muzzles are unique equestrian tools that have been referred to in scattered accounts throughout history. Nevertheless, the majority of these objects have received short descriptions and an overall study is still missing. The lack of a comprehensive study hinges on the over looked importance of these items and the superficial manner that have characterized their documentation. Both these reasons have limited observations on chronology and archaeological investigation. The recent identification of new unpublished exemplars among the Museums’ collections in Barcelona and Lleida has encouraged the authors of this paper to start a new study dedicated to these objects. Starting from a catalogue inclusive of all muzzles and muzzles currently known in the Iberian Peninsula, an attempt will be made to propose an accurate description, typological classification and, for some of the items, a revision of the decorative scenes that have marked their place in bronze horse muzzle and muzzle chronology. The formal development and the chronological framework here proposed refer to those of the exemplars found in Greece and in Italy. The broadening of the geographical area will allow reconsideration of those social phenomena that have in the past determined the diffusion of elements in horse tack throughout most of the western Peninsula in the Mediterranean.
{"title":"Ancient bronze horse muzzles of the Iberian Peninsula","authors":"Ignasi Garcés i Estalló, Raimon Fabregat","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Horse muzzles and Bronze muzzles are unique equestrian tools that have been referred to in scattered accounts throughout history. Nevertheless, the majority of these objects have received short descriptions and an overall study is still missing. The lack of a comprehensive study hinges on the over looked importance of these items and the superficial manner that have characterized their documentation. Both these reasons have limited observations on chronology and archaeological investigation. The recent identification of new unpublished exemplars among the Museums’ collections in Barcelona and Lleida has encouraged the authors of this paper to start a new study dedicated to these objects. Starting from a catalogue inclusive of all muzzles and muzzles currently known in the Iberian Peninsula, an attempt will be made to propose an accurate description, typological classification and, for some of the items, a revision of the decorative scenes that have marked their place in bronze horse muzzle and muzzle chronology. The formal development and the chronological framework here proposed refer to those of the exemplars found in Greece and in Italy. The broadening of the geographical area will allow reconsideration of those social phenomena that have in the past determined the diffusion of elements in horse tack throughout most of the western Peninsula in the Mediterranean.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"31 1","pages":"7-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70057813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0009
E. Astrup, Irmelin Martens
The paper is a comment on Alan Williams investigation ‘A Metallurgical Study of some Viking Swords’ published in Gladius XXIX. Williams’ paper comprise metallurgical investigations of 44 Viking Age Swords, all with ULFBERHT inscriptions. Such investigations, made by a well qualified metallurgist, are essential to archaeology. Unfortunately, this one has some serious limitations. In order to give a good description of the quality of a sword-blade, samples showing at least the section through both the edge and the central part of the blade are necessary. This is mostly not the case in Williams’ investigations, and he gives insufficient information about his samples. Other weak points are his group division and his interpretation of the production area for blades containing high-carbon steel.
这篇论文是对Alan Williams发表在《Gladius XXIX》上的研究“a Metallurgical Study of some Viking Swords”的评论。威廉姆斯的论文包括对44把维京时代的剑的冶金研究，这些剑都有ULFBERHT的铭文。由一位合格的冶金学家进行的这种调查对考古学是必不可少的。不幸的是，这种方法有一些严重的局限性。为了对剑刃的质量给出一个很好的描述，样品至少要显示剑刃的边缘和中心部分的截面。威廉姆斯的调查大多不是这样，他提供的样本信息也不充分。其他缺点是他的分组划分和他对含高碳钢叶片生产区域的解释。
{"title":"Studies of Viking Age swords: metallography and archaeology","authors":"E. Astrup, Irmelin Martens","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0009","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is a comment on Alan Williams investigation ‘A Metallurgical Study of some Viking Swords’ published in Gladius XXIX. Williams’ paper comprise metallurgical investigations of 44 Viking Age Swords, all with ULFBERHT inscriptions. Such investigations, made by a well qualified metallurgist, are essential to archaeology. Unfortunately, this one has some serious limitations. In order to give a good description of the quality of a sword-blade, samples showing at least the section through both the edge and the central part of the blade are necessary. This is mostly not the case in Williams’ investigations, and he gives insufficient information about his samples. Other weak points are his group division and his interpretation of the production area for blades containing high-carbon steel.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"31 1","pages":"203-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70057675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0006
Marcin Biborski, Janusz Stępiński, Grzegorz Żabiński
The paper presents the results of newest research on the Szczerbiec – the Polish coronation sword. Technological examinations revealed that the blade was manufactured of bloomery steel, with C contents of c. 0.3-0.6 %. The blade was thermally treated (quenched and tempered) in its part below the hilt. The X-ray revealed no pattern welding or composite structures. All this testifies to the authenticity of the sword as a genuine medieval weapon and not (as sometimes suggested in scholarship) a 19th c. replica. The pommel and the crosspiece were made of silver and then coveted with nielloed gold plates. A combination of typological, stylistic and epigraphic data suggests a date of c. 1250 for the sword. As suggested by the lavishness of ornament and inscriptions of the all-metal hilt, as well as by the rectangular cross-section of the grip, the Szczerbiec may have been influenced by swords of the Mediterranean (especially Iberian) cultural sphere. The swords of Sancho IV of Castille and Leon, of Santa Casilda, of Friedrich II von Hohenstaufen, of the Comtes de Dreux and a sword from the Museo Arqueologico Nacional in Madrid seem to be especially relevant analogies. Of particular significance is a Hebrew or Hebrew-Latin inscription on the crosspiece, which fits into a tradition of Hebrew-inspired voces magicae. The first owner of the sword was in all probability Boles?aw Pobo?ny (the Pious), Duke of Great Poland (died 1279). For Duke Boles?aw the sword was his gladius iustitiae and a protective talisman. The weapon was then inherited (probably through marriage to his daughter Jadwiga c. 1293) by Duke Boleslaw Pobozny (the Short or the Ell-high) (the future King of Poland). It was in all probability Duke Vladislao Łokietek who first used the sword as a coronation insignia.
{"title":"Szczerbiec (la espada mellada) – la espada de coronación de los reyes de Polonia","authors":"Marcin Biborski, Janusz Stępiński, Grzegorz Żabiński","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the results of newest research on the Szczerbiec – the Polish coronation sword. Technological examinations revealed that the blade was manufactured of bloomery steel, with C contents of c. 0.3-0.6 %. The blade was thermally treated (quenched and tempered) in its part below the hilt. The X-ray revealed no pattern welding or composite structures. All this testifies to the authenticity of the sword as a genuine medieval weapon and not (as sometimes suggested in scholarship) a 19th c. replica. The pommel and the crosspiece were made of silver and then coveted with nielloed gold plates. A combination of typological, stylistic and epigraphic data suggests a date of c. 1250 for the sword. As suggested by the lavishness of ornament and inscriptions of the all-metal hilt, as well as by the rectangular cross-section of the grip, the Szczerbiec may have been influenced by swords of the Mediterranean (especially Iberian) cultural sphere. The swords of Sancho IV of Castille and Leon, of Santa Casilda, of Friedrich II von Hohenstaufen, of the Comtes de Dreux and a sword from the Museo Arqueologico Nacional in Madrid seem to be especially relevant analogies. Of particular significance is a Hebrew or Hebrew-Latin inscription on the crosspiece, which fits into a tradition of Hebrew-inspired voces magicae. The first owner of the sword was in all probability Boles?aw Pobo?ny (the Pious), Duke of Great Poland (died 1279). For Duke Boles?aw the sword was his gladius iustitiae and a protective talisman. The weapon was then inherited (probably through marriage to his daughter Jadwiga c. 1293) by Duke Boleslaw Pobozny (the Short or the Ell-high) (the future King of Poland). It was in all probability Duke Vladislao Łokietek who first used the sword as a coronation insignia.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"31 1","pages":"93-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70057551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0007
M. Khorasani
The present article investigates different terms describing armour and its diverse typology in Persian martial tradition taken from a selected number of 47 dated Persian manuscripts from the 10th to the 19th centuries C.E. Both human and animal armour used in battlefields are described.
{"title":"Linguistic terms describing different types of armour in persian manuscripts","authors":"M. Khorasani","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The present article investigates different terms describing armour and its diverse typology in Persian martial tradition taken from a selected number of 47 dated Persian manuscripts from the 10th to the 19th centuries C.E. Both human and animal armour used in battlefields are described.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"31 1","pages":"149-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70057596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0005
Jaak Mäll
The oldest surviving helmet from Estonia is a 13th-century kettlehat found near village of Kodasoo in northern Estonia. Three samples from different parts of the kettlehat were investigated in a metallographic study. The raw material of the Kodasoo kettlehat was a slag-rich iron of heterogeneous carbon content. It was improved by folding and forge-welding it at least three times, resulting in layered structure with more uniformly distributed carbon content.
{"title":"A 13th-century Kettlehat from Kodasoo, Estonia","authors":"Jaak Mäll","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2011.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The oldest surviving helmet from Estonia is a 13th-century kettlehat found near village of Kodasoo in northern Estonia. Three samples from different parts of the kettlehat were investigated in a metallographic study. The raw material of the Kodasoo kettlehat was a slag-rich iron of heterogeneous carbon content. It was improved by folding and forge-welding it at least three times, resulting in layered structure with more uniformly distributed carbon content.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"31 1","pages":"83-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70058008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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