Pub Date : 2015-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0003
Javier Ávila
There’s a group of metallic fits which are present in many Iberian Iron Age contexts that are being usually interpreted as horse bits by the Spanish research. However, neither their morphology, nor their archaeological contexts make credible these interpretation. In addition, there are a lot of European similar findings, mainly from chariot tombs from the Hallstatt and La Tene Cultures, which are interpreted as closing yoke pieces (toggles) and which can indicate the true function for these Spanish findings. Some iconographical evidence from a horse stone sculpture coming from Andalusia could confirm this use in the Late Iberian Iron Age.
{"title":"Alamares metálicos: un sistema de cierre para correajes ecuestres en la protohistoria de la Península Ibérica","authors":"Javier Ávila","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0003","url":null,"abstract":"There’s a group of metallic fits which are present in many Iberian Iron Age contexts that are being usually interpreted as horse bits by the Spanish research. However, neither their morphology, nor their archaeological contexts make credible these interpretation. In addition, there are a lot of European similar findings, mainly from chariot tombs from the Hallstatt and La Tene Cultures, which are interpreted as closing yoke pieces (toggles) and which can indicate the true function for these Spanish findings. Some iconographical evidence from a horse stone sculpture coming from Andalusia could confirm this use in the Late Iberian Iron Age.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"35 1","pages":"35-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70058644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0004
José Soto Chica
The question of the number of troops that existed in the Sassanids’ armies during the 6th and 7th century has received various answers. Answers that, paradoxically, have not taken into account the specific and multiple information that provide the sources of this period. From our side in this paper, we address this question taking into account all the sources, whether these are Byzantine, Oriental, Persian or Perso-Islamic, and we try to show that the careful study of the data and the critical comparison permits us to evaluate with extreme precision the military power of the Sassanian Persia and to establish a comparative basis to shed new light on the late conflicts between Sassanid Persia and the Justinian’s or Heraclius’ Byzantium as well as those with the Arab armies of early Islam.
{"title":"Los efectivos del último ejército de la Persia Sasánida (572-642). Una solución desde las fuentes","authors":"José Soto Chica","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The question of the number of troops that existed in the Sassanids’ armies during the 6th and 7th century has received various answers. Answers that, paradoxically, have not taken into account the specific and multiple information that provide the sources of this period. From our side in this paper, we address this question taking into account all the sources, whether these are Byzantine, Oriental, Persian or Perso-Islamic, and we try to show that the careful study of the data and the critical comparison permits us to evaluate with extreme precision the military power of the Sassanian Persia and to establish a comparative basis to shed new light on the late conflicts between Sassanid Persia and the Justinian’s or Heraclius’ Byzantium as well as those with the Arab armies of early Islam.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"35 1","pages":"61-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70058680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0009
G. G. Jiménez, A. Rubio
Research on ancient mercenaries is fraught with problems, being the match between the scarce and partial data provided by the literary sources and the archaeological record a tricky and difficult matter. The recent publication of two books dealing with Iberian and Celtic mercenaries, by Raimon Graells and Luc Baray respectively, offers us an opportunity to dwell on a pervading discussion when studying cultural and military dynamics, and long distance relationships in Ancient Western Europe.
{"title":"De dragones, cascos y soldados de fortuna en el Occidente Antiguo: Acerca de dos obras recientes sobre el mercenariado galo e hispano","authors":"G. G. Jiménez, A. Rubio","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Research on ancient mercenaries is fraught with problems, being the match between the scarce and partial data provided by the literary sources and the archaeological record a tricky and difficult matter. The recent publication of two books dealing with Iberian and Celtic mercenaries, by Raimon Graells and Luc Baray respectively, offers us an opportunity to dwell on a pervading discussion when studying cultural and military dynamics, and long distance relationships in Ancient Western Europe.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"35 1","pages":"159-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70058853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0007
J. Blanco
This article aims at discovering the relationship between the crisis of the averia and the development of new models of funding for the armadas of Indies in 17th century. Through an analysis of general accounts of the “receptores” (receivers) in the General Archive of the Indies, especially the “relaciones juradas” (sworn testimonies), it is possible to determine that the Crown made money by selling offices in Spain and America, which was spent it to pay the armadas after the crisis of 1660.
{"title":"Sobre las armadas de indias: la práctica del “beneficio” y la crisis de la avería (1660- 1700)","authors":"J. Blanco","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims at discovering the relationship between the crisis of the averia and the development of new models of funding for the armadas of Indies in 17th century. Through an analysis of general accounts of the “receptores” (receivers) in the General Archive of the Indies, especially the “relaciones juradas” (sworn testimonies), it is possible to determine that the Crown made money by selling offices in Spain and America, which was spent it to pay the armadas after the crisis of 1660.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"35 1","pages":"117-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70058748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0002
Alexandre Bertaud
To understand the social interaction in warfare context, and specially claim of warrior ancestors, in this paper, we are going to study remains of anachronistic weapons in two late prehistorical agglomerations in South-Western Europe: Candeleda (Spain, Avila) and Mailhac (France, Aude). Study of discovery contexts is the main point to understand the place took by weaponry in these societies. So we are going to approach the claim of warlordism by the highlighting of ancestors warlords through their weapons.
{"title":"“Gloire immortelle de nos Aïeux” les armes des ancetres dans les agglomerations du sudouest europeen a la fin de l'age du Fer: les exemples de Raso de Candeleda et le Cayla de Mailhac","authors":"Alexandre Bertaud","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0002","url":null,"abstract":"To understand the social interaction in warfare context, and specially claim of warrior ancestors, in this paper, we are going to study remains of anachronistic weapons in two late prehistorical agglomerations in South-Western Europe: Candeleda (Spain, Avila) and Mailhac (France, Aude). Study of discovery contexts is the main point to understand the place took by weaponry in these societies. So we are going to approach the claim of warlordism by the highlighting of ancestors warlords through their weapons.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"35 1","pages":"21-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70058450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0008
D. Edge, Alan Williams, Z. Kasztovszky, Z. Kis, I. Kovács, L. Rosta, Z. Szőkefalvi-Nagy, G. Káli
Various neutron techniques were employed at the Budapest Nuclear Centre in an attempt to find the most useful method for analysing the high-carbon steels found in Oriental arms and armour, such as those in the Wallace Collection, London. Neutron diffraction was found to be the most useful in terms of identifying such steels and also indicating the presence of hidden pattern
{"title":"Nondestructive methods of analysis applied to oriental swords","authors":"D. Edge, Alan Williams, Z. Kasztovszky, Z. Kis, I. Kovács, L. Rosta, Z. Szőkefalvi-Nagy, G. Káli","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2015.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Various neutron techniques were employed at the Budapest Nuclear Centre in an attempt to find the most useful method for analysing the high-carbon steels found in Oriental arms and armour, such as those in the Wallace Collection, London. Neutron diffraction was found to be the most useful in terms of identifying such steels and also indicating the presence of hidden pattern","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"35 1","pages":"139-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70058757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2014.0001
Corina Liesau, Patricia Ríos, Concepción Blasco, J. Gómez
This study focuses on aspects related to interpersonal or intergroup violence during the Iberian Chalcolithic by discussing some archaeological evidences which have not been thoroughly evaluated to date. Particular attention is given to a series of injuries observed in some burials, which in the light of recent anthropological and paleopathological studies are becoming more numerous and diverse. Besides reviewing some papers and proposals on bone injuries resulting from acts of violence, new documented evidences are offered from the study of two Chalcolithic burials in Madrid: Camino de las Yeseras and Humanejos and related to an old one from the cemetery of Ciempozuelos. In the first of these sites, a multiple inhumation in a pit has been documented. It contains a possible family group associated with flint arrow heads intermingled with the skeletons and they seem to be related to the violent death of the group in a short space of time. Far more striking are the injuries found on two Bell Beaker males, one of them from Camino de las Yeseras, a senile with broken and deviated nasal bones, probably due to an interpersonal conflict. The second example, from Humanejos, is a 30 year old male who was a victim of a major traumatic injury to the forehead ante mortem . It was possibly caused by a copper adze or small axe, due to a face-to-face conflict. Both cases seem to suggest that, interpersonal or intergroup violence during the Iberian Chalcolithic is not infrequent. Also the archaeological record is revealing the existence of defensive architectures in several sites, where a considerable amount of arrow heads have been recovered in entrances, walls and workshops. These circumstances and the increase of arrow heads also in some ditched enclosures could explain their productions as primary defensive and offensive artefacts and later on the emergence of the first copper Palmela arrow heads in Iberia. Otherwise, as the archaeozoological studies of some chalcolithic sites reveal, that the increasing frequency of the flint arrow heads productions are not necessarily related to the rise of hunting activities during the 3 rd millennium. It is also discussed the use of some metal tools as weapons during the Bell Beaker horizon as they only appear in household contexts and the functionality of some of the Beaker “package” items from tombs as weapons.
{"title":"Indicios de violencia en yacimientos de la región de Madrid en el marco del Calcolítico peninsular","authors":"Corina Liesau, Patricia Ríos, Concepción Blasco, J. Gómez","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2014.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2014.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on aspects related to interpersonal or intergroup violence during the Iberian Chalcolithic by discussing some archaeological evidences which have not been thoroughly evaluated to date. Particular attention is given to a series of injuries observed in some burials, which in the light of recent anthropological and paleopathological studies are becoming more numerous and diverse. Besides reviewing some papers and proposals on bone injuries resulting from acts of violence, new documented evidences are offered from the study of two Chalcolithic burials in Madrid: Camino de las Yeseras and Humanejos and related to an old one from the cemetery of Ciempozuelos. In the first of these sites, a multiple inhumation in a pit has been documented. It contains a possible family group associated with flint arrow heads intermingled with the skeletons and they seem to be related to the violent death of the group in a short space of time. Far more striking are the injuries found on two Bell Beaker males, one of them from Camino de las Yeseras, a senile with broken and deviated nasal bones, probably due to an interpersonal conflict. The second example, from Humanejos, is a 30 year old male who was a victim of a major traumatic injury to the forehead ante mortem . It was possibly caused by a copper adze or small axe, due to a face-to-face conflict. Both cases seem to suggest that, interpersonal or intergroup violence during the Iberian Chalcolithic is not infrequent. Also the archaeological record is revealing the existence of defensive architectures in several sites, where a considerable amount of arrow heads have been recovered in entrances, walls and workshops. These circumstances and the increase of arrow heads also in some ditched enclosures could explain their productions as primary defensive and offensive artefacts and later on the emergence of the first copper Palmela arrow heads in Iberia. Otherwise, as the archaeozoological studies of some chalcolithic sites reveal, that the increasing frequency of the flint arrow heads productions are not necessarily related to the rise of hunting activities during the 3 rd millennium. It is also discussed the use of some metal tools as weapons during the Bell Beaker horizon as they only appear in household contexts and the functionality of some of the Beaker “package” items from tombs as weapons.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"34 1","pages":"7-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70058094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2014.0003
Serafín Olcoz Yanguas, M. Marqués
We present an interpretation of the epigraphic information transmitted by Polybius about the bronzes containing the first treaties between Carthage and Rome, and the one of the Temple of Hera Lacinia about Hannibal’s defensive strategy, which allows us to propose a hypothesis to reconstruct the provincial organization of Carthage in Libya and Iberia, as part of the struggle for hegemony in the western Mediterranean. This proposal also represents a turning point in the knowledge of the pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula and we believe will provide a better understanding of the situation and organization of Carthage before the Second Punic War, its position in front of Rome and of their consecutive processes of the conquest of Iberia.
{"title":"La región de Metagonia, la estrategia defensiva de Aníbal en Libia y en Iberia, y los primeros tratados entre Cartago y Roma","authors":"Serafín Olcoz Yanguas, M. Marqués","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2014.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2014.0003","url":null,"abstract":"We present an interpretation of the epigraphic information transmitted by Polybius about the bronzes containing the first treaties between Carthage and Rome, and the one of the Temple of Hera Lacinia about Hannibal’s defensive strategy, which allows us to propose a hypothesis to reconstruct the provincial organization of Carthage in Libya and Iberia, as part of the struggle for hegemony in the western Mediterranean. This proposal also represents a turning point in the knowledge of the pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula and we believe will provide a better understanding of the situation and organization of Carthage before the Second Punic War, its position in front of Rome and of their consecutive processes of the conquest of Iberia.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"34 1","pages":"65-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70058174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2014.0007
Alejandro García Álvarez-Busto, Noelia Fernández Calderón
In this paper we analyze some iron spurs gold recovered in the burial of a knight of the thirteenth century in the monastery of Corias (Asturias, Spain) First, it exposes a stratigraphic context assessment and a description of the spurs; in a second part establishes the chronology of the spurs from comparative analysis with other examples recovered in the different kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula; and finally performs a socioeconomic and political contextualization of the order of knights in Asturias in the thirteenth century.
{"title":"El caballero de las espuelas doradas. Análisis arqueológico de un enterramiento nobiliario medieval del monasterio de Corias","authors":"Alejandro García Álvarez-Busto, Noelia Fernández Calderón","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2014.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2014.0007","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we analyze some iron spurs gold recovered in the burial of a knight of the thirteenth century in the monastery of Corias (Asturias, Spain) First, it exposes a stratigraphic context assessment and a description of the spurs; in a second part establishes the chronology of the spurs from comparative analysis with other examples recovered in the different kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula; and finally performs a socioeconomic and political contextualization of the order of knights in Asturias in the thirteenth century.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"34 1","pages":"135-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70058302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-30DOI: 10.3989/GLADIUS.2014.0004
A. Marín
The King was the most important figure of all the Hellenistic period. He was an invincible warrior, wise ruler, god, general and medicine man. All these aspects of Hellenistic kingship are well known, however there is one subject that has not been studied by scholars, namely the capacity of Hellenistic kings to scare their enemies with their mere presence. In this paper we analyze stories attaching to Perdiccas, Olympias, Pyrrhus and Alexander the Great. Our opinion is that all these stories are based on the same model, the fight between Achilles and Trojans in the Iliad (XVIII 203-23). The aegis is studied as the mythical justification of the invincibility and terribleness of the kings. Furthermore, we consider the possibility that this phenomenon was associated with the Macedonian kings prior to Alexander.
{"title":"El miedo como arma de dominación: admiración, pavor y victoria en la imagen del rey guerrero en el helenismo inicial","authors":"A. Marín","doi":"10.3989/GLADIUS.2014.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/GLADIUS.2014.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The King was the most important figure of all the Hellenistic period. He was an invincible warrior, wise ruler, god, general and medicine man. All these aspects of Hellenistic kingship are well known, however there is one subject that has not been studied by scholars, namely the capacity of Hellenistic kings to scare their enemies with their mere presence. In this paper we analyze stories attaching to Perdiccas, Olympias, Pyrrhus and Alexander the Great. Our opinion is that all these stories are based on the same model, the fight between Achilles and Trojans in the Iliad (XVIII 203-23). The aegis is studied as the mythical justification of the invincibility and terribleness of the kings. Furthermore, we consider the possibility that this phenomenon was associated with the Macedonian kings prior to Alexander.","PeriodicalId":42057,"journal":{"name":"Gladius","volume":"34 1","pages":"95-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70058190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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