Abstract:Recent works on collaboration during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) have contributed much to the field by focusing on the concrete functioning of institutions in occupied China. Yet, a more systematic definition of the process by which these institutions took shape is necessary in order to better understand how state making in occupied China relates to the longue durée of the Chinese state, on the one hand, and to Japan's imperial endeavor, on the other. This article aims to fill this gap by proposing a new definition of state making in occupied China and providing an overview that clarifies both the chronology of the occupation state and the roles of key actors within it. Ultimately, it makes the case for a reassessment of the occupation state as one of the competing political realms that contributed to shape the modern Chinese state.
{"title":"Collaboration and State Making in China: Defining the Occupation State, 1937–1945","authors":"David Serfass","doi":"10.1353/tcc.2022.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2022.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Recent works on collaboration during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) have contributed much to the field by focusing on the concrete functioning of institutions in occupied China. Yet, a more systematic definition of the process by which these institutions took shape is necessary in order to better understand how state making in occupied China relates to the longue durée of the Chinese state, on the one hand, and to Japan's imperial endeavor, on the other. This article aims to fill this gap by proposing a new definition of state making in occupied China and providing an overview that clarifies both the chronology of the occupation state and the roles of key actors within it. Ultimately, it makes the case for a reassessment of the occupation state as one of the competing political realms that contributed to shape the modern Chinese state.","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"47 1","pages":"71 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48642826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Manhua Modernity: Chinese Culture and the Pictorial Turn by John A. Crespi (review)","authors":"Li Guo","doi":"10.1353/tcc.2022.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2022.0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"47 1","pages":"E-3 - E-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48807250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"To the End of the Revolution: The Chinese Communist Party and Tibet, 1949–1959 by Xiaoyuan Liu (review)","authors":"C. P. Giersch","doi":"10.1353/tcc.2022.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2022.0004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"47 1","pages":"E-11 - E-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44885300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"June Fourth: The Tiananmen Protests and Beijing Massacre of 1989 by Jeremy Brown (review)","authors":"Brian J. Demare","doi":"10.1353/tcc.2022.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2022.0000","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"47 1","pages":"E-1 - E-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44267530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article revisits Anglophone scholarship on Manchuria over the last two decades through the lens of official settlement schemes along China's northern frontier. It observes a difference between the way this key part of state making has been handled in histories of the Qing (1644–1912) and histories of the period of the Guomindang and the Japanese occupation (1928–1949) as opposed to histories of the early Republican or Beiyang era (1912–1927), in which state actors are notably absent from the literature. Bringing a 1921 refugee colonization program coordinated between authorities in North China and Manchuria back into the picture, the article broadens the range of agents involved in the strategic and developmental calculations underpinning modern China's state-making process.
{"title":"Migration and State Making: A Beiyang Settlement Scheme Along the Amur in 1921","authors":"Pierre Fuller","doi":"10.1353/tcc.2022.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2022.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article revisits Anglophone scholarship on Manchuria over the last two decades through the lens of official settlement schemes along China's northern frontier. It observes a difference between the way this key part of state making has been handled in histories of the Qing (1644–1912) and histories of the period of the Guomindang and the Japanese occupation (1928–1949) as opposed to histories of the early Republican or Beiyang era (1912–1927), in which state actors are notably absent from the literature. Bringing a 1921 refugee colonization program coordinated between authorities in North China and Manchuria back into the picture, the article broadens the range of agents involved in the strategic and developmental calculations underpinning modern China's state-making process.","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"47 1","pages":"30 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44899600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Wars frequently instigate the expansion of health services, a key component of state building. China first witnessed rapid growth in military and civilian health services during the War of Resistance against Japan (1937–1945). This essay explores two factors that enabled this development: low-paid medical work of women and an influx of charitable donations from overseas. It centers gender and women's care work in its analysis and argues that attention to the interpersonal and affective facets of state making shows that atypical state agents can emerge as formidable state-builders in an extraordinary time. As with other facets of the Communist state, health administration owed much to Nationalist-era growth and innovation.
{"title":"Health and State Making: The Expansion of State Health Services During the War of Resistance Against Japan (1937–1945)","authors":"N. Barnes","doi":"10.1353/tcc.2022.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2022.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Wars frequently instigate the expansion of health services, a key component of state building. China first witnessed rapid growth in military and civilian health services during the War of Resistance against Japan (1937–1945). This essay explores two factors that enabled this development: low-paid medical work of women and an influx of charitable donations from overseas. It centers gender and women's care work in its analysis and argues that attention to the interpersonal and affective facets of state making shows that atypical state agents can emerge as formidable state-builders in an extraordinary time. As with other facets of the Communist state, health administration owed much to Nationalist-era growth and innovation.","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"47 1","pages":"60 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41599763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reinventing Licentiousness: Pornography and Modern China by Y. Yvon Wang (review)","authors":"L. Rocha","doi":"10.1353/tcc.2022.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2022.0005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"47 1","pages":"E-13 - E-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46728577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The Republic of China on the mainland (1912–1949) was hardly a unified nationstate. During times of division, however, China's state building continued, and a case in point is the increasing capacity of the Guomindang (GMD) state to impose and collect new taxes under difficult circumstances. This paper identifies three themes that emerge in some recent studies on the taxation initiatives taken by the GMD state, in the context of its differentiation from and competition with other subnational power-holders. International standing and state legitimacy (and capacity), ideological justification for taxation and institutional growth in taxation, and the negotiations and compromises between the state and society over taxes were some of the crucial elements in the unfolding of state building under the GMD state.
{"title":"A Critical Dimension of State Building: Taxation in Nationalist China, 1928–1949","authors":"Xiaoqun Xu","doi":"10.1353/tcc.2022.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2022.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The Republic of China on the mainland (1912–1949) was hardly a unified nationstate. During times of division, however, China's state building continued, and a case in point is the increasing capacity of the Guomindang (GMD) state to impose and collect new taxes under difficult circumstances. This paper identifies three themes that emerge in some recent studies on the taxation initiatives taken by the GMD state, in the context of its differentiation from and competition with other subnational power-holders. International standing and state legitimacy (and capacity), ideological justification for taxation and institutional growth in taxation, and the negotiations and compromises between the state and society over taxes were some of the crucial elements in the unfolding of state building under the GMD state.","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"47 1","pages":"50 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43625380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Abolishing Boundaries: Global Utopias in the Formation of Modern Chinese Political Thought, 1880–1940 by Peter Zarrow (review)","authors":"Matthew Galway","doi":"10.1353/tcc.2022.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2022.0013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"47 1","pages":"E-16 - E-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45033805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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