Abstract:This article explores the designing, construction, and uses of the public park known as Huagang guanyu, “Watching Fish at the Flower Harbor,” in Hangzhou, China, during the time of Mao (1949–1976). While the existing scholarship has documented the transformation of the city into a political space after 1949, the present study emphasizes the diverse uses of this public site. My study on the construction and different uses—as political, mnemonic, and experiential spaces—of this public park sheds light on the intersection of three such spaces, allowing individuals to variously subscribe to, negotiate with, and appropriate the official rhetoric and practices. Thus, I argue that the politicization of the urban space in mid-century China was merely one of numerous “spatial practices.” It was the interactions of differing spatial practices that constituted the very essence of the development and transformation of cities in Mao-era China.
{"title":"“Watching Fish at the Flower Harbor”: Landscape, Space, and the Propaganda State in Mao’s China","authors":"Qiliang He","doi":"10.1353/TCC.2021.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/TCC.2021.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article explores the designing, construction, and uses of the public park known as Huagang guanyu, “Watching Fish at the Flower Harbor,” in Hangzhou, China, during the time of Mao (1949–1976). While the existing scholarship has documented the transformation of the city into a political space after 1949, the present study emphasizes the diverse uses of this public site. My study on the construction and different uses—as political, mnemonic, and experiential spaces—of this public park sheds light on the intersection of three such spaces, allowing individuals to variously subscribe to, negotiate with, and appropriate the official rhetoric and practices. Thus, I argue that the politicization of the urban space in mid-century China was merely one of numerous “spatial practices.” It was the interactions of differing spatial practices that constituted the very essence of the development and transformation of cities in Mao-era China.","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"46 1","pages":"181 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/TCC.2021.0014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43037488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Circuit Listening: Chinese Popular Music in the Global 1960s by Andrew F. Jones (review)","authors":"Jie Li","doi":"10.1353/TCC.2021.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/TCC.2021.0016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"46 1","pages":"E-11 - E-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/TCC.2021.0016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47145151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article examines the relocation of schools from mainland China and Hong Kong to the neutral enclave of Macao during the Second World War in East Asia. It argues that the war brought to the Portuguese-administered territory a new cosmopolitanism that was especially noticeable in the enhancement of educational opportunities. Moving to Macao allowed for the resumption of educational activities interrupted elsewhere and for the linkage of teaching and learning with relief and resistance. The tens of thousands of student-refugees who ended up in Macao featured in different imperial and nationalist initiatives that coexisted in peculiar ways. On the basis of multilingual archival materials, newspapers, and memoirs, this study explores ambivalent experiences of refuge and exchange during the Second World War through the case study of the transfer of dozens of schools to a peripheral territory at the crossroads of several empires.
{"title":"Wartime Education at the Crossroads of Empires: The Relocation of Schools to Macao During the Second World War, 1937–1945","authors":"H. Lopes","doi":"10.1353/TCC.2021.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/TCC.2021.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article examines the relocation of schools from mainland China and Hong Kong to the neutral enclave of Macao during the Second World War in East Asia. It argues that the war brought to the Portuguese-administered territory a new cosmopolitanism that was especially noticeable in the enhancement of educational opportunities. Moving to Macao allowed for the resumption of educational activities interrupted elsewhere and for the linkage of teaching and learning with relief and resistance. The tens of thousands of student-refugees who ended up in Macao featured in different imperial and nationalist initiatives that coexisted in peculiar ways. On the basis of multilingual archival materials, newspapers, and memoirs, this study explores ambivalent experiences of refuge and exchange during the Second World War through the case study of the transfer of dozens of schools to a peripheral territory at the crossroads of several empires.","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"46 1","pages":"130 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/TCC.2021.0012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43659437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Social Construction of National Reality: Taiwan, Tibet and Hong Kong by Fu-Lai Tony Yu and Diana S. Kwan (review)","authors":"Norbert Francis","doi":"10.1353/TCC.2021.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/TCC.2021.0019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"46 1","pages":"E-18 - E-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/TCC.2021.0019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48116125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Feminism, Women’s Agency, and Communication in Early Twentieth-Century China: The Case of the Huang-Lu Elopement by Qiliang He (review)","authors":"A. McLaren","doi":"10.1353/tcc.2021.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2021.0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"46 1","pages":"E-3 - E-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/tcc.2021.0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41908720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article examines a series of interactions between the All-China Women’s Federation (Fulian) and other women’s organizations in the Asian region, focusing particularly on the All-India Women’s Conference (AIWC). Despite their differences, women in these organizations shared what they described as “Asian” goals: overcoming the legacies of the feudal past at home and defeating imperialism abroad. The Fulian used interactions with the AIWC to imagine a community of “Asian women” as a “united front” for peaceful reconstruction and against imperialism and war. This curated image of the “Asian woman” helped the Fulian to educate its membership about the importance of their work to build up China’s strength. Without Chinese women guiding them, women in India and the rest of the region would be bereft of a road map to liberation. The Fulian thus promoted Chinese women as both the comrades and the leaders of all of the women of “Asia.”
{"title":"Finding “Asia” After Imperialism: Transnational Visions of the “Asian Woman” in China and India, 1949–1955","authors":"Y. Nasser","doi":"10.1353/tcc.2021.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2021.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article examines a series of interactions between the All-China Women’s Federation (Fulian) and other women’s organizations in the Asian region, focusing particularly on the All-India Women’s Conference (AIWC). Despite their differences, women in these organizations shared what they described as “Asian” goals: overcoming the legacies of the feudal past at home and defeating imperialism abroad. The Fulian used interactions with the AIWC to imagine a community of “Asian women” as a “united front” for peaceful reconstruction and against imperialism and war. This curated image of the “Asian woman” helped the Fulian to educate its membership about the importance of their work to build up China’s strength. Without Chinese women guiding them, women in India and the rest of the region would be bereft of a road map to liberation. The Fulian thus promoted Chinese women as both the comrades and the leaders of all of the women of “Asia.”","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"46 1","pages":"62 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/tcc.2021.0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42217768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article examines the coverage of defamation disputes and lawsuits in the Holmes tabloid in the late 1920s. In 1928, the famous poet Xu Zhimo took the tabloid to court for alleging that his wife, Lu Xiaoman, was having an affair. The tabloid strategically used the trial to validate and market newsworthy events. I argue that the tabloid publicity surrounding the defamation lawsuit embedded multifaceted meanings into a legal discourse that both facilitated legal knowledge circulation and allowed leisure consumption. Modern legal knowledge was thus combined with scandalous narrative to create a new and distinctive type of public knowledge. This playful engagement in the making of legal knowledge enhanced vernacular legal understanding but challenged the legal professionals by turning a procedure of law into a mechanism of gossip production for profit.
{"title":"Creating Entertaining Lawsuits: Defamation and Tabloid Publicity in 1920s Shanghai","authors":"Jing Zhang","doi":"10.1353/tcc.2021.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2021.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article examines the coverage of defamation disputes and lawsuits in the Holmes tabloid in the late 1920s. In 1928, the famous poet Xu Zhimo took the tabloid to court for alleging that his wife, Lu Xiaoman, was having an affair. The tabloid strategically used the trial to validate and market newsworthy events. I argue that the tabloid publicity surrounding the defamation lawsuit embedded multifaceted meanings into a legal discourse that both facilitated legal knowledge circulation and allowed leisure consumption. Modern legal knowledge was thus combined with scandalous narrative to create a new and distinctive type of public knowledge. This playful engagement in the making of legal knowledge enhanced vernacular legal understanding but challenged the legal professionals by turning a procedure of law into a mechanism of gossip production for profit.","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"46 1","pages":"41 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/tcc.2021.0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42058403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
transmitting the firm’s assets, skills, and managerial control down to future generations. McDermott’s detailed case studies of each type of house firm yields precious insights into the nature of commercial enterprise virtually unequalled in any study of premodern Chinese business history (apart, I would say, from Madeleine Zelin’s exemplary The Merchants of Zigong). Deeply informative as this study is, McDermott refrains from any comprehensive assessment of the place of the Huizhou merchants in Chinese social and economic history. The book’s conclusion really is more of an epilogue, and dwells mostly on the village institutions that are the subject of volume 1. Ultimately McDermott underscores the limitations of Huizhou merchant enterprise rather than its transformative potential, an economic environment fraught with obstacles, tribulations, and insecurity, a sociopolitical world rife with perfidy and predation. Yet the prodigious wealth of the Huizhou merchants and the social distinction they amassed suggests that the institutional innovations showcased in this book should be judged remarkably successful on their own terms.
{"title":"A Century of Student Movements in China: The Mountain Movers, 1919–2019 ed. by Xiaobing Li and Qiang Fang (review)","authors":"Yidi Wu","doi":"10.1353/tcc.2021.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2021.0008","url":null,"abstract":"transmitting the firm’s assets, skills, and managerial control down to future generations. McDermott’s detailed case studies of each type of house firm yields precious insights into the nature of commercial enterprise virtually unequalled in any study of premodern Chinese business history (apart, I would say, from Madeleine Zelin’s exemplary The Merchants of Zigong). Deeply informative as this study is, McDermott refrains from any comprehensive assessment of the place of the Huizhou merchants in Chinese social and economic history. The book’s conclusion really is more of an epilogue, and dwells mostly on the village institutions that are the subject of volume 1. Ultimately McDermott underscores the limitations of Huizhou merchant enterprise rather than its transformative potential, an economic environment fraught with obstacles, tribulations, and insecurity, a sociopolitical world rife with perfidy and predation. Yet the prodigious wealth of the Huizhou merchants and the social distinction they amassed suggests that the institutional innovations showcased in this book should be judged remarkably successful on their own terms.","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"46 1","pages":"E-5 - E-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/tcc.2021.0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48993207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:In 1930s China, there emerged an animal protection movement that was closely tied to both Buddhist activism and contemporary political discourses. Harking back to a long-standing tradition of kindness to animals, in 1934 Buddhist activists from the Pure Land school founded the China Society for the Protection of Animals, which campaigned against the mistreatment and killing of animals. Chinese activists argued that animal cruelty produced bad karma, weakened human morality, and caused interpersonal violence. In a period when concern over public morality loomed large, animal protection appeared to be a powerful means to build a “civilized” nation. Ingeniously playing on both local traditions and international discourses, the Chinese animal protection movement gained broad news coverage and support from the Nationalist government. Although it was cut short by the Second Sino-Japanese War, it provides important insights into the intricacies of animal protection in the Chinese cultural sphere that resonate to this day.
{"title":"“For the Sake of Morality and Civilization”: The Buddhist Animal Protection Movement in Republican China","authors":"M. Schumann","doi":"10.1353/tcc.2021.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2021.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In 1930s China, there emerged an animal protection movement that was closely tied to both Buddhist activism and contemporary political discourses. Harking back to a long-standing tradition of kindness to animals, in 1934 Buddhist activists from the Pure Land school founded the China Society for the Protection of Animals, which campaigned against the mistreatment and killing of animals. Chinese activists argued that animal cruelty produced bad karma, weakened human morality, and caused interpersonal violence. In a period when concern over public morality loomed large, animal protection appeared to be a powerful means to build a “civilized” nation. Ingeniously playing on both local traditions and international discourses, the Chinese animal protection movement gained broad news coverage and support from the Nationalist government. Although it was cut short by the Second Sino-Japanese War, it provides important insights into the intricacies of animal protection in the Chinese cultural sphere that resonate to this day.","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"46 1","pages":"22 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/tcc.2021.0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47987992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Constructing Empire: The Japanese in Changchun, 1905–45 by Bill Sewell (review)","authors":"Christian A. Hess","doi":"10.1353/tcc.2021.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2021.0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42116,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth-Century China","volume":"46 1","pages":"E-7 - E-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/tcc.2021.0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41533822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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