Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09546545.2021.1864918
J. Lundesgaard, V. Tevlina
In 1921, at the beginning of the New Economic Policy (NEP), V.I. Lenin pointed to the timber industry of the North as a promising opportunity for cooperation with Western interests and the Soviet state soon introduced timber concessions. However, these concessions were not particularly profitable and ended up as a short-lived experiment. This article analyses why timber concessions failed to make a profit, a critical question for the NEP’s semi-capitalist economy. It finds that monetary reforms that began with the re-establishment of central banking in October 1921 and ended in May 1924 with the new ruble clearly contributed to the failures of the timber concessions. The relative stability of the new currency was seen as an important achievement, but with the exchange rate initially fixed, the new ruble became overvalued. Thus, the export of goods purchased in new rubles became less profitable, or simply unprofitable. This led to severe difficulties for timber concessions such as Russangloles, Russhollandoles and Russnorvegoles. We focus on the important Russnorvegoles concession. We also find that there were two occasions when this concession succeeded in circumventing the problem of the overvalued ruble for short periods, yet acting contrary to Soviet interests in this way contributed to the end of Western interests in the company.
{"title":"Profit under the Soviets: Timber Concessions, Western interests and the Monetary Reforms under NEP","authors":"J. Lundesgaard, V. Tevlina","doi":"10.1080/09546545.2021.1864918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546545.2021.1864918","url":null,"abstract":"In 1921, at the beginning of the New Economic Policy (NEP), V.I. Lenin pointed to the timber industry of the North as a promising opportunity for cooperation with Western interests and the Soviet state soon introduced timber concessions. However, these concessions were not particularly profitable and ended up as a short-lived experiment. This article analyses why timber concessions failed to make a profit, a critical question for the NEP’s semi-capitalist economy. It finds that monetary reforms that began with the re-establishment of central banking in October 1921 and ended in May 1924 with the new ruble clearly contributed to the failures of the timber concessions. The relative stability of the new currency was seen as an important achievement, but with the exchange rate initially fixed, the new ruble became overvalued. Thus, the export of goods purchased in new rubles became less profitable, or simply unprofitable. This led to severe difficulties for timber concessions such as Russangloles, Russhollandoles and Russnorvegoles. We focus on the important Russnorvegoles concession. We also find that there were two occasions when this concession succeeded in circumventing the problem of the overvalued ruble for short periods, yet acting contrary to Soviet interests in this way contributed to the end of Western interests in the company.","PeriodicalId":42121,"journal":{"name":"Revolutionary Russia","volume":"34 1","pages":"71 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09546545.2021.1864918","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47637756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09546545.2021.1918874
James C. Pearce
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09546545.2021.1909850
A. Dickins
This article examines the attempts of revolutionaries in the central Siberian city of Krasnoiarsk to transform the ‘geography of power’ by extending local autonomy within the context of the wider revolutionary state. It examines their efforts to do so through local challenges to the central appointment of a regional commissar (gubernskii komissar), the re-election of the municipal Duma, and the establishment of unions of local soviets across Eniseisk province and Siberia more generally. Considering these three cases, it challenges the idea that demands for local autonomy in Siberia were primarily pressed during this time by self-professed regionalists (oblastniki) whilst being shunned by socialists. Instead, it demonstrates that groups from across the political spectrum – foremost amongst them local socialists – adopted and developed their own agendas for local autonomy. It further contends that the idea of local autonomy did not express local actors’ desire to break away from the wider all-Russian state, but rather to reposition themselves within it, in the process refashioning the ‘geography of power’ on a more egalitarian basis. The article provides a contribution to understandings of Siberia in revolution, and to the role and self-conceptualisation of local actors in reconstructing state power.
{"title":"A Revolutionary Locality in a Revolutionary State: The Changing Geography of Power in Central Siberia, March-October 1917","authors":"A. Dickins","doi":"10.1080/09546545.2021.1909850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546545.2021.1909850","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the attempts of revolutionaries in the central Siberian city of Krasnoiarsk to transform the ‘geography of power’ by extending local autonomy within the context of the wider revolutionary state. It examines their efforts to do so through local challenges to the central appointment of a regional commissar (gubernskii komissar), the re-election of the municipal Duma, and the establishment of unions of local soviets across Eniseisk province and Siberia more generally. Considering these three cases, it challenges the idea that demands for local autonomy in Siberia were primarily pressed during this time by self-professed regionalists (oblastniki) whilst being shunned by socialists. Instead, it demonstrates that groups from across the political spectrum – foremost amongst them local socialists – adopted and developed their own agendas for local autonomy. It further contends that the idea of local autonomy did not express local actors’ desire to break away from the wider all-Russian state, but rather to reposition themselves within it, in the process refashioning the ‘geography of power’ on a more egalitarian basis. The article provides a contribution to understandings of Siberia in revolution, and to the role and self-conceptualisation of local actors in reconstructing state power.","PeriodicalId":42121,"journal":{"name":"Revolutionary Russia","volume":"34 1","pages":"45 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09546545.2021.1909850","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43223912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09546545.2021.1918872
Siobhán Hearne
{"title":"The Firebird and the Fox: Russian Culture under the Tsars and Bolsheviks","authors":"Siobhán Hearne","doi":"10.1080/09546545.2021.1918872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546545.2021.1918872","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42121,"journal":{"name":"Revolutionary Russia","volume":"34 1","pages":"145 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09546545.2021.1918872","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43689042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09546545.2021.1880355
Cheng Yi Meng
The February Revolution which overthrew the Russian monarchy was greeted with euphoria by the Chinese media. Reminiscent of the 1911 Revolution which overthrew not just the Qing dynasty but also the imperial system, it resonated with Chinese intellectuals. The predominant mood of optimism was fuelled by reports which painted a rosy picture of the February Revolution, some of which bordered on naivete. As events unravelled, news reports on the February Revolution grew increasingly pessimistic about the situation in Russia, although most commentators never lost their sympathy for the revolution. Indeed, they followed the chaos in Russia with worry and concern, and tried to interpret events in ways that made sense to their Chinese readers. In this article, I examine how the February Revolution and the Provisional Government’s prosecution of the war was reported by the Chinese media, thus highlighting how interpretations of historical events were unavoidably distorted by the circumstances of the time.
{"title":"Revolutions Never Die, they Just Fade Away: The February Revolution through Chinese Eyes","authors":"Cheng Yi Meng","doi":"10.1080/09546545.2021.1880355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546545.2021.1880355","url":null,"abstract":"The February Revolution which overthrew the Russian monarchy was greeted with euphoria by the Chinese media. Reminiscent of the 1911 Revolution which overthrew not just the Qing dynasty but also the imperial system, it resonated with Chinese intellectuals. The predominant mood of optimism was fuelled by reports which painted a rosy picture of the February Revolution, some of which bordered on naivete. As events unravelled, news reports on the February Revolution grew increasingly pessimistic about the situation in Russia, although most commentators never lost their sympathy for the revolution. Indeed, they followed the chaos in Russia with worry and concern, and tried to interpret events in ways that made sense to their Chinese readers. In this article, I examine how the February Revolution and the Provisional Government’s prosecution of the war was reported by the Chinese media, thus highlighting how interpretations of historical events were unavoidably distorted by the circumstances of the time.","PeriodicalId":42121,"journal":{"name":"Revolutionary Russia","volume":"34 1","pages":"19 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09546545.2021.1880355","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47284859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/09546545.2020.1830602
G. Swain
This article sets the context for and the motivation behind the Bolshevik action to suppress the Moscow Anarchists on 11–12 April 1918. It explores the Anarchist view that in October 1917 a tactical alliance between Anarchists and Bolsheviks was essential to move the revolution forward, but that such an alliance was only temporary and would simply be a precursor to a genuinely popular third revolution which would shortly follow. The article suggests that, for the Anarchist leadership in Moscow, the crisis created by the Bolshevik decision to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918 meant that the moment for such a third revolution was approaching. Was this talk of revolution real or were the Anarchists just hoping to wreck the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? By wrecking the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, would the Anarchists ignite a popular anti-state insurgency? Either way, the Bolsheviks decided to nip the action in the bud to prove to Imperial Germany that the revolution was under their control.
{"title":"The Bolshevik Anti-Anarchist Action of Spring 1918","authors":"G. Swain","doi":"10.1080/09546545.2020.1830602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546545.2020.1830602","url":null,"abstract":"This article sets the context for and the motivation behind the Bolshevik action to suppress the Moscow Anarchists on 11–12 April 1918. It explores the Anarchist view that in October 1917 a tactical alliance between Anarchists and Bolsheviks was essential to move the revolution forward, but that such an alliance was only temporary and would simply be a precursor to a genuinely popular third revolution which would shortly follow. The article suggests that, for the Anarchist leadership in Moscow, the crisis created by the Bolshevik decision to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918 meant that the moment for such a third revolution was approaching. Was this talk of revolution real or were the Anarchists just hoping to wreck the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? By wrecking the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, would the Anarchists ignite a popular anti-state insurgency? Either way, the Bolsheviks decided to nip the action in the bud to prove to Imperial Germany that the revolution was under their control.","PeriodicalId":42121,"journal":{"name":"Revolutionary Russia","volume":"33 1","pages":"221 - 245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09546545.2020.1830602","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43332541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/09546545.2020.1824606
Gavin MURRAY-MILLER
There is little doubt that France’s tumultuous political history has cast a long shadow over the modern world, providing a human drama that politicians and intellectuals repeatedly felt inclined to...
毫无疑问，法国动荡的政治史给现代世界投下了长长的阴影，提供了一出政治家和知识分子一再倾向于……
{"title":"The French Revolutionary Tradition in Russian and Soviet Politics, Political Thought, and Culture","authors":"Gavin MURRAY-MILLER","doi":"10.1080/09546545.2020.1824606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546545.2020.1824606","url":null,"abstract":"There is little doubt that France’s tumultuous political history has cast a long shadow over the modern world, providing a human drama that politicians and intellectuals repeatedly felt inclined to...","PeriodicalId":42121,"journal":{"name":"Revolutionary Russia","volume":"33 1","pages":"274 - 275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09546545.2020.1824606","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46304592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/09546545.2020.1826144
Samantha Sherry
Translating England into Russian takes as its subject the translation of English (that is, originating in England) children’s literature into Russian during the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. It o...
英译俄以苏联和后苏联时期英语（即源自英国）儿童文学的俄译为主题。它。。。
{"title":"Translating England into Russian: The Politics of Children's Literature in the Soviet Union and Modern Russia","authors":"Samantha Sherry","doi":"10.1080/09546545.2020.1826144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546545.2020.1826144","url":null,"abstract":"Translating England into Russian takes as its subject the translation of English (that is, originating in England) children’s literature into Russian during the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. It o...","PeriodicalId":42121,"journal":{"name":"Revolutionary Russia","volume":"33 1","pages":"276 - 277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09546545.2020.1826144","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47751319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/09546545.2020.1824726
C. Gilley
Few participants in the Russian Civil Wars, 1917–1921, have been the subject of more hagiography or demonisation than Nestor Makhno, the leader of the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine....
在1917年至1921年的俄罗斯内战中，很少有参与者比乌克兰革命起义军(Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine)领袖内斯托尔·马赫诺(Nestor Makhno)更被奉为圣人或被妖魔化
{"title":"Makhno and Memory: Anarchist and Mennonite Narratives of Ukraine's Civil War, 1917–1921","authors":"C. Gilley","doi":"10.1080/09546545.2020.1824726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546545.2020.1824726","url":null,"abstract":"Few participants in the Russian Civil Wars, 1917–1921, have been the subject of more hagiography or demonisation than Nestor Makhno, the leader of the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine....","PeriodicalId":42121,"journal":{"name":"Revolutionary Russia","volume":"33 1","pages":"278 - 280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09546545.2020.1824726","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42153653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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