Chinese is the language of legislation and of court and administrative procedures in several jurisdictions as well as in numerous international organizations. Its legal status differs from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and displays its pluricentric character. Legal acts that are issued in these jurisdictions demonstrate therefore different levels of terminological formation and other legal-linguistically relevant varieties. It is the task of legal lexicography to register lexical varieties of legal Chinese in the relevant jurisdictions. However, in addition to all lexicological and lexicographical efforts, the question could be asked whether terminological harmonization constitutes the appropriate answer to problems caused by pluricentric Chinese legal terminology. It could be claimed that the task of legal linguists is not only to research but also to shape the Chinese legal language. There exist, in fact, examples of such activities that will be closely scrutinized in this article.
{"title":"Pluricentric legal Chinese","authors":"Clara Ho-yan Chan, Marcus Galdia","doi":"10.1075/cld.21013.cha","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/cld.21013.cha","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Chinese is the language of legislation and of court and administrative procedures in several jurisdictions as well\u0000 as in numerous international organizations. Its legal status differs from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and displays its\u0000 pluricentric character. Legal acts that are issued in these jurisdictions demonstrate therefore different levels of terminological\u0000 formation and other legal-linguistically relevant varieties. It is the task of legal lexicography to register lexical varieties of\u0000 legal Chinese in the relevant jurisdictions. However, in addition to all lexicological and lexicographical efforts, the question\u0000 could be asked whether terminological harmonization constitutes the appropriate answer to problems caused by pluricentric Chinese\u0000 legal terminology. It could be claimed that the task of legal linguists is not only to research but also to shape the Chinese\u0000 legal language. There exist, in fact, examples of such activities that will be closely scrutinized in this article.","PeriodicalId":42144,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Language and Discourse","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72682749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents findings pertaining to digital you-narratives in which ungendered third person Chinese pronoun ta is embedded. The study asks what implications the script choice ta, as opposed to gendered 他 ta ‘he’ and 她 ta ‘she’, has for the facilitation of situational empathy when used in conjunction with specific and generic 你 ni ‘you’. The study draws on 131 digital texts from celebrity verified accounts on social media platform Sina Weibo in October 2015. From a Discourse Analytical perspective, the study utilizes pragmatic and textual approaches under a constructivist narrative analysis framework to examine the facilitative role of ta in relation to empathy invoked in readers. The study proposes that ta is a pragmatic resource used to facilitate the co-construction of emergent narratives based on situational empathy. The implications of said findings are discussed along with future avenues of research.
{"title":"Pronoun TA as a facilitator of empathy in Chinese digital narratives","authors":"Kerry Sluchinski","doi":"10.1075/cld.21008.slu","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/cld.21008.slu","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article presents findings pertaining to digital you-narratives in which ungendered third person Chinese\u0000 pronoun ta is embedded. The study asks what implications the script choice ta, as opposed to gendered\u0000 他 ta ‘he’ and 她 ta ‘she’, has for the facilitation of\u0000 situational empathy when used in conjunction with specific and generic 你 ni ‘you’. The study draws on 131 digital texts from celebrity verified accounts on\u0000 social media platform Sina Weibo in October 2015. From a Discourse Analytical perspective, the study utilizes pragmatic and\u0000 textual approaches under a constructivist narrative analysis framework to examine the facilitative role of ta in relation to\u0000 empathy invoked in readers. The study proposes that ta is a pragmatic resource used to facilitate the\u0000 co-construction of emergent narratives based on situational empathy. The implications of said findings are discussed along with\u0000 future avenues of research.","PeriodicalId":42144,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Language and Discourse","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89535622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many Chinese characters have more than one form of writing owing to complex nature of creation and long evolvement history of writing. Most existing Chinese dictionaries list these variant forms but do not explain in a systematic way why a specific character is a variant form of another, and only list a few older key bibliographies, many of which are themselves dictionaries of various forms. In this article we present a new theory and practice of how to determine whether a Chinese character is a variant of another, and show how we can deduce a dictionary of variant characters automatically from a corpus of ancient Chinese texts totaling 2.3 billion characters with artificial intelligence techniques. Results show that in over 74,000 instances of identified variant character groups, more than 20,000 new instances are found by our algorithm. We have then compiled all the instances into a dictionary and call it Dictionary of Chinese Variant Words (異體字詞典, Yiti Zi Cidian). The key insight of our theory is to find synonymous words with variant characters. The dictionary has already been put online for several years and everyone can freely access and edit it like the way they do on Wikipedia.
{"title":"Automatic construction of a dictionary of variant forms of Chinese characters","authors":"X. Shi","doi":"10.1075/cld.21037.shi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/cld.21037.shi","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Many Chinese characters have more than one form of writing owing to complex nature of creation and long evolvement\u0000 history of writing. Most existing Chinese dictionaries list these variant forms but do not explain in a systematic way why a\u0000 specific character is a variant form of another, and only list a few older key bibliographies, many of which are themselves\u0000 dictionaries of various forms. In this article we present a new theory and practice of how to determine whether a Chinese\u0000 character is a variant of another, and show how we can deduce a dictionary of variant characters automatically from a corpus of\u0000 ancient Chinese texts totaling 2.3 billion characters with artificial intelligence techniques. Results show that in over 74,000\u0000 instances of identified variant character groups, more than 20,000 new instances are found by our algorithm. We have then compiled\u0000 all the instances into a dictionary and call it Dictionary of Chinese Variant Words (異體字詞典, Yiti Zi Cidian). The key insight of our theory\u0000 is to find synonymous words with variant characters. The dictionary has already been put online for several years and everyone can\u0000 freely access and edit it like the way they do on Wikipedia.","PeriodicalId":42144,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Language and Discourse","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87390259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores the various functions of diào in Mandarin Chinese as it changes from a verb to a phase marker. As a phase marker, diào provides a natural endpoint to a co-occurring event and indicates completion, which is a distinct function from the perfect marker le. In this shift, the meaning of diào also expands, including ‘falling down’, ‘throwing down’, ‘disappearing’, ‘removal’, ‘completion’ and ‘change of state’. The multifunctionality of diào is the result of grammaticalization along with semantic change and extension. Cognitive mechanisms such as metonymic and metaphoric extensions, pragmatic inferencing, analogy on Verb-Complement structures, and semantic generalization all contribute to the grammaticalization of diào, with further influence from contact with southern Chinese dialects. This paper further argues that the grammaticalization and semantic extension of diào is in accordance with the development of aspectual markers cross-linguistically, reflecting the commonality in human cognition.
{"title":"The Multifunctionality of Mandarin Diào 掉","authors":"Gaowa Jing, Meichun Liu","doi":"10.1075/cld.21016.jin","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/cld.21016.jin","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper explores the various functions of diào in Mandarin Chinese as it changes from a verb to a phase marker. As a phase marker, diào provides a natural endpoint to a co-occurring event and indicates completion, which is a distinct function from the perfect marker le. In this shift, the meaning of diào also expands, including ‘falling down’, ‘throwing down’, ‘disappearing’, ‘removal’, ‘completion’ and ‘change of state’. The multifunctionality of diào is the result of grammaticalization along with semantic change and extension. Cognitive mechanisms such as metonymic and metaphoric extensions, pragmatic inferencing, analogy on Verb-Complement structures, and semantic generalization all contribute to the grammaticalization of diào, with further influence from contact with southern Chinese dialects. This paper further argues that the grammaticalization and semantic extension of diào is in accordance with the development of aspectual markers cross-linguistically, reflecting the commonality in human cognition.","PeriodicalId":42144,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Language and Discourse","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87667344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Chinese language is a common language of Chinese people all over the world. The study of it is not only the basis for a comprehensive understanding of its situation, but also a window to explore the development of the Chinese society. Based on two newspapers of the Chinese mainland and Taiwan from Tagged Chinese Gigaword, this article has chosen and examined the word 預測 yùcè ‘to predict’ to explore “who predicated what” through comparing the similarities and differences of its collocates in the subject-predicate relation and the verb-object relation. This study reflects the preference of different newspapers and provides a window for looking into a period of history on both sides of the strait, which is conducive to strengthening the communication and exchanges of Chinese communities.
汉语是全世界华人的通用语言。对它的研究不仅是全面了解其状况的基础，也是探索中国社会发展的一个窗口。本文以Tagged Chinese Gigaword中中国大陆和台湾的两份报纸为基础，选取并考察了“”，通过比较其在主谓关系和动宾关系上的搭配异同。本研究反映了不同报纸的偏好，为观察海峡两岸一段历史提供了一个窗口，有利于加强华人社区的沟通与交流。
{"title":"Who Predicted What?","authors":"Shan Wang, L. Tang","doi":"10.1075/cld.21019.wan","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/cld.21019.wan","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Chinese language is a common language of Chinese people all over the world. The study of it is not only the\u0000 basis for a comprehensive understanding of its situation, but also a window to explore the development of the Chinese society.\u0000 Based on two newspapers of the Chinese mainland and Taiwan from Tagged Chinese Gigaword, this article has chosen and examined the\u0000 word 預測 yùcè ‘to predict’ to\u0000 explore “who predicated what” through comparing the similarities and differences of its collocates in the subject-predicate\u0000 relation and the verb-object relation. This study reflects the preference of different newspapers and provides a window for\u0000 looking into a period of history on both sides of the strait, which is conducive to strengthening the communication and exchanges\u0000 of Chinese communities.","PeriodicalId":42144,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Language and Discourse","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87155767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"陈述句的语篇角色","authors":"Wang Zhenhua, Zhang Chunhui","doi":"10.1075/cld.21020.wan","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/cld.21020.wan","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000在社会互动中，不管是口语还是书面语，语篇总是有起始、发展和终结。语篇分析或语类研究对语篇的起始、发展与终结的研究成果丰硕。语法学研究陈述句时主要关注语法结构及其意义，很少将陈述句置于语篇中讨论它们扮演的起始、发展和终结的语篇角色。本文在陈述句语法功能的基础上，在系统功能语言学框架下，将陈述句置于大语篇中进行研究，从语篇语义视角讨论陈述句的语篇角色，探索它们的生成机制以及对语篇组织策略的贡献，以此为不同句类的语篇角色研究带来启示。","PeriodicalId":42144,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Language and Discourse","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88973099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is common for “body part” nouns to refer to other concepts through metonymy operations in a specific context to produce new meanings in many languages. Some compound words formed by body part nouns as morphemes can also refer to other concepts through metonymy operations, and the degree of conventionalization varies. This study firstly defines the degrees of conventionalization of the target compound words–Chinese [X+body part] metonymic compounds, and divides them into three types: conventionalized, half-conventionalized, and inconventionalized. Then, from the perspective of cognitive pragmatics, this study uses an integrated analysis model of cognitive linguistics and Relevance Theory to analyze the meaning inferential process of metonymic compounds with different degrees of conventionalization. This study has found similarities and differences among them. The similarity is that both speakers and hearers need to achieve “optimal relevance” in the process and the difference is that the lower degree of conventionalization of the compound, the more complicated the meaning inferential process is. Lastly, on the basis of the inferential process, this study summarizes four factors that affect the conventionalization of metonymic compounds: time of word formation, salience of metonymy, clarity of word-forming motivation and contextual support, among which contextual support is the most crucial factor.
{"title":"Meaning construal and meaning conventionalization of Chinese [X+body part] metonymic compounds from the perspective of cognitive pragmatics","authors":"Qi Li","doi":"10.1075/cld.21014.li","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/cld.21014.li","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000It is common for “body part” nouns to refer to other concepts through metonymy operations in a specific context to produce new meanings in many languages. Some compound words formed by body part nouns as morphemes can also refer to other concepts through metonymy operations, and the degree of conventionalization varies. This study firstly defines the degrees of conventionalization of the target compound words–Chinese [X+body part] metonymic compounds, and divides them into three types: conventionalized, half-conventionalized, and inconventionalized. Then, from the perspective of cognitive pragmatics, this study uses an integrated analysis model of cognitive linguistics and Relevance Theory to analyze the meaning inferential process of metonymic compounds with different degrees of conventionalization. This study has found similarities and differences among them. The similarity is that both speakers and hearers need to achieve “optimal relevance” in the process and the difference is that the lower degree of conventionalization of the compound, the more complicated the meaning inferential process is. Lastly, on the basis of the inferential process, this study summarizes four factors that affect the conventionalization of metonymic compounds: time of word formation, salience of metonymy, clarity of word-forming motivation and contextual support, among which contextual support is the most crucial factor.","PeriodicalId":42144,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Language and Discourse","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81255274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is a socio-linguistic report of Veun Sai, a small Cambodian village in the Northeastern province of Ratanakiri near the border of Laos and Vietnam. The village is located in a multi-lingual context where Hakka Chinese, Khmer, and Laotian are spoken side-by-side and each language has a distinct role. Hence, the Veun Sai Chinese village is in fact a multi-cultural village bound together by a Chinese thread. This paper provides background on Chinese communities Cambodia historically and considers issues of identity relevant to Sino-Cambodians generally. The report is based on short interviews with 20 residents.
{"title":"Language and identity","authors":"D. Bourgerie","doi":"10.1075/cld.21028.bou","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/cld.21028.bou","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper is a socio-linguistic report of Veun Sai, a small Cambodian village in the Northeastern province of Ratanakiri near the border of Laos and Vietnam. The village is located in a multi-lingual context where Hakka Chinese, Khmer, and Laotian are spoken side-by-side and each language has a distinct role. Hence, the Veun Sai Chinese village is in fact a multi-cultural village bound together by a Chinese thread. This paper provides background on Chinese communities Cambodia historically and considers issues of identity relevant to Sino-Cambodians generally. The report is based on short interviews with 20 residents.","PeriodicalId":42144,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Language and Discourse","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81523337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When collected methodically through elicitation experiments, invented examples prompted by a cue word provide evidence for how speakers think about that word. This study explores characteristics of Mandarin chī ‘eat’ sentences obtained through an elicitation experiment and SMS, newspaper, and fiction corpora. Our findings support the view that invented examples collected methodically represent a valuable data type with its own characteristics worthy of attention and analysis.
{"title":"Mandarin chī ‘eat’ sentences in elicitation and corpus data","authors":"J. Newman, Dan Zhao","doi":"10.1075/cld.21017.new","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/cld.21017.new","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000When collected methodically through elicitation experiments, invented examples prompted by a cue word provide evidence for how speakers think about that word. This study explores characteristics of Mandarin chī ‘eat’ sentences obtained through an elicitation experiment and SMS, newspaper, and fiction corpora. Our findings support the view that invented examples collected methodically represent a valuable data type with its own characteristics worthy of attention and analysis.","PeriodicalId":42144,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Language and Discourse","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85052566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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