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Review of Bar-Asher Siegal (2020): The NP-strategy for Expressing Reciprocity: Typology, History, Syntax and Semantics Bar-Asher-Siegal评论(2020):表达互惠的NP策略:类型学、历史、句法和语义学
IF 0.7 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-02-06 DOI: 10.1075/jhl.22017.rak
György Rákosi
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引用次数: 0
Relative construction in Hittite 赫梯语中的相对结构
IF 0.7 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-11-22 DOI: 10.1075/jhl.22014.lyu
E. Lyutikova, A. Sideltsev
The paper proposes a novel structural analysis of Hittite determinate relative clauses on the basis of a corpus study considering a wider and fuller array of Hittite data than ever before. In Hittite, relative wh-phrases attest a wide range of linear positions: first/initial, clause-second, immediately preverbal or even postverbal. We build upon the current assumption that wh-pronouns are clitics and thus their placement is determined by the syntax-prosody interface. As for the syntactic component, we argue against the in situ construal of wh-elements. Instead, we propose that what linearly appears to be clause-second, preverbal or postverbal position of the wh-pronoun is structurally associated with Spec, FinP. The prosodic component is provided by the standardly acknowledged prosodic inversion, but the prosodic domain for the placement of wh-clitics is not clausal (CP), it is rather to be identified with a smaller domain within CP, namely, FinP. We also provide the first ever systematic treatment of split wh-phrases which are highly problematic for existing approaches but are fully accounted for by our analysis.
本文在语料库研究的基础上,考虑到比以往任何时候都更广泛、更全面的赫梯数据,提出了一种新的赫梯确定关系从句结构分析方法。在赫梯语中,相对wh短语证明了广泛的线性位置:第一/首、从句第二、紧接的前动词甚至后动词。我们建立在当前的假设之上,即wh代词是派系的,因此它们的位置是由句法-韵律界面决定的。至于句法成分,我们反对wh元素的原位解释。相反,我们提出,wh代词的第二句、前句或后句位置在结构上与Spec、FinP相关。韵律成分是由标准公认的韵律倒置提供的,但用于放置wh-clitics的韵律域不是从句(CP),而是用CP中的一个较小的域来识别,即FinP。我们还提供了有史以来第一个对分裂wh短语的系统处理,这对现有的方法来说是非常有问题的,但我们的分析充分考虑了这一点。
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引用次数: 0
Review of Crellin & Jügel (2020): Perfects in IE Languages and Beyond Crellin&Jügel(2020)评论:IE语言中的完美
IF 0.7 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.1075/jhl.21007.gia
T. Giannaris
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引用次数: 0
Review of Heine, Kaltenböck, Kuteva & Long (2021): The Rise of Discourse Markers Heine、Kaltenböck、Kuteva和Long综述(2021):话语标记的兴起
IF 0.7 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-11-04 DOI: 10.1075/jhl.22016.alv
Angeliki Alvanoudi
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引用次数: 0
Phonological features of Caijia that are notable from a diachronic perspective 从历时的角度看,彩家的语音特征是显著的
IF 0.7 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.1075/jhl.21025.lee
Man Hei Lee
This study sets out several phonological features in Caijia that are notable from a diachronic point of view. The Caijia language is an endangered language spoken in northwestern Guìzhōu, China. It was first formally documented in the early 1980s and is generally viewed as a Sinitic language. Some aspects of Caijia phonology are noteworthy from the perspective of historical phonology. There exist features which cannot be accounted for in terms of Middle Chinese (MC), such as the retention of the contrast between Old Chinese (OC) T-type and L-type onsets in words with d- or dr- in Middle Chinese. Moreover, Caijia also demonstrates features which are observed or preserved in Middle Chinese, but absent in mainstream modern Sinitic varieties, including the retention of bilabial stops in words with initials Fēi/Fū/Fèng. This study will also explore the implications certain phonological features have for the classification of Caijia in the Sinitic clade and examine the relationship between Caijia and Bai.
本文从历时的角度出发,阐述了彩家语中几个值得注意的语音特征。彩家语是中国Guìzhōu西北部的一种濒危语言。它在20世纪80年代初首次被正式记录,通常被视为一种汉语。从历史音韵学的角度来看,彩家音韵学的一些方面值得注意。在中古汉语中存在一些不能解释的特征,如中古汉语中d-或dr-词的t型和l型开头的对比保留了下来。此外,财家也表现出在中古汉语中观察到或保留下来的特征,但在主流的现代汉语变体中却没有,包括在首字母Fēi/ ffu / f的单词中保留了双音节停顿。本文还将探讨一些音系特征对彩家在汉语支系中的分类的影响,并考察彩家与白的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Anticausatives in Classical Armenian 古典亚美尼亚语中的反消音词
IF 0.7 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-09-23 DOI: 10.1075/jhl.22001.koc
P. Kocharov
The present study contributes to the description of the coding of anticausatives and causative-anticausative alternation in Classical Armenian based on conventional typologically-oriented questionnaires and a dataset of verbs attested in the Armenian translation of the Bible. The synchronic evidence is then analyzed from a diachronic perspective with an outlook on modern varieties of Armenian and the Proto-Indo-European reconstruction. It is argued that discriminating between the derivational and inflectional tiers allows for a better explanation of the morphological links between the patterns used to code causative-anticausative alternation in verbs of different semantic types. According to preliminary quantitative estimations, the overall valency orientation of Classical Armenian is dominated by a nondirected equipollent coding strategy. Altogether, when coded by transitivizing pairs, causative-anticausative alternation shows preference for noncausal verbs of the a-conjugation, the paradigm of which typically combines equipollent perfective forms with labile imperfective ones. An improved descriptive model enables a better cross-linguistic alignment of coding patterns as illustrated by comparing Classical Armenian to other cognate languages. Classical Armenian provides additional evidence on the typologically common split in the coding of causative-anticausative pairs. Whereas the transitivizing and equipollent (and marginally suppletive) patterns are diachronically stable within the prehistory of Armenian, the labile strategy constitutes a major innovation typical for the imperfective part of the verbal paradigm.
本研究基于传统的类型学调查问卷和亚美尼亚语翻译《圣经》中证实的动词数据集,有助于描述古亚美尼亚语中反导词和致使反导词交替的编码。然后从历时的角度分析了共时证据,并展望了亚美尼亚的现代变体和原始印欧重建。有人认为,区分派生层和屈折层可以更好地解释不同语义类型的动词中用于编码致使反导交替的模式之间的形态联系。根据初步的定量估计,古典亚美尼亚语的总体价态取向由非定向等元编码策略主导。总之,当通过及物对进行编码时,致使-反致使交替表现出对a-变位的非致使动词的偏好,其范式通常将等完成形式与不稳定不完成形式相结合。改进的描述性模型能够更好地实现编码模式的跨语言对齐,如将古典亚美尼亚语与其他同源语言进行比较所示。古典亚美尼亚语提供了额外的证据,证明因果反因果对编码在类型学上的共同分裂。尽管过渡和对等(以及边际补充)模式在亚美尼亚语的史前史中是历时稳定的,但不稳定的策略构成了言语范式不完善部分的一个主要创新。
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引用次数: 0
Children as agents of language change 儿童是语言变化的推动者
IF 0.7 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1075/jhl.21033.san
Israel Sanz-Sánchez, M. I. Moyna
This paper explores the operation of child language acquisition as a critical factor in some forms of language change. It proposes a sociohistorical model that incorporates the potential for young children to function as linguistic agents in certain environments, characterized by unpredictable variation in the input, lack of normative mechanisms, and the possibility for the emergence of peer networks among children. The model is then applied to explain a well-documented but poorly understood phonological change in the history of Latin American Spanish: the simplification of the system of sibilants in 16th-century Colonial Spanish. This change was nestled in ecological environments characterized by intense contact among L1 and L2 speakers of several varieties of Iberian and non-Iberian languages, as well as the rapid breakdown and reshaping of social networks. We argue that, in the absence of strong normative pressures, the advantages of certain options for early acquisition were crucial in the eventual creation and generalization of a new sociolinguistic norm. This study is methodologically innovative in that it combines not just archival evidence and sociohistorical information, but also present-day acquisitional data. The latter offers a piece often missing in sociohistorical accounts of language change.
本文探讨了儿童语言习得在某些形式的语言变化中的作用。它提出了一个社会历史模型,该模型包含了幼儿在某些环境中作为语言代理人的潜力,其特征是输入的不可预测的变化、缺乏规范机制以及儿童之间出现同伴网络的可能性。然后,该模型被应用于解释拉丁美洲西班牙语历史上一个有充分记录但鲜为人知的语音变化:16世纪殖民地西班牙语中sibilants系统的简化。这种变化发生在生态环境中,其特点是说多种伊比利亚和非伊比利亚语言的母语和二语使用者之间的密切接触,以及社交网络的迅速崩溃和重塑。我们认为,在没有强大的规范压力的情况下,早期习得的某些选择的优势对于最终创建和推广新的社会语言学规范至关重要。这项研究在方法上是创新的,因为它不仅结合了档案证据和社会历史信息,还结合了当今的获取数据。后者提供了一个在语言变化的社会历史描述中经常缺失的部分。
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引用次数: 3
Regularity of semantic change in Romance anatomical terms 浪漫解剖学术语语义变化规律
IF 0.7 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1075/jhl.21046.law
James Law
While semantic change is notoriously idiosyncratic, cross-linguistic evidence suggests some general trends in the directions and mechanisms of semantic shifts. Notable among these are trends applying to the target domain of the human body, a domain that has received considerable attention due to its universality. However, broad surveys of many languages risk missing significant details. Data from the Dictionnaire étymologique et cognitif des langues romanes (DECOLAR) on the etymologies of terms for 97 body parts in 14 Romance languages calls some proposed trends into question. In particular, counterexamples are found to a supposed unidirectional shift from visible parts to the wholes that include them. Analysis of individual changes reveals contextual factors that can cause a lexical trend to not apply. The findings contribute to a more complex model of metaphorization and metonymization, the primary processes involved in lexical semantic change.
虽然语义变化是出了名的特殊,但跨语言证据表明,语义变化的方向和机制有一些总体趋势。其中值得注意的是适用于人体目标领域的趋势,该领域因其普遍性而受到相当大的关注。然而,对许多语言的广泛调查可能会遗漏重要细节。罗马语词典(DECOLAR)关于14种罗马语中97个身体部位的词源的数据对一些拟议的趋势提出了质疑。特别是,反例被认为是从可见的部分到包括它们的整体的单向转变。对个体变化的分析揭示了可能导致词汇趋势不适用的语境因素。这些发现有助于建立一个更复杂的隐喻和转喻模型,这是词汇语义变化的主要过程。
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引用次数: 0
The historical dialectology of stative morphology in Zapotecan 萨波特坎语静态形态学的历史方言
IF 0.7 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-08-16 DOI: 10.1075/jhl.21008.bea
Rosemary G. Beam de Azcona
This paper updates the reconstruction of the stative aspect prefix in Proto-Zapotecan as *n- and tracks innovations in stative marking. An early change is proposed to have deleted preconsonantal nasals, rendering segmentally unmarked stative forms of consonant-initial verbs in varieties of Zapotec then spoken in and around the city of Monte Albán. Contact with Chatino may be a factor in the retention of preconsonantal *n in Zapotec varieties spoken to the south. A fuller stative prefix, usually *na-, arose later from a grammaticalized form of the stative-marked copula (Munro 2007; Uchihara 2021). *na- is more productive than *n- and provides the basis for a new proposed “Eastern Zapotec” genetic grouping. However, the isogloss for *na- crosscuts the earlier isogloss for preconsonantal nasal deletion, showing that any model of Zapotecan linguistic history needs to address not only divergence but also convergence. Ethnohistorical and archaeological evidence provide a social context to the linguistic changes discussed.
本文更新了原始萨波特坎语静态方面前缀的重建为*n-,并跟踪了静态标记的创新。早期的变化被提议删除了前辅音鼻音,在蒙特市及其周边地区使用的各种萨波特克语中呈现了辅音开头动词的分段无标记的静态形式Albán。与查特诺语的接触可能是南部萨波特克语中保留前辅音*n的一个因素。一个更完整的静态前缀,通常是*na-,后来从具有静态标记的连词的语法化形式出现(Munro 2007;Uchihara 2021)。*na-比*n-更高产,并为新提出的“东部萨波特克”遗传分组提供了基础。然而,*na-的等音缺失与早期前辅音鼻音缺失的等音缺失相交叉,表明任何萨巴特克语历史模型不仅需要解决分歧,还需要解决收敛问题。民族历史和考古证据为所讨论的语言变化提供了社会背景。
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引用次数: 1
The negative cycle in Chinese 汉语负循环
IF 0.7 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-07-19 DOI: 10.1075/jhl.21026.mei
Barbara Meisterernst
The present discussion proposes that renewal processes in the domain of negation manifest themselves predominantly in the change from bi-morphemic, synthetic negation to analytic negation neg+aux by introducing a new auxiliary verb as verbal head. Some of these new verbs may subsequently be merged with the negator resulting into new bi-morphemic negation. The proposed analyticization process accounts for different kinds of complex negation, including aspectual and modal negation, the copula and negative focus markers. I propose a unified mechanism for the morpho-syntactic processes, which change the system of negation in Chinese. Two morpho-syntactic factors contribute to this particular grammaticalization process of Chinese: (1) the diachronically consistent head initial word order within the functional and the lexical (CP/vP) domains (with the exception of sentence-final particles); and (2) the morpho-phonological rule that negation has to attach directly to aux, i.e., to a weak verbal head. Based on particularly the second constraint, I propose that only the combination neg+aux mod leads to the emergence of new fused negators constituting the head of a Negative/Modal phrase, i.e., a negative phrase (NegP) with modal features. The renewal process of the verbal heads of bi-morphemic negation is caused by semantic bleaching and an increasing intransparency of the negator which triggers the grammaticalization of new (often defective) lexical verbs via upward movement from the lexical to the functional domain. It accounts for the grammaticalization of the aspectual negator wèi 未, of the (negative) copula of Early Archaic Chinese into focus marker and complementizer, and for the replacement of synthetic by analytic modal negation neg mod > neg+aux mod.
本文通过引入一个新的助动词作为动词头,提出否定领域的更新过程主要表现为从双语素、合成否定向分析否定neg+aux的转变。这些新动词中的一些可能随后与否定词合并,从而形成新的双语素否定。所提出的分析过程考虑了不同类型的复杂否定,包括体否定和语气否定、系词和负焦点标记。我提出了一个统一的形态句法过程机制,它改变了汉语否定系统。两个形态句法因素促成了汉语这种特殊的语法化过程:(1)在功能域和词汇域(CP/vP)内(句尾助词除外),首词词序历时一致;以及(2)否定必须直接附加在aux上的形态-语音规则,即附加在弱语首上。特别是基于第二个约束,我提出只有neg+aux-mod的组合才会导致新的融合否定子的出现,这些否定子构成否定/模态短语的头部,即具有模态特征的否定短语(NegP)。双语素否定语头的更新过程是由语义漂白和否定词的内部稀疏性增加引起的,这通过从词汇域到功能域的向上运动触发了新的(通常有缺陷的)词汇动词的语法化。它解释了方面否定词wèi的语法化未, 将早期古汉语的(负)系词转换为焦点标记和补语词,并用分析语气否定否定否定否定neg-mod>neg+aux-mod代替合成。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Historical Linguistics
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