Pub Date : 2013-11-25DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666891
David Ganger, Ji Zhao, M. Hedayati, Akhil Mandadi
Reactive power spot markets have been proposed by many in the power engineering community as a means of reactive power compensation within the U.S. deregulated energy markets. Cited benefits include incentive for proper reactive power investment for power system stability, the minimization of costs to meet load, and proper reactive power price signals. However, the market power that can be exercised by utilities may render the market useless for consumer participants. In addition, the zero price of reactive power as well as the volatility in demand may not inspire the investment that spot markets are thought to encourage, and current methods of pricing reactive power involve time-consuming optimizations. An ACOPF simulation was run utilizing a representative urban transmission and distribution system, confirming many of the weaknesses theorized to exist in real time reactive power spot markets including exercise of market power and price volatility.
{"title":"A review and simulation on real time reactive power spot markets","authors":"David Ganger, Ji Zhao, M. Hedayati, Akhil Mandadi","doi":"10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666891","url":null,"abstract":"Reactive power spot markets have been proposed by many in the power engineering community as a means of reactive power compensation within the U.S. deregulated energy markets. Cited benefits include incentive for proper reactive power investment for power system stability, the minimization of costs to meet load, and proper reactive power price signals. However, the market power that can be exercised by utilities may render the market useless for consumer participants. In addition, the zero price of reactive power as well as the volatility in demand may not inspire the investment that spot markets are thought to encourage, and current methods of pricing reactive power involve time-consuming optimizations. An ACOPF simulation was run utilizing a representative urban transmission and distribution system, confirming many of the weaknesses theorized to exist in real time reactive power spot markets including exercise of market power and price volatility.","PeriodicalId":421943,"journal":{"name":"2013 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127258622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-25DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666826
Yucheng Zhang, Huaxi Zheng, H. Mohammadpour, R. Dougal
Traditional synchronizer cannot control multiple generators in distribution networks in coordination. In this paper, a real-time synchronization control (RTSC) is designed to keep all generators in different standalone distribution networks in synchronization at all times, which realizes a fast and reliable reconnection of disconnected power network. The frequency control and phase control in RTSC are investigated and low-pass filters are properly designed to avoid interference between these two controls. The simulation results in an isolated power system is verified the effectiveness of RTSC and have proved that the transient stability during reconfiguration process can be greatly enhanced by applying RTSC into system-level supervisory control of isolated power system.
{"title":"Real-time synchronization control for standalone distribution networks in islanded power systems","authors":"Yucheng Zhang, Huaxi Zheng, H. Mohammadpour, R. Dougal","doi":"10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666826","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional synchronizer cannot control multiple generators in distribution networks in coordination. In this paper, a real-time synchronization control (RTSC) is designed to keep all generators in different standalone distribution networks in synchronization at all times, which realizes a fast and reliable reconnection of disconnected power network. The frequency control and phase control in RTSC are investigated and low-pass filters are properly designed to avoid interference between these two controls. The simulation results in an isolated power system is verified the effectiveness of RTSC and have proved that the transient stability during reconfiguration process can be greatly enhanced by applying RTSC into system-level supervisory control of isolated power system.","PeriodicalId":421943,"journal":{"name":"2013 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126543965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-25DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666964
K. Banerjee, Parag Mitra, Aratrik Sarkar, Yuan Liu, Supriya Chathadi
Reliability issues in the wake of major blackouts have spurred a discussion on the development of reactive power markets. In the 2003 North American blackout, reactive power deficiency was identified as one of the causes for the propagation of the blackout. This event to an extent motivated the federal electricity regulatory committee (FERC) to explore the idea of reactive power markets. This paper investigates the need of reactive power in the system, the present compensatory structures and the new market structures suggested in literature. A survey of the present practices regarding compensation of reactive power and the associated drawbacks has been presented. In addition, the paper also analyses the possible challenges associated with implementation of competitive market structures as envisaged by FERC.
{"title":"Reactive power markets: A possible future?","authors":"K. Banerjee, Parag Mitra, Aratrik Sarkar, Yuan Liu, Supriya Chathadi","doi":"10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666964","url":null,"abstract":"Reliability issues in the wake of major blackouts have spurred a discussion on the development of reactive power markets. In the 2003 North American blackout, reactive power deficiency was identified as one of the causes for the propagation of the blackout. This event to an extent motivated the federal electricity regulatory committee (FERC) to explore the idea of reactive power markets. This paper investigates the need of reactive power in the system, the present compensatory structures and the new market structures suggested in literature. A survey of the present practices regarding compensation of reactive power and the associated drawbacks has been presented. In addition, the paper also analyses the possible challenges associated with implementation of competitive market structures as envisaged by FERC.","PeriodicalId":421943,"journal":{"name":"2013 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126627089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-25DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666932
Dongbo Zhao, A. Meliopoulos, Zhenyu Tan, Aniemi Umana, Rui Fan
The growing penetration of renewable energy in power system and the increasing adoption of demand response have brought about the challenges of operation in distribution systems with more uncertainty. Due to the intermittency of distributed generation, the centralized control of distribution systems must coordinate the operation of distributed generation and responsive load in a fast and reliable manner, while still attempting to achieve the profit maximization. This paper proposes a market based operation method for distribution companies, by smoothing out the fluctuating renewable generation with responsive load to ensure the reliable feeding of ordinary load. By going through the proposed steps which consists of responsive load grouping, mapping and shedding in an optimal way, the distribution company is able to perform the most economical control over the distributed sources and load. A case study demonstrated the use of the proposed method.
{"title":"A market-based operation method for distribution system with distributed generation and demand response","authors":"Dongbo Zhao, A. Meliopoulos, Zhenyu Tan, Aniemi Umana, Rui Fan","doi":"10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666932","url":null,"abstract":"The growing penetration of renewable energy in power system and the increasing adoption of demand response have brought about the challenges of operation in distribution systems with more uncertainty. Due to the intermittency of distributed generation, the centralized control of distribution systems must coordinate the operation of distributed generation and responsive load in a fast and reliable manner, while still attempting to achieve the profit maximization. This paper proposes a market based operation method for distribution companies, by smoothing out the fluctuating renewable generation with responsive load to ensure the reliable feeding of ordinary load. By going through the proposed steps which consists of responsive load grouping, mapping and shedding in an optimal way, the distribution company is able to perform the most economical control over the distributed sources and load. A case study demonstrated the use of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":421943,"journal":{"name":"2013 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126788955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-25DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666960
Stefan Lang, Niannian Cai, J. Mitra
Due to the high feed of regenerative power in many low-voltage distribution networks, it is possible that in some nodes inadmissible voltages appear. This paper presents a way to comply with the prescribed voltage band. It is realized by a multiagent system, which executes a three-stage algorithm to adjust the voltage at the nodes of the grid. A possible configuration is presented with a voltage regulated distribution transformer. It regulates the secondary voltage in several steps. The multi-agent system measures the voltages in different points in a network. The three-step algorithm controls the voltage, reactive and real power to comply with the prescribed voltage band. The paper shows a flexible communication structure, which is used by the agents to exchange data. An example network is presented. This displays the effectiveness of the communication cycle. Furthermore, the influence of the three-step algorithm is shown in a test system.
{"title":"Multi-agent system based voltage regulation in a low-voltage distribution network","authors":"Stefan Lang, Niannian Cai, J. Mitra","doi":"10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666960","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the high feed of regenerative power in many low-voltage distribution networks, it is possible that in some nodes inadmissible voltages appear. This paper presents a way to comply with the prescribed voltage band. It is realized by a multiagent system, which executes a three-stage algorithm to adjust the voltage at the nodes of the grid. A possible configuration is presented with a voltage regulated distribution transformer. It regulates the secondary voltage in several steps. The multi-agent system measures the voltages in different points in a network. The three-step algorithm controls the voltage, reactive and real power to comply with the prescribed voltage band. The paper shows a flexible communication structure, which is used by the agents to exchange data. An example network is presented. This displays the effectiveness of the communication cycle. Furthermore, the influence of the three-step algorithm is shown in a test system.","PeriodicalId":421943,"journal":{"name":"2013 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129250639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-25DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666896
Joseph A. Silvers, K. Shetye, T. Overbye
This paper addresses the verification of generic dynamic wind turbine models in three different commercial transient stability packages. The paper shows that while the general form of the responses are similar, there are some significant differences. Results are provided for the four different generic wind turbine models using single machine infinite bus equivalents for each model.
{"title":"Transient model verification of wind turbines","authors":"Joseph A. Silvers, K. Shetye, T. Overbye","doi":"10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666896","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the verification of generic dynamic wind turbine models in three different commercial transient stability packages. The paper shows that while the general form of the responses are similar, there are some significant differences. Results are provided for the four different generic wind turbine models using single machine infinite bus equivalents for each model.","PeriodicalId":421943,"journal":{"name":"2013 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"585 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115825348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-25DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666920
Meng Liu, Weijen Lee, L. Lee
Increasing electricity demand reveals the challenges presented by limited resources and environment impacts. As an alternative to conventional plants, renewable resources such as wind power and PVs account for an increasing percentage of electricity generation in recent years. Although renewable resources have many advantages, their intermittent nature must addressed before large scale application. Unlike wind power, which usually has higher power output at night and in the early morning, solar power only exists during daytime. This paper proposes the idea of combining wind turbines and PVs at different capacity ratios to match the hybrid system output to the system load profile. With an optimal capacity ratio, feasibility studies are also made by adding battery storage to the hybrid system to dispatch total hybrid output.
{"title":"Wind and PV hybrid renewable system dispatch using battery energy storage","authors":"Meng Liu, Weijen Lee, L. Lee","doi":"10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666920","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing electricity demand reveals the challenges presented by limited resources and environment impacts. As an alternative to conventional plants, renewable resources such as wind power and PVs account for an increasing percentage of electricity generation in recent years. Although renewable resources have many advantages, their intermittent nature must addressed before large scale application. Unlike wind power, which usually has higher power output at night and in the early morning, solar power only exists during daytime. This paper proposes the idea of combining wind turbines and PVs at different capacity ratios to match the hybrid system output to the system load profile. With an optimal capacity ratio, feasibility studies are also made by adding battery storage to the hybrid system to dispatch total hybrid output.","PeriodicalId":421943,"journal":{"name":"2013 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125928923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-25DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666940
M. Subramanian, Yang Feng, D. Tylavsky
This paper introduces a PV bus model, compatible with the holomorphic embedding (HE) approach, for solving the power-flow bus-power-equilibrium equations (BPEE's). Because the BPEE's in traditional form are nonanalytic due to the presence of the complex-conjugate operator, many powerful tools applicable to the analytic functions cannot be used. Holomorphism is obtained by embedding the BPEE's into a bigger problem in such a way as to render the embedded problem analytic. The effect of the holomorphic embedding is to perform a type of curve following, but the curve followed is that of the embedded function, not the PV curve which is followed by traditional continuation methods. The primary advantage of HE is that it leads to an algorithm that is guaranteed to solve for the stable equilibrium point solution, regardless of starting point and without iteration. In the published literature on the HE approach, there is presently no model for a PV bus. This paper introduces such a model and suggests a remedy for the precision problems that arises with HE in modeling the PV bus.
{"title":"PV bus modeling in a holomorphically embedded power-flow formulation","authors":"M. Subramanian, Yang Feng, D. Tylavsky","doi":"10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666940","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a PV bus model, compatible with the holomorphic embedding (HE) approach, for solving the power-flow bus-power-equilibrium equations (BPEE's). Because the BPEE's in traditional form are nonanalytic due to the presence of the complex-conjugate operator, many powerful tools applicable to the analytic functions cannot be used. Holomorphism is obtained by embedding the BPEE's into a bigger problem in such a way as to render the embedded problem analytic. The effect of the holomorphic embedding is to perform a type of curve following, but the curve followed is that of the embedded function, not the PV curve which is followed by traditional continuation methods. The primary advantage of HE is that it leads to an algorithm that is guaranteed to solve for the stable equilibrium point solution, regardless of starting point and without iteration. In the published literature on the HE approach, there is presently no model for a PV bus. This paper introduces such a model and suggests a remedy for the precision problems that arises with HE in modeling the PV bus.","PeriodicalId":421943,"journal":{"name":"2013 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126720942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-25DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666907
David Ganger, Ahmed E. Ewaisha
Social and economic pressures are inducing the proliferation of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in the market. As the power grid has a limited supply of electricity, this problem can be formulated as a resource allocation problem, minimizing costs of charging. In this paper we model the PEV charging problem to minimize the total cost of charging, taking into account distribution constraints. These constraints model the maximum power that distribution-lines can carry as a function of time. Moreover, we develop an algorithm to schedule the PEVs aiming at minimizing the total charging cost, subject to these instantaneous distribution constraints. Although the proposed algorithm is a suboptimal one, it is of a polynomial complexity in the number of PEVs in the system.
{"title":"Distribution constraints on resource allocation of PEV load in the power grid","authors":"David Ganger, Ahmed E. Ewaisha","doi":"10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666907","url":null,"abstract":"Social and economic pressures are inducing the proliferation of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in the market. As the power grid has a limited supply of electricity, this problem can be formulated as a resource allocation problem, minimizing costs of charging. In this paper we model the PEV charging problem to minimize the total cost of charging, taking into account distribution constraints. These constraints model the maximum power that distribution-lines can carry as a function of time. Moreover, we develop an algorithm to schedule the PEVs aiming at minimizing the total charging cost, subject to these instantaneous distribution constraints. Although the proposed algorithm is a suboptimal one, it is of a polynomial complexity in the number of PEVs in the system.","PeriodicalId":421943,"journal":{"name":"2013 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123789280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-25DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666950
Griet Devriese, F. Shariatzadeh, A. Srivastava
The introduction of the smart grid concept and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) technologies in the power systems area has attracted new attention to make distribution systems efficient and save more energy. Volt/VAr control is a commonly performed technique which enables utilities to run distribution systems on lower voltage resulting in higher energy savings. Although this technique has been implemented in distribution systems for a long time, new research is needed to adapt volt/VAr control with contemporary technologies' additional information and feedback. Voltage regulators and capacitor banks are used as two main control devices in the volt/VAr control scheme. With smart grid development, feedback from end-of-line (EOL) in distribution systems is provided. Furthermore, utilities installed more switch capacitors instead of fixed capacitor banks. In this paper, a volt/VAr control scheme is proposed to take aforementioned evolutions into account. The volt/VAr control problem is developed as an optimization problem in which the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is used to find an optimum solution for voltage regulator tap settings and switch capacitors status. The developed PSO algorithm is validated against an enumerative search strategy to ensure its correct execution. The proposed algorithms are implemented on the IEEE 13 bus distribution test system.
{"title":"Volt/VAr optimization with energy savings for distribution system using intelligent control","authors":"Griet Devriese, F. Shariatzadeh, A. Srivastava","doi":"10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666950","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of the smart grid concept and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) technologies in the power systems area has attracted new attention to make distribution systems efficient and save more energy. Volt/VAr control is a commonly performed technique which enables utilities to run distribution systems on lower voltage resulting in higher energy savings. Although this technique has been implemented in distribution systems for a long time, new research is needed to adapt volt/VAr control with contemporary technologies' additional information and feedback. Voltage regulators and capacitor banks are used as two main control devices in the volt/VAr control scheme. With smart grid development, feedback from end-of-line (EOL) in distribution systems is provided. Furthermore, utilities installed more switch capacitors instead of fixed capacitor banks. In this paper, a volt/VAr control scheme is proposed to take aforementioned evolutions into account. The volt/VAr control problem is developed as an optimization problem in which the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is used to find an optimum solution for voltage regulator tap settings and switch capacitors status. The developed PSO algorithm is validated against an enumerative search strategy to ensure its correct execution. The proposed algorithms are implemented on the IEEE 13 bus distribution test system.","PeriodicalId":421943,"journal":{"name":"2013 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122155674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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