Pub Date : 2013-11-25DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666903
A. Darvishi, I. Dobson, Akihiro Oi, C. Nakazawa
Area angles are a way to quantify the stress across an area of a power system by combining synchrophasor measurements of angles at the border buses of the area. One use of the area angle is to quickly monitor stress changes due to line outages within the area. We explain the area angle, illustrate its use on a 30-bus Japanese test system, and discuss how to choose areas.
{"title":"Area angles monitor area stress by responding to line outages","authors":"A. Darvishi, I. Dobson, Akihiro Oi, C. Nakazawa","doi":"10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666903","url":null,"abstract":"Area angles are a way to quantify the stress across an area of a power system by combining synchrophasor measurements of angles at the border buses of the area. One use of the area angle is to quickly monitor stress changes due to line outages within the area. We explain the area angle, illustrate its use on a 30-bus Japanese test system, and discuss how to choose areas.","PeriodicalId":421943,"journal":{"name":"2013 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128199411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-25DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666832
Samet E. Arda, K. Holbert, J. Undrill
A pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power plant (NPP) model is introduced into Positive Sequence Load Flow (PSLF) software in order to evaluate the load-following capability of NPPs. The nuclear steam supply system (NSSS) consists of a reactor core, hot and cold legs, plenums, and a U-tube steam generator. The physical systems listed above are represented by mathematical models utilizing a state variable lumped parameter approach. A steady-state control program for the reactor, and simple turbine and governor models are also developed. Subsequently, the NSSS representation is incorporated into PSLF and coupled with built-in excitation system and generator models. Different simulation cases are run when sudden loss of generation occurs in a power system which includes hydroelectric and natural gas power plants besides the developed PWR NPP. The effect of the load-following operational mode on the key variables of the NSSS is observed.
{"title":"Development of a linearized model of a pressurized water reactor generating station for power system dynamic simulations","authors":"Samet E. Arda, K. Holbert, J. Undrill","doi":"10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666832","url":null,"abstract":"A pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power plant (NPP) model is introduced into Positive Sequence Load Flow (PSLF) software in order to evaluate the load-following capability of NPPs. The nuclear steam supply system (NSSS) consists of a reactor core, hot and cold legs, plenums, and a U-tube steam generator. The physical systems listed above are represented by mathematical models utilizing a state variable lumped parameter approach. A steady-state control program for the reactor, and simple turbine and governor models are also developed. Subsequently, the NSSS representation is incorporated into PSLF and coupled with built-in excitation system and generator models. Different simulation cases are run when sudden loss of generation occurs in a power system which includes hydroelectric and natural gas power plants besides the developed PWR NPP. The effect of the load-following operational mode on the key variables of the NSSS is observed.","PeriodicalId":421943,"journal":{"name":"2013 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133375246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-25DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666833
M. Chaudhary, S. Brahma, S. Ranade
With fast increasing penetration of wind generation around the world, it is important to document accurate short circuit models of different types of wind turbine generators (WTGs) and wind farms. This paper documents and analyzes the short circuit response of Type 3 WTG with crowbar protection. The model is first simulated and validated using field data from a wind farm having Type 3 WTGs. PSCAD is used for simulation. The validated model is used to study the short circuit behavior of the WTG. Based on the study, Thevenin model of the wind farm is derived.
{"title":"Validated short circuit modeling of Type 3 Wind Turbine Generator with crowbar protection","authors":"M. Chaudhary, S. Brahma, S. Ranade","doi":"10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666833","url":null,"abstract":"With fast increasing penetration of wind generation around the world, it is important to document accurate short circuit models of different types of wind turbine generators (WTGs) and wind farms. This paper documents and analyzes the short circuit response of Type 3 WTG with crowbar protection. The model is first simulated and validated using field data from a wind farm having Type 3 WTGs. PSCAD is used for simulation. The validated model is used to study the short circuit behavior of the WTG. Based on the study, Thevenin model of the wind farm is derived.","PeriodicalId":421943,"journal":{"name":"2013 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129729400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-25DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666928
K. Rahimi, P. Famouri
This paper presents the effect of communication delay on Automatic Generation Control (AGC) and introduces a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based control to achieve the optimal performance of Load Frequency Control (LFC) in the presence of communication delay. Future of power system and smart grid has tied in open communication infrastructures and study of power system without considering communication parameters will not be practical, realistic and accurate. Effect of communication parameters such as delay of communication link and packet loss has not been considered in most of the studies investigating automatic generation control and its performance using different methods and optimization techniques. This paper investigates the effect of communication delay on decentralized load frequency control in different scenarios. Integrator controller is the most common controller in LFC studies because of its design simplicity. However, this study takes advantage of PID controller, which has the best performance but the most complex design using genetic algorithm to find the optimal gains of the PID controllers. The results show that by use of genetic algorithm, automatic generation control still can keep track of load deviations and keep the frequency and tie-lines power close to their nominal and scheduled values even in the presence of significant communication delay.
{"title":"Performance enhancement of automatic generation control for a multi-area power system in the presence of communication delay","authors":"K. Rahimi, P. Famouri","doi":"10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666928","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the effect of communication delay on Automatic Generation Control (AGC) and introduces a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based control to achieve the optimal performance of Load Frequency Control (LFC) in the presence of communication delay. Future of power system and smart grid has tied in open communication infrastructures and study of power system without considering communication parameters will not be practical, realistic and accurate. Effect of communication parameters such as delay of communication link and packet loss has not been considered in most of the studies investigating automatic generation control and its performance using different methods and optimization techniques. This paper investigates the effect of communication delay on decentralized load frequency control in different scenarios. Integrator controller is the most common controller in LFC studies because of its design simplicity. However, this study takes advantage of PID controller, which has the best performance but the most complex design using genetic algorithm to find the optimal gains of the PID controllers. The results show that by use of genetic algorithm, automatic generation control still can keep track of load deviations and keep the frequency and tie-lines power close to their nominal and scheduled values even in the presence of significant communication delay.","PeriodicalId":421943,"journal":{"name":"2013 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122765026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-25DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666845
S. Paul, W. Jewell
Voltage reduction is becoming a common strategy in distribution to reduce peak demand and energy consumption. At reduced voltage, variations in line losses need to be analyzed, because losses affect the cost-benefit analysis. In this paper, a model is derived that explains, at reduced voltage, how line losses vary with types of load. This model has been demonstrated on the IEEE 13-bus test system. Also analyzed is the effect of line resistance on line losses for various types of loads.
{"title":"Impact of load type on power consumption and line loss in voltage reduction program","authors":"S. Paul, W. Jewell","doi":"10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666845","url":null,"abstract":"Voltage reduction is becoming a common strategy in distribution to reduce peak demand and energy consumption. At reduced voltage, variations in line losses need to be analyzed, because losses affect the cost-benefit analysis. In this paper, a model is derived that explains, at reduced voltage, how line losses vary with types of load. This model has been demonstrated on the IEEE 13-bus test system. Also analyzed is the effect of line resistance on line losses for various types of loads.","PeriodicalId":421943,"journal":{"name":"2013 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127330072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-25DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666900
Zhengbin Cao, J. Pierre
In a power system, it would be valuable to obtain reliable estimates of the electromechanical modes in real time. This requires that the system has been properly modeled. The model becomes inappropriate when there is a mismatch between the assumed model and the true system, e.g. when model parameters are not carefully chosen or when the power system experiences unexpected changes. Therefore, model validation is equally important for it can indicate the validity of the model, and thus, the modal estimation. To carry out model validation, this paper proposes a recursive whiteness testing method that exploits the statistical property of residuals. Compared to the conventional whiteness testing method, the new approach is better at tracking the model behavior in real time. Tests have been performed on simulation models under different conditions.
{"title":"Electromechanical mode estimation validation using recursive residual whiteness testing","authors":"Zhengbin Cao, J. Pierre","doi":"10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666900","url":null,"abstract":"In a power system, it would be valuable to obtain reliable estimates of the electromechanical modes in real time. This requires that the system has been properly modeled. The model becomes inappropriate when there is a mismatch between the assumed model and the true system, e.g. when model parameters are not carefully chosen or when the power system experiences unexpected changes. Therefore, model validation is equally important for it can indicate the validity of the model, and thus, the modal estimation. To carry out model validation, this paper proposes a recursive whiteness testing method that exploits the statistical property of residuals. Compared to the conventional whiteness testing method, the new approach is better at tracking the model behavior in real time. Tests have been performed on simulation models under different conditions.","PeriodicalId":421943,"journal":{"name":"2013 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128428637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-25DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666958
P. Top, Israr Hussain, M. Clower, R. Barnard, Norman Luong
The power grid is changing, new types of generation are increasingly coming on line at both the commercial and consumer scale. As technology improves, energy harvesting, by various means, will force the grid to adapt. Traditional means of control and management may become strained or inadequate for the future grid. The grid is also becoming smarter with increasing interaction between utilities and consumers, and as it becomes more interconnected and interactive, new threats from these interconnections arise. The drive to reduce costs and make the grid more efficient will inevitably push the operation of the grid closer to the safe limits making it increasingly likely small triggers will cause wide scale problems. One potential solution is making the system controls layered with a series of different control mechanisms including both automated and centralized systems. This article explores and demonstrates the development and potential impact of one such consumer level control mechanism. Specifically, we developed a prototype system by which non-essential, non-time critical “dumb” loads can be made to respond to detected events observable in the system frequency, and thereby assist in the recovery from larger events. This system responds in a totally automated fashion without communications or control signals, and thus provide a measure of immunity from communications problems and could replace a small amount of reserves that would otherwise be required. We examine here the construction, operation and potential benefits of such a device.
{"title":"Automated low frequency load cutoff","authors":"P. Top, Israr Hussain, M. Clower, R. Barnard, Norman Luong","doi":"10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666958","url":null,"abstract":"The power grid is changing, new types of generation are increasingly coming on line at both the commercial and consumer scale. As technology improves, energy harvesting, by various means, will force the grid to adapt. Traditional means of control and management may become strained or inadequate for the future grid. The grid is also becoming smarter with increasing interaction between utilities and consumers, and as it becomes more interconnected and interactive, new threats from these interconnections arise. The drive to reduce costs and make the grid more efficient will inevitably push the operation of the grid closer to the safe limits making it increasingly likely small triggers will cause wide scale problems. One potential solution is making the system controls layered with a series of different control mechanisms including both automated and centralized systems. This article explores and demonstrates the development and potential impact of one such consumer level control mechanism. Specifically, we developed a prototype system by which non-essential, non-time critical “dumb” loads can be made to respond to detected events observable in the system frequency, and thereby assist in the recovery from larger events. This system responds in a totally automated fashion without communications or control signals, and thus provide a measure of immunity from communications problems and could replace a small amount of reserves that would otherwise be required. We examine here the construction, operation and potential benefits of such a device.","PeriodicalId":421943,"journal":{"name":"2013 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126313636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-25DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666841
Shruti Rao, Ming Zhang, D. Tylavsky
Dynamic loading of transformers is the term used when the loading capacity is calculated using an appropriate thermal model while taking into account the load magnitude, load shape, thermal limits and external cooling conditions. For transformer dynamic loading, the aim is to estimate the transformer's maximum dynamic loading capacity without violating the hottest-spot temperature (HST) and top-oil temperature (TOT) thermal limits. These two temperatures are proxy measures of insulation temperature, which can be used to estimate the loss of service life. The accuracy of the TOT and HST predictions is dependent on many things, central to which is the accuracy of the thermal model. This paper introduces metrics that can be used to differentiate between reliable and unreliable transformer thermal models. The two models discussed in this paper for HST and TOT are the non-linear IEEE model and the model developed by the authors using linear regression methods.
{"title":"Model screening metrics for thermal models of substation distribution transformers","authors":"Shruti Rao, Ming Zhang, D. Tylavsky","doi":"10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666841","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic loading of transformers is the term used when the loading capacity is calculated using an appropriate thermal model while taking into account the load magnitude, load shape, thermal limits and external cooling conditions. For transformer dynamic loading, the aim is to estimate the transformer's maximum dynamic loading capacity without violating the hottest-spot temperature (HST) and top-oil temperature (TOT) thermal limits. These two temperatures are proxy measures of insulation temperature, which can be used to estimate the loss of service life. The accuracy of the TOT and HST predictions is dependent on many things, central to which is the accuracy of the thermal model. This paper introduces metrics that can be used to differentiate between reliable and unreliable transformer thermal models. The two models discussed in this paper for HST and TOT are the non-linear IEEE model and the model developed by the authors using linear regression methods.","PeriodicalId":421943,"journal":{"name":"2013 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121782429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-25DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666915
Michael Bocovich, K. Iyer, Ross M. Terhaar, N. Mohan
Static series compensation devices provide additional flexibility in the operation of transmission lines. Many articles have been published in literature which demonstrate how static series connected FACTS devices can solve numerous power system problems. However, they are not widely utilized in the power industry. The complexity and cost of these devices make it hard to justify their installation. The paper presents the various applications of series connected FACTS devices and the controllers used in literature. It also presents a comparison between fixed and static series compensation device. The paper also explores the economic challenges of installing series connected FACTS devices on the electric power system and some possible economic solutions. A cost effective solution to implement static phase shifting at the neutral of power transformers is presented.
{"title":"Overview of series connected flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS)","authors":"Michael Bocovich, K. Iyer, Ross M. Terhaar, N. Mohan","doi":"10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666915","url":null,"abstract":"Static series compensation devices provide additional flexibility in the operation of transmission lines. Many articles have been published in literature which demonstrate how static series connected FACTS devices can solve numerous power system problems. However, they are not widely utilized in the power industry. The complexity and cost of these devices make it hard to justify their installation. The paper presents the various applications of series connected FACTS devices and the controllers used in literature. It also presents a comparison between fixed and static series compensation device. The paper also explores the economic challenges of installing series connected FACTS devices on the electric power system and some possible economic solutions. A cost effective solution to implement static phase shifting at the neutral of power transformers is presented.","PeriodicalId":421943,"journal":{"name":"2013 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"33 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122249256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-25DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666951
M. Benidris, J. Mitra
This work introduces a new technique to reduce the search space in evaluating reliability indices of power systems. A new formulation for maximum capacity flow of the transmission lines was developed and used in truncating the state space to identify the definite success and definite failure subspaces. A new algorithm based on “directed” Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) was developed to search for the designated success or failure states in the remaining part of the state space. The remaining subspace is system dependent, and in case of systems with high capacity and reliability transmission lines in comparison with generation and loading levels, the effect of this subspace on system reliability can be ignored without causing any significant error. This method is very simple and straight forward, yet it reduces the computational time significantly. The method progresses by calculating the total available power carrying capability at every bus and between buses for every system state. Incidence matrix technique was used in building Line Capacity Matrix (LCM). From the LCM and system state (Generation-Transmission-Load), reliability indices can be calculated. This method was applied on two systems, the IEEE RTS and the modified IEEE RTS and it gave promising results.
{"title":"Composite power system reliability assessment using maximum capacity flow and directed Binary Particle Swarm Optimization","authors":"M. Benidris, J. Mitra","doi":"10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2013.6666951","url":null,"abstract":"This work introduces a new technique to reduce the search space in evaluating reliability indices of power systems. A new formulation for maximum capacity flow of the transmission lines was developed and used in truncating the state space to identify the definite success and definite failure subspaces. A new algorithm based on “directed” Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) was developed to search for the designated success or failure states in the remaining part of the state space. The remaining subspace is system dependent, and in case of systems with high capacity and reliability transmission lines in comparison with generation and loading levels, the effect of this subspace on system reliability can be ignored without causing any significant error. This method is very simple and straight forward, yet it reduces the computational time significantly. The method progresses by calculating the total available power carrying capability at every bus and between buses for every system state. Incidence matrix technique was used in building Line Capacity Matrix (LCM). From the LCM and system state (Generation-Transmission-Load), reliability indices can be calculated. This method was applied on two systems, the IEEE RTS and the modified IEEE RTS and it gave promising results.","PeriodicalId":421943,"journal":{"name":"2013 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128249884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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