Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.15211/soveurope620211729
V. Sutyrin
he paper deals with the recent transformation of EU public diplomacy. Changes in EU public diplomacy organizational structure are considered as well as programming documents, funding, statements of EU leadership, and expert evaluations. The problem of EU self-representation and positioning has exacerbated after the crisis of 2008. It is concluded that EU public diplomacy is in the midst of significant changes: emphasis on unique, multilateral, and peaceful nature of EU is being sidelined by the issue of external threat and securitization of EU communications. This is being carried out in expectation of consolidation of support for the integration project as well as expanding the authority of EU institutions. It is argued that financing plans for 2021‒2027 period, planning documents of European Commission, and general directorates for the next 5 years map out expansion of external threat messages within EU framework programmes. Implementation of such plans will highly likely lead to increased confrontation between the EU and Russia.
{"title":"EU Public Diplomacy Transformation: From the Crisis of Narrative towards External Threat","authors":"V. Sutyrin","doi":"10.15211/soveurope620211729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15211/soveurope620211729","url":null,"abstract":"he paper deals with the recent transformation of EU public diplomacy. Changes in EU public diplomacy organizational structure are considered as well as programming documents, funding, statements of EU leadership, and expert evaluations. The problem of EU self-representation and positioning has exacerbated after the crisis of 2008. It is concluded that EU public diplomacy is in the midst of significant changes: emphasis on unique, multilateral, and peaceful nature of EU is being sidelined by the issue of external threat and securitization of EU communications. This is being carried out in expectation of consolidation of support for the integration project as well as expanding the authority of EU institutions. It is argued that financing plans for 2021‒2027 period, planning documents of European Commission, and general directorates for the next 5 years map out expansion of external threat messages within EU framework programmes. Implementation of such plans will highly likely lead to increased confrontation between the EU and Russia.","PeriodicalId":42204,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Europe-Sovremennaya Evropa","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46408051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.15211/soveurope620218696
E. Lezhnina
The article outlines the Government of the Republic of Ireland response to the COVID-19 pandemic and explores implemented measures to overcome the negative changes caused by the coronacrises in economic, political, and social life. The study examines the period from March 2020 to June 2021, when the country experienced three waves of pandemic. It required the adoption of unique rapid measures. The problems caused by the increase in the incidences of coronavirus are considered in the context of the global crisis along with the realities of the EU and the specifics of the development of Ireland. There is no doubt that the strategy chosen by the Government of the Irish State has reduced the damage from the first wave of the pandemic as much as possible, stopped the rapid growth of the disease during the second round and continues to contain the infection and carry out recovery measures at the present stage. Transparency, a commitment to an open data policy, the use of media to inform the population have led to a high level of compliance among the general public with the various medical and non-medical measures introduced by the Irish Government.
{"title":"The Republic of Ireland in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Seeking a Way out of the National Crisis","authors":"E. Lezhnina","doi":"10.15211/soveurope620218696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15211/soveurope620218696","url":null,"abstract":"The article outlines the Government of the Republic of Ireland response to the COVID-19 pandemic and explores implemented measures to overcome the negative changes caused by the coronacrises in economic, political, and social life. The study examines the period from March 2020 to June 2021, when the country experienced three waves of pandemic. It required the adoption of unique rapid measures. The problems caused by the increase in the incidences of coronavirus are considered in the context of the global crisis along with the realities of the EU and the specifics of the development of Ireland. There is no doubt that the strategy chosen by the Government of the Irish State has reduced the damage from the first wave of the pandemic as much as possible, stopped the rapid growth of the disease during the second round and continues to contain the infection and carry out recovery measures at the present stage. Transparency, a commitment to an open data policy, the use of media to inform the population have led to a high level of compliance among the general public with the various medical and non-medical measures introduced by the Irish Government.","PeriodicalId":42204,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Europe-Sovremennaya Evropa","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47358027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.15211/soveurope620210516
N. Kaveshnikov
The article addresses the system of comitology and delegation in the European Union. It explores such issues like evolution of comitology, contemporary procedures of the control over the European Commission in the process of elaboration of implementing and delegated acts, preferences of legislators regarding control procedures, factors determining the final choice among these procedures. The article shows that the system is based on the “police patrol” model.Should we consider the comitology / delegation procedures as a mechanism of control or discussion (deliberation)? This question is of the greatest theoretical interest. The purpose of this article is to show based on the existing empirical studies, the actual preferences of EU institutions when choosing the procedures of comitology/delegation and the factors influencing the final decision. The article demonstrates that both prior to and after the Lisbon Treaty, the preferences of institutions in choosing procedures differ significantly and can be largely explained by the goal of maximizing their own influence. An empirical analysis of the results of the final choice of procedures demonstrates that the main factors that push toward stricter control procedures are institutional conflict and the complexity of the issue under discussion. These preferences and factors of the choice of procedures allow to conclude that the EU institutions consider the system of comitology and delegation primarily as a mechanism of control over the Commission in the logic of the principal-agent theory.
{"title":"Comitology and Delegation System in the European Union","authors":"N. Kaveshnikov","doi":"10.15211/soveurope620210516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15211/soveurope620210516","url":null,"abstract":"The article addresses the system of comitology and delegation in the European Union. It explores such issues like evolution of comitology, contemporary procedures of the control over the European Commission in the process of elaboration of implementing and delegated acts, preferences of legislators regarding control procedures, factors determining the final choice among these procedures. The article shows that the system is based on the “police patrol” model.Should we consider the comitology / delegation procedures as a mechanism of control or discussion (deliberation)? This question is of the greatest theoretical interest. The purpose of this article is to show based on the existing empirical studies, the actual preferences of EU institutions when choosing the procedures of comitology/delegation and the factors influencing the final decision. The article demonstrates that both prior to and after the Lisbon Treaty, the preferences of institutions in choosing procedures differ significantly and can be largely explained by the goal of maximizing their own influence. An empirical analysis of the results of the final choice of procedures demonstrates that the main factors that push toward stricter control procedures are institutional conflict and the complexity of the issue under discussion. These preferences and factors of the choice of procedures allow to conclude that the EU institutions consider the system of comitology and delegation primarily as a mechanism of control over the Commission in the logic of the principal-agent theory.","PeriodicalId":42204,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Europe-Sovremennaya Evropa","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49005923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.15211/soveurope62021144154
V. Voynikov
Mutual trust is one of the central principles of the area of freedom, security and justice and the whole EU. Despite the fact, that mutual trust is not stipulated in founding treaties, this principle has been widely developed by the European Court of Justice. The purpose of this article is to identify the legal and political components of mutual trust in the EU, as well as the approaches to its implementation. The author comes to the conclusion that the principle of mutual trust originated from the internal market, however its development is mostly associated with the area of freedom, security and justice. Mutual trust in the EU presupposes that a member state does not need additional verification that another member state respects Union law and fundamental rights. Initially, the principle of mutual trust was given the absolute character, but in the post-Lisbon period, “blind trust” was replaced by the “earned trust”, which implies the possibility, in exceptional cases, to refuse mutual trust to another member state if the latter violates fundamental rights. Despite the development of the concept of mutual trust by the European Court of Justice and other EU institutions, recently there has been a serious deficit of interstate trust within the Union. In this regard, the principle of mutual trust is becoming declarative.
{"title":"The Principle of Mutual Trust in EU Law and Policy","authors":"V. Voynikov","doi":"10.15211/soveurope62021144154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15211/soveurope62021144154","url":null,"abstract":"Mutual trust is one of the central principles of the area of freedom, security and justice and the whole EU. Despite the fact, that mutual trust is not stipulated in founding treaties, this principle has been widely developed by the European Court of Justice. The purpose of this article is to identify the legal and political components of mutual trust in the EU, as well as the approaches to its implementation. The author comes to the conclusion that the principle of mutual trust originated from the internal market, however its development is mostly associated with the area of freedom, security and justice. Mutual trust in the EU presupposes that a member state does not need additional verification that another member state respects Union law and fundamental rights. Initially, the principle of mutual trust was given the absolute character, but in the post-Lisbon period, “blind trust” was replaced by the “earned trust”, which implies the possibility, in exceptional cases, to refuse mutual trust to another member state if the latter violates fundamental rights. Despite the development of the concept of mutual trust by the European Court of Justice and other EU institutions, recently there has been a serious deficit of interstate trust within the Union. In this regard, the principle of mutual trust is becoming declarative.","PeriodicalId":42204,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Europe-Sovremennaya Evropa","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47311548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.15211/soveurope620217585
I. Kryuchkov
Since 1993, after the collapse of Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic and Georgia began to build bilateral relations. Geographic farness, weak economic contacts did not contribute to the expansion of bilateral cooperation between the parties. The author emphasizes that the Czech Republic from the very beginning has been supporting Georgia’s territorial integrity, standing for official Tbilisi in its conflict with Abkhazia and South Ossetia. This topic has not found wide coverage in modern scientific literature, so the present research has significant practical importance. The article outlines the current situation in the South Caucasus, the policy of the European Union in the region and Georgia’s integration into the world economic and political space. In 2008, the EU and its individual members intensified their policy in the field of expanding cooperation with the states of the South Caucasus, including Georgia, which has significantly advanced towards building a civil society. The Czech Republic, taking an interest in the uninterrupted supply of energy resources through the territory of Georgia, seeks to stabilize the situation inside the country and on its external borders. The author concludes that relations between the Czech Republic and Georgia are developing not only within the framework of expanding contacts between the EU and Tbilisi. The Czech Republic is becoming one of the leading European investors to Georgia, especially in energy, agriculture and tourism. The Czech Republic contributes to strengthening of the institutions of civil society in Georgia.
{"title":"Development of Cooperation between the Czech Republic and Georgia at the Beginning of the XXI Century","authors":"I. Kryuchkov","doi":"10.15211/soveurope620217585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15211/soveurope620217585","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1993, after the collapse of Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic and Georgia began to build bilateral relations. Geographic farness, weak economic contacts did not contribute to the expansion of bilateral cooperation between the parties. The author emphasizes that the Czech Republic from the very beginning has been supporting Georgia’s territorial integrity, standing for official Tbilisi in its conflict with Abkhazia and South Ossetia. This topic has not found wide coverage in modern scientific literature, so the present research has significant practical importance. The article outlines the current situation in the South Caucasus, the policy of the European Union in the region and Georgia’s integration into the world economic and political space. In 2008, the EU and its individual members intensified their policy in the field of expanding cooperation with the states of the South Caucasus, including Georgia, which has significantly advanced towards building a civil society. The Czech Republic, taking an interest in the uninterrupted supply of energy resources through the territory of Georgia, seeks to stabilize the situation inside the country and on its external borders. The author concludes that relations between the Czech Republic and Georgia are developing not only within the framework of expanding contacts between the EU and Tbilisi. The Czech Republic is becoming one of the leading European investors to Georgia, especially in energy, agriculture and tourism. The Czech Republic contributes to strengthening of the institutions of civil society in Georgia.","PeriodicalId":42204,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Europe-Sovremennaya Evropa","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43487593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.15211/soveurope620215262
S. Kislitsyn
The article deals with the problem of new, non-military challenges for the US in Europe. Previously Washington saw the main regional risks in the military-political sphere. Now serious challenges are emerging in issues of trade, technological and information security. It also appears to lack initiative for regional development. To a large extent, the risks can be associated with the activities of the PRC. The study analyzes the American policy in specific areas (trade, 5G networks, energy exports, relations between allies). The main approaches that Washington can apply to protect its regional interests are as follows: attempts to put pressure on allies by introducing new tariffs and reducing cooperation in several areas; the desire of the US to provide an alternative to the projects of the PRC in the region; deliberate militarization of several topics by the US. But still, the universal instrument is the emphasis on shared values and the issue of human rights. The resolution of bilateral problems between the US and the EU will not fully deal with new risks. Trying to fend off the challenges emanating from the PRC, the US has to partially repeat and duplicate Beijing's policy, creating alternative infrastructure projects or trying to promote its LNG instead of Russian gas.
{"title":"US Policy in Conditions of Growing Non-Military Challenges in Europe","authors":"S. Kislitsyn","doi":"10.15211/soveurope620215262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15211/soveurope620215262","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the problem of new, non-military challenges for the US in Europe. Previously Washington saw the main regional risks in the military-political sphere. Now serious challenges are emerging in issues of trade, technological and information security. It also appears to lack initiative for regional development. To a large extent, the risks can be associated with the activities of the PRC. The study analyzes the American policy in specific areas (trade, 5G networks, energy exports, relations between allies). The main approaches that Washington can apply to protect its regional interests are as follows: attempts to put pressure on allies by introducing new tariffs and reducing cooperation in several areas; the desire of the US to provide an alternative to the projects of the PRC in the region; deliberate militarization of several topics by the US. But still, the universal instrument is the emphasis on shared values and the issue of human rights. The resolution of bilateral problems between the US and the EU will not fully deal with new risks. Trying to fend off the challenges emanating from the PRC, the US has to partially repeat and duplicate Beijing's policy, creating alternative infrastructure projects or trying to promote its LNG instead of Russian gas.","PeriodicalId":42204,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Europe-Sovremennaya Evropa","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49285580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.15211/soveurope620216374
A. Nevskaya, Y. Baronina
The article examines the introduction of the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) as part of the EU economy decarbonization. The implementation of this initiative poses certain risks for the EU trading partners. Moreover, this issue is extremely important for the entire global trading system. The purpose of the study is to assess the real threats of the mechanism for Russian companies and identify opportunities for successful adaptation to the new green realities. The theoretical approaches and prerequisites for the CBAM introduction are analyzed, its systemic effects for companies around the world are shown. The channels and possible scale of this measure’s impact on Russian exporters are considered. The authors analyze the main possible response scenarios for Russia. The most promising scenarios could be: a) intensification of the carbon-free energy and increasing the energy efficiency of production processes, 2) development of an alternative compensatory mechanism, 3) integration into the regional emissions trading system. A possible challenge of the CBAM introduction in the WTO may be ineffective; cooperation with countries outside the “green agenda” – counterproductive. It is concluded that there are opportunities for Russian companies to strengthen their competitiveness due to CBAM requirements. However, there is a lack of expertise in a number of areas and levels, which can hinder the implementation of these opportunities.
{"title":"Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: New Context for EU-Russia Relations","authors":"A. Nevskaya, Y. Baronina","doi":"10.15211/soveurope620216374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15211/soveurope620216374","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the introduction of the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) as part of the EU economy decarbonization. The implementation of this initiative poses certain risks for the EU trading partners. Moreover, this issue is extremely important for the entire global trading system. The purpose of the study is to assess the real threats of the mechanism for Russian companies and identify opportunities for successful adaptation to the new green realities. The theoretical approaches and prerequisites for the CBAM introduction are analyzed, its systemic effects for companies around the world are shown. The channels and possible scale of this measure’s impact on Russian exporters are considered. The authors analyze the main possible response scenarios for Russia. The most promising scenarios could be: a) intensification of the carbon-free energy and increasing the energy efficiency of production processes, 2) development of an alternative compensatory mechanism, 3) integration into the regional emissions trading system. A possible challenge of the CBAM introduction in the WTO may be ineffective; cooperation with countries outside the “green agenda” – counterproductive. It is concluded that there are opportunities for Russian companies to strengthen their competitiveness due to CBAM requirements. However, there is a lack of expertise in a number of areas and levels, which can hinder the implementation of these opportunities.","PeriodicalId":42204,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Europe-Sovremennaya Evropa","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48932551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.15211/soveurope62021167177
E. Miroshnikova
The article analyzes significant changes of the sociocultural and religious landscape in the modern post-secular Europe, which have led to the need of new approaches to religious education. According to the European Educational School’s Principles, religious education (confessional and non-confessional models) is an integral part of the curriculum. Religion is an ordinary, but a non-progression subject. In some European countries religious education is under a threat. There is an ambivalent process of the quest for multi-layered religious identities within the public schools of post-secular European countries. The author states that the traditional confessional model as a variant of catechesis is evolving to the system of multi-confessional religious education, Alternatives (Ethics, Ethics and Values, philosophy, citizenship), parallel mandatory courses about religion under Toledo principles (2007). Confessional religious education is teaching the religion in question. The author notes the growing role of the model of interreligious education IRE as a non-confessional academic Study of Religion for all students in the classroom. The most important international projects REDCo (Religion in Education. A Contribution to Dialogue or a Factor of Conflict in Transforming Societies of European Countries) and ENRECA network (The European Network for Religious Education through Contextual Approaches) show clear signs of the characteristics of interreligious education: teaching about is combined with teaching from the insider’s perspectives. Especially interesting are different options of the cooperative religious education and the model of intercultural religious education ICRE with a worldview as a key notion. The main goal of the IRE is working towards a public, rational discourse of religion against the privatization of religion, against displacing religion from educational institutions. The conclusion is made that the multi– disciplinary approach, based on Culture and Religious Studies, is capable to increase the quality of learning on religions.
{"title":"Learning on Religion in the Modern European Education: new approaches to the teaching","authors":"E. Miroshnikova","doi":"10.15211/soveurope62021167177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15211/soveurope62021167177","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes significant changes of the sociocultural and religious landscape in the modern post-secular Europe, which have led to the need of new approaches to religious education. According to the European Educational School’s Principles, religious education (confessional and non-confessional models) is an integral part of the curriculum. Religion is an ordinary, but a non-progression subject. In some European countries religious education is under a threat. There is an ambivalent process of the quest for multi-layered religious identities within the public schools of post-secular European countries. The author states that the traditional confessional model as a variant of catechesis is evolving to the system of multi-confessional religious education, Alternatives (Ethics, Ethics and Values, philosophy, citizenship), parallel mandatory courses about religion under Toledo principles (2007). Confessional religious education is teaching the religion in question. The author notes the growing role of the model of interreligious education IRE as a non-confessional academic Study of Religion for all students in the classroom. The most important international projects REDCo (Religion in Education. A Contribution to Dialogue or a Factor of Conflict in Transforming Societies of European Countries) and ENRECA network (The European Network for Religious Education through Contextual Approaches) show clear signs of the characteristics of interreligious education: teaching about is combined with teaching from the insider’s perspectives. Especially interesting are different options of the cooperative religious education and the model of intercultural religious education ICRE with a worldview as a key notion. The main goal of the IRE is working towards a public, rational discourse of religion against the privatization of religion, against displacing religion from educational institutions. The conclusion is made that the multi– disciplinary approach, based on Culture and Religious Studies, is capable to increase the quality of learning on religions.","PeriodicalId":42204,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Europe-Sovremennaya Evropa","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49047012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.15211/soveurope62021109119
N. Govorova
The European Union is going through a period of profound transformation due to socio-economic and demographic changes. Europe's population is aging as a result of declining fertility and increasing life expectancy, and its share of the world's population continues to decline. The top 10 countries on the planet with the oldest populations include nine EU countries. Older citizens are increasingly shaping the economy, constituting a growing segment in many areas of consumption. The expansion of this age group is expected to lead to an increased demand in many sectors, and in the not-too-distant future will provide significant economic opportunities for European businesses. The so-called “silver economy” (or longevity economy) is a concept of responding to and adapting to the challenges determined by demographic shifts at the global, regional and country levels by inclusively supporting job growth and productivity in traditional and new sectors of the modern digital economy, acceptable to government, business and the entire population, and supposedly capable of becoming the engine of the future economy. Population aging, its density, and household size, in turn, have also had an impact on the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, whose outbreak tested health and welfare systems as well as economic and social sustainability. This is why demographic processes need to be taken into account in the post-pandemic economic cycle, managing their long-term effects has many different aspects concerning health care, including care for the elderly, as well as government budgets. The integration of digital solutions, robotic technologies in these areas can significantly empower the elderly, promote independent and active lifestyles, and integrate into the labor market. Thus, it can be argued that the potential risks of the modern demographic transition are not inevitable, and the challenge is to find tools, opportunities and means to adapt the economy and society to it.
{"title":"The European Silver Economy","authors":"N. Govorova","doi":"10.15211/soveurope62021109119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15211/soveurope62021109119","url":null,"abstract":"The European Union is going through a period of profound transformation due to socio-economic and demographic changes. Europe's population is aging as a result of declining fertility and increasing life expectancy, and its share of the world's population continues to decline. The top 10 countries on the planet with the oldest populations include nine EU countries. Older citizens are increasingly shaping the economy, constituting a growing segment in many areas of consumption. The expansion of this age group is expected to lead to an increased demand in many sectors, and in the not-too-distant future will provide significant economic opportunities for European businesses. The so-called “silver economy” (or longevity economy) is a concept of responding to and adapting to the challenges determined by demographic shifts at the global, regional and country levels by inclusively supporting job growth and productivity in traditional and new sectors of the modern digital economy, acceptable to government, business and the entire population, and supposedly capable of becoming the engine of the future economy. Population aging, its density, and household size, in turn, have also had an impact on the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, whose outbreak tested health and welfare systems as well as economic and social sustainability. This is why demographic processes need to be taken into account in the post-pandemic economic cycle, managing their long-term effects has many different aspects concerning health care, including care for the elderly, as well as government budgets. The integration of digital solutions, robotic technologies in these areas can significantly empower the elderly, promote independent and active lifestyles, and integrate into the labor market. Thus, it can be argued that the potential risks of the modern demographic transition are not inevitable, and the challenge is to find tools, opportunities and means to adapt the economy and society to it.","PeriodicalId":42204,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Europe-Sovremennaya Evropa","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43102358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.15211/soveurope62021201210
Tatyana Khaynatskaya
One of the important components of environmental policy in recent years is the formation of environmental identity. This article analyzes the German and Italian practices of ecological identity formation, identifies the actors of such a policy, and evaluates the prospects of ecological identity formation in the European Union. Based on case studies and in-depth interviews, the author describes the experience of implementing the Zero Waste concept in the Italian municipality of Capannori and the coastal German city of Kiel. The conclusion that the success of measures to form an environmental identity is influenced by the nature of political culture, the level of economic development, regional development features, but also by targeted environmental education initiatives and the success of grassroots practices in the environmental sphere, is substantiated. As the research has shown, in promoting eco-practices at the local level in Italy the leadership factor plays a large role, including in the framework of protest eco-activism, in Germany ‒ the self-organization of local communities in cooperation with the city authorities. The politicization of environmental identity contributes to the consolidation of citizens around environmental priorities. However, factors such as generation gaps and uneven regional development, as well as the rise of populism, can contribute to deepening divisions and confrontations around the environmental agenda.
{"title":"Formation of Environmental Identity in Germany and Italy: Actors and Best Practices","authors":"Tatyana Khaynatskaya","doi":"10.15211/soveurope62021201210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15211/soveurope62021201210","url":null,"abstract":"One of the important components of environmental policy in recent years is the formation of environmental identity. This article analyzes the German and Italian practices of ecological identity formation, identifies the actors of such a policy, and evaluates the prospects of ecological identity formation in the European Union. Based on case studies and in-depth interviews, the author describes the experience of implementing the Zero Waste concept in the Italian municipality of Capannori and the coastal German city of Kiel. The conclusion that the success of measures to form an environmental identity is influenced by the nature of political culture, the level of economic development, regional development features, but also by targeted environmental education initiatives and the success of grassroots practices in the environmental sphere, is substantiated. As the research has shown, in promoting eco-practices at the local level in Italy the leadership factor plays a large role, including in the framework of protest eco-activism, in Germany ‒ the self-organization of local communities in cooperation with the city authorities. The politicization of environmental identity contributes to the consolidation of citizens around environmental priorities. However, factors such as generation gaps and uneven regional development, as well as the rise of populism, can contribute to deepening divisions and confrontations around the environmental agenda.","PeriodicalId":42204,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Europe-Sovremennaya Evropa","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46715544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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