2016 U.S. presidential election that elevated this previously obscure issue to a prominent place in the public discourse. The fundamental problem that has been identified is that the consolidation of power in the hands of a few tech giants has become socially and politically dangerous. Proponents of this idea point to a variety of ills arising from the centralized control of data and of the attention economy in which it is generated, collected, and sold. These include the exploitation of social media marketing by political influence operations, the promulgation of extremist content, algorithmic bias,1. and the monetization of attention.2. A few companies, notably Facebook and Google, effectively control the online marketplace of ideas. As a result, they find themselves responsible for, among other things, policing speech on their platforms. But despite having accumulated powers previously diffused amongst the media, government, and civil society, these platforms are privately governed. And as forprofit enterprises, their interests are aligned not with those of the public, but with those of the shareholders to whom they are accountable. Moreover, the problem is inherently difficult to correct. The ubiquity of these platforms makes it hard for even the most socially-conscious users to “vote with BLOCKCHAIN AND PROPERTY IN 2018
{"title":"Blockchain and Property in 2018: At the End of the Beginning","authors":"Michael Graglia, Christopher Mellon","doi":"10.1162/inov_a_00270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/inov_a_00270","url":null,"abstract":"2016 U.S. presidential election that elevated this previously obscure issue to a prominent place in the public discourse. The fundamental problem that has been identified is that the consolidation of power in the hands of a few tech giants has become socially and politically dangerous. Proponents of this idea point to a variety of ills arising from the centralized control of data and of the attention economy in which it is generated, collected, and sold. These include the exploitation of social media marketing by political influence operations, the promulgation of extremist content, algorithmic bias,1. and the monetization of attention.2. A few companies, notably Facebook and Google, effectively control the online marketplace of ideas. As a result, they find themselves responsible for, among other things, policing speech on their platforms. But despite having accumulated powers previously diffused amongst the media, government, and civil society, these platforms are privately governed. And as forprofit enterprises, their interests are aligned not with those of the public, but with those of the shareholders to whom they are accountable. Moreover, the problem is inherently difficult to correct. The ubiquity of these platforms makes it hard for even the most socially-conscious users to “vote with BLOCKCHAIN AND PROPERTY IN 2018","PeriodicalId":422331,"journal":{"name":"Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125512640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
bankers and policymakers in the City of London and in the rest of the world, not only since the Middle Ages but in the past 20 years. But the changes of the past two decades are only the beginning. Let us spin the hands of Big Ben forward to 2040 to catch a glimpse of the world in our near future. We might see that: Cars have disappeared, because people are moving about in hovering drones, or “pods,” which elegantly avoid each other in the morning rush hour. One of those pods carries the central bank governor, who recently started her second term. As part of her morning routine, she swipes through a hologram of news videos curated by a digital assistant, before arriving at Threadneedle Street (the location of the Bank of England). The governor disembarks, walks up to the columned façade, opens the door and. . . Who will she encounter inside the building? Are there economists sitting at desks or debating policy choices around a table? Or is there an intelligent machine making decisions, setting rates, and issuing money? In other words, how will fintech change central banking over the next generation? That is the focus of my remarks today. In this essay, I would like to consider the possible impact of three innovations—virtual currencies, new models of financial intermediation, and artificial intelligence. Some of these innovations have already found their way into our wallets, smartphones, and financial systems. But that is only the beginning. CENTRAL BANKING AND FINTECH
伦敦金融城(City of London)和世界其他地方的银行家和政策制定者，不仅从中世纪以来如此，过去20年也是如此。但过去二十年的变化仅仅是个开始。让我们把大本钟的指针转到2040年，一窥我们不久的将来的世界。我们可能会看到:汽车已经消失了，因为人们在空中盘旋的无人机或“豆荚”中四处走动，它们在早高峰时段优雅地避开彼此。其中一辆车载着最近开始第二任期的央行行长。在到达针线街(英格兰银行所在地)之前，作为早上例行公事的一部分，她浏览了由数字助理策划的新闻视频全息图。总督下了船，走到有柱子的楼前，打开门，然后……她会在大楼里遇到谁?是否有经济学家坐在办公桌前或围坐在桌子旁讨论政策选择?还是有一台智能机器在做决策、设定利率、发行货币?换句话说，在下一代，金融科技将如何改变央行?这就是我今天讲话的重点。在这篇文章中，我想考虑三种创新的可能影响——虚拟货币、金融中介的新模式和人工智能。其中一些创新已经进入了我们的钱包、智能手机和金融系统。但这仅仅是个开始。中央银行和金融科技
{"title":"Central Banking and Fintech: A Brave New World","authors":"Christine Lagarde","doi":"10.1162/INOV_A_00262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/INOV_A_00262","url":null,"abstract":"bankers and policymakers in the City of London and in the rest of the world, not only since the Middle Ages but in the past 20 years. But the changes of the past two decades are only the beginning. Let us spin the hands of Big Ben forward to 2040 to catch a glimpse of the world in our near future. We might see that: Cars have disappeared, because people are moving about in hovering drones, or “pods,” which elegantly avoid each other in the morning rush hour. One of those pods carries the central bank governor, who recently started her second term. As part of her morning routine, she swipes through a hologram of news videos curated by a digital assistant, before arriving at Threadneedle Street (the location of the Bank of England). The governor disembarks, walks up to the columned façade, opens the door and. . . Who will she encounter inside the building? Are there economists sitting at desks or debating policy choices around a table? Or is there an intelligent machine making decisions, setting rates, and issuing money? In other words, how will fintech change central banking over the next generation? That is the focus of my remarks today. In this essay, I would like to consider the possible impact of three innovations—virtual currencies, new models of financial intermediation, and artificial intelligence. Some of these innovations have already found their way into our wallets, smartphones, and financial systems. But that is only the beginning. CENTRAL BANKING AND FINTECH","PeriodicalId":422331,"journal":{"name":"Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115135277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advances in Real Time: Challenges and Solutions in Interoperable Payment Systems","authors":"Kosta Peric, M. Abel, Matthew T. Bohan","doi":"10.1162/inov_a_00268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/inov_a_00268","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":422331,"journal":{"name":"Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization","volume":"280 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128350159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ing economies, year after year Salt Lake County’s budget is essentially flat. Without additional resources, using taxpayer dollars effectively and efficiently is not only ideal, it’s a necessity. However, as is often the case, state and local governments are reactive—paying for things that often go wrong, such as our prisons and homeless shelters, which provide only limited treatment for people with criminogenic risk factors or behavioral health disorders. Treatment services are inadequately funded to ensure long-term benefits, and even though we know prevention can create savings for years into the future, we rarely invest adequately in the prevention side of the equation. But whether we are paying for a safety net or prevention, the county government has a difficult time justifying the time and cost of evaluating the value of those investments for the people we serve.
{"title":"Pay for Success as a Policy Tool","authors":"Mayor Ben McAdams, J. Keele, F. Nelson","doi":"10.1162/inov_a_00256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/inov_a_00256","url":null,"abstract":"ing economies, year after year Salt Lake County’s budget is essentially flat. Without additional resources, using taxpayer dollars effectively and efficiently is not only ideal, it’s a necessity. However, as is often the case, state and local governments are reactive—paying for things that often go wrong, such as our prisons and homeless shelters, which provide only limited treatment for people with criminogenic risk factors or behavioral health disorders. Treatment services are inadequately funded to ensure long-term benefits, and even though we know prevention can create savings for years into the future, we rarely invest adequately in the prevention side of the equation. But whether we are paying for a safety net or prevention, the county government has a difficult time justifying the time and cost of evaluating the value of those investments for the people we serve.","PeriodicalId":422331,"journal":{"name":"Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124739403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
tive to the more traditional J-hook. The circle hook’s more rounded shape was designed to decrease the unwanted bycatch of threatened or endangered species (mostly sea turtles) while maintaining or improving species targeted for commercial, recreational, and artisanal fishing (Read, 2007). Conservation groups lauded and promoted the circle hook for enabling fishermen to maintain their income while meeting conservation goals, yet nearly two decades after its introduction, it has not gone to scale.
{"title":"Addressing the Problem of Scale in Conservation","authors":"A. Dehgan, Cassie Hoffman","doi":"10.1162/inov_a_00254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/inov_a_00254","url":null,"abstract":"tive to the more traditional J-hook. The circle hook’s more rounded shape was designed to decrease the unwanted bycatch of threatened or endangered species (mostly sea turtles) while maintaining or improving species targeted for commercial, recreational, and artisanal fishing (Read, 2007). Conservation groups lauded and promoted the circle hook for enabling fishermen to maintain their income while meeting conservation goals, yet nearly two decades after its introduction, it has not gone to scale.","PeriodicalId":422331,"journal":{"name":"Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization","volume":"355 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134458750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
the opportunity to serve as policy entrepreneurs acquire tacit knowledge about how to get things done. This knowledge is difficult to share because it is more like learning to ride a bicycle than memorizing the quadratic formula. Furthermore, the knowledge, skills, and heuristics policy entrepreneurs acquire is often dependent on the particular context they are POLICY ENTREPRENEURSHIP AT THE WHITE HOUSE
{"title":"Policy Entrepreneurship at the White House","authors":"T. Kalil","doi":"10.1162/INOV_A_00253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/INOV_A_00253","url":null,"abstract":"the opportunity to serve as policy entrepreneurs acquire tacit knowledge about how to get things done. This knowledge is difficult to share because it is more like learning to ride a bicycle than memorizing the quadratic formula. Furthermore, the knowledge, skills, and heuristics policy entrepreneurs acquire is often dependent on the particular context they are POLICY ENTREPRENEURSHIP AT THE WHITE HOUSE","PeriodicalId":422331,"journal":{"name":"Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132096227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is these two elements—the unpredictable nature of startups and the critical supporting role of business ecosystems and infrastructure—that underlie the unique challenge of catalyzing the green entrepreneurship and eco-innovation sectors of developing countries. And in today’s world, cultivating an army of innovators to tackle environmental challenges across the globe is a topic worthy of policymakers’ attention. First, it offers a grassroots alternative to governments that are already pulling all available policy levers to combat rapidly eroding topsoils, mounting air pollution, and other environmental predicaments. And second, the security and sustainability of the planet depend on it. Increasing affluence and growing populations mean that the developing world will soon surpass the CO2 emissions levels of industrialized countries, thereby placing an unprecedented burden on the planet’s waste sinks and accelerating climate change.
{"title":"From Home Runs to Base Hits","authors":"D. Duke, Erik Simanis","doi":"10.1162/inov_a_00260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/inov_a_00260","url":null,"abstract":"It is these two elements—the unpredictable nature of startups and the critical supporting role of business ecosystems and infrastructure—that underlie the unique challenge of catalyzing the green entrepreneurship and eco-innovation sectors of developing countries. And in today’s world, cultivating an army of innovators to tackle environmental challenges across the globe is a topic worthy of policymakers’ attention. First, it offers a grassroots alternative to governments that are already pulling all available policy levers to combat rapidly eroding topsoils, mounting air pollution, and other environmental predicaments. And second, the security and sustainability of the planet depend on it. Increasing affluence and growing populations mean that the developing world will soon surpass the CO2 emissions levels of industrialized countries, thereby placing an unprecedented burden on the planet’s waste sinks and accelerating climate change.","PeriodicalId":422331,"journal":{"name":"Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116392469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
founding up to the Great Depression— the ability of U.S.-based businesses to compete in global markets was central to American economic policy and political platforms. However, that has not been the case since Franklin Roosevelt was president. The reasons include the primacy of geopolitical concerns; the lack of industrial competitors in the aftermath of World War II; the development of Keynesian economics, which focuses on the economic cycle rather than on structure; consistent positive trade balances up to the early 1970s; and political conservatives’ general antipathy, from the 1980s forward, toward activist policies designed to advance national competitiveness— think Reagan’s disparagement of “industrial policy”.
{"title":"Toward a U.S. Competitiveness Strategy","authors":"Andrew Reamer","doi":"10.1162/inov_a_00261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/inov_a_00261","url":null,"abstract":"founding up to the Great Depression— the ability of U.S.-based businesses to compete in global markets was central to American economic policy and political platforms. However, that has not been the case since Franklin Roosevelt was president. The reasons include the primacy of geopolitical concerns; the lack of industrial competitors in the aftermath of World War II; the development of Keynesian economics, which focuses on the economic cycle rather than on structure; consistent positive trade balances up to the early 1970s; and political conservatives’ general antipathy, from the 1980s forward, toward activist policies designed to advance national competitiveness— think Reagan’s disparagement of “industrial policy”.","PeriodicalId":422331,"journal":{"name":"Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128662571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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