Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2022.24.2.031
T. Kushch
This article examines the history behind the writing of the three-volume History of Byzantium (1967). In the 1950s and 1960s, the writing of “meta-narratives” meant covering the history of different states from the standpoint of the Marxist interpretation of the historical process and using the methods of historical materialism. In addition, collective work on them demonstrated the scholarly convention of Marxist historians. These principles were also implemented during the preparation of the History of Byzantium. A member of the editorial board and one of the main authors of the multi-volume work was Mikhail Jakovlevich Sjuzjumov (1893–1982), a Sverdlovsk scholar. Some letters kept in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the State Archive of Sverdlovsk Region reflect his participation in the preparation of the History of Byzantium, the difficulties his texts underwent during the publication process, and his assessment of the results of the collective work. The article considers the scholar’s concept which he adhered to when writing the chapters, analyses critical remarks about his texts, and emphasises the discrepancy between his interpretations and the assessment of the history of Byzantium established in Russian historiography. The chapters prepared by Sjuzjumov and devoted to sources on early Byzantine history, the history of the church, and the historical role of Byzantium were criticised especially harshly. Sjuzjumov’s assessment of the Byzantine opposition and denial of the progressiveness of their views, his interpretation of Byzantine feudalism and the place of the Empire in world history contradicted the spirit and concept of the collective work. As a result, his two chapters were not included in the final version of the History of Byzantium. To achieve an academic convention, it was necessary to sacrifice the original interpretations proposed by the Sverdlovsk scholar. Nevertheless, Mikhail Sjuzjumov highly appreciated the publication of the History of Byzantium, although he noted its obvious shortcomings and weak points.
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2022.24.1.012
Natalia D. Borschik
This study aims to trace the main stages of the construction of resort villages on the southern coast of Crimea between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and their specifics and evaluate the contribution of Russian entrepreneurs to the development of resort business in Crimea. Based on the body of sources kept in the funds of the Russian State Historical Archive and the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea, it is established that the leading role in the formation and prosperity of the most popular Crimean resorts, Simeiz and Gurzuf, belongs to famous Russian entrepreneurs, i.e. representatives of the Maltsov dynasty and P. I. Gubonin, respectively. Thanks to their efforts and investments, once deserted and abandoned areas became villages with a developed infrastructure comfortable for living. Also, the involvement of a wide range of professionals in the construction of villages, such as architects, engineers, builders, managers, gardeners, etc. can be considered key to the successful functioning of resorts. The author singles out features of new places of rest: Simeiz developed because of individual development in accordance with the owners’ tastes, and Gurzuf became a model of hotel business of the time. The author concludes that with the help of a flexible pricing policy, hotels, guesthouses, and cottages became available to wealthy visitors not only of noble origin. In its turn, the public vacationing in Crimea enthusiastically got acquainted with local attractions, which became the basis for the formation of the tourism industry in the region. Crimea ceased to be an elitist place of rest for the royalty and persons close to them at the turn of the twentieth century and turned into the “Russian Riviera”, a popular resort in Russia, whose progressive development was interrupted by the events of October 1917 and the subsequent Civil War.
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2022.24.3.042
Valery V. Maroshi
This article deals with the collective myth of the generation of Russian intellectuals in the 1880s. This generation inherits the myth from Enlightenment and Romanticism about the hero Prometheus, the Christian martyr created in the “civil poetry” and journalism of the 1840s–1860s. The hero resists the surrounding “darkness” of social passivity and a repressive regime. The socially passive outsider becomes his antipode. The 1880s generation embodies a similar collision, with an active heroic nucleus standing out (the Narodnaya Volya radicals, “torches”) and the periphery that sympathises with them (passive, reflective, “children of the night” from Merezhkovsky’s allegory). The self-immolator Grachevsky became a symbolic figure for the former, and the poet Nadson for the latter. Nadson’s influence extends far beyond his era, forming a system of clichés for expressing the depressive moods of the Russian intelligentsia. These two dimensions of a generation in the literature of the 1880s are represented, respectively, by metaphors of the “fiery myth” and an unprecedented variety of the “night myth” in the lyrical poetry of the poets of “civil sorrow” and later romantics. Both myths are united by the situation of collective trauma, premature death, and the role of the intellectual as a martyr. In poetry, the allegory of the “extinguished torch” in the lyrical poetry of Nadson, Fofanov, and Merezhkovsky mediates between these worldviews. Russian poetry returns to the symbolism of fire in the early twentieth century, during the revolution of 1905–1907, and in the post-revolutionary era of the 1920s.
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2022.24.3.044
M. A. Lappo
This article considers one of the leading writer’s settings, the artistic construction of intergenerational dialogue, with reference to E. Vodolazkin’s novels Solovyov and Larionov, Laurus, Aviator, and Brisbane. This dialogue includes both the characters of fiction texts, representatives of different generations (contemporaries in general, young people, generations of the Soviet and pre-Soviet period, and even much older times of Russia’s existence), and their readers. The first stage of the study examines the specific narrative strategies that can be attributed to E. Vodolazkin’s idiostyle and which carry out intertemporal communication. It focuses on the hesitant narrator, i.e., although non-diegetic, but not quite “reliable” omniscient author; the echoing of the ego narrative of two or three leading characters; situations when the narrator’s speech part merges with the consciousness of the main character, who, in turn, by virtue of the storyline, penetrates the spiritual world of his direct or conditional ancestor. The second stage of the study analyses the linguistic strategies proper for neutralising generational conflicts, which support the above narrative strategies. Such speech techniques include a variety of ways of approximating and crossing linguistic and communicative boundaries: contact repetition in the dialogue, symbolism of the character’s name, the use of bilingualism (characters easily master languages, and the reader does not need footnotes), the introduction of the figure of the translator (an assistant in overcoming language barriers), the interpretation of agnonyms (obsolete and religious vocabulary, archaic forms), the use of anachronisms of various kinds (literary and cultural allusions, hidden quotations from texts unfamiliar to characters of the described era).
本文以E. Vodolazkin的小说《Solovyov and Larionov》、《Laurus》、《Aviator》和《Brisbane》为例，探讨了代际对话的艺术建构。这种对话既包括小说文本中的人物，也包括不同时代的代表(一般来说是当代人，年轻人，苏联和前苏联时期的几代人，甚至是俄罗斯存在的更古老的时代)，以及他们的读者。本研究的第一阶段考察了沃多拉兹金独特风格的具体叙事策略，这些策略进行了跨期交际。它关注的是犹豫不决的叙述者，即，虽然非叙事，但不太“可靠”的无所不知的作者;两三个主角自我叙述的呼应;叙述者的言语部分与主角的意识相融合的情况，而主角又通过故事情节，渗透到他直接或有条件的祖先的精神世界。研究的第二阶段分析了适用于消除代际冲突的语言策略，以支持上述叙事策略。这些言语技巧包括各种接近和跨越语言和交际界限的方法:对话中的接触重复，人物名字的象征意义，双语的使用(人物很容易掌握语言，读者不需要脚注)，译者形象的引入(克服语言障碍的助手)，匿名词的解释(过时的和宗教的词汇，古老的形式)，各种时代错误的使用(文学和文化典故，所描述的时代的人物不熟悉的文本的隐藏引文)。
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2022.24.4.065
E. Alekseev
This article analyses the graphic cycle of L. A. Epple created based on D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak’s works in 1946–1952. Among the artist’s works, there are both illustrations for the collection For Children (1947) and easel compositions commissioned by the writer’s memorial museum in Sverdlovsk. A professional graphic artist, Epple worked thoughtfully and consistently with the works of the writer for many years, achieving expressiveness of images and artistic accuracy. The artist’s special position (a labour soldier in Sevurallag in 1941–1945, then a special settler in Sosva and Irbit in 1946–1952) led to the fact that his creative activity during these years was unknown to specialists. The artist’s name was not mentioned in the data of the collection of Mamin-Sibiryak’s works, and his easel paintings (kept in the collection of the United Museum of Writers of the Urals) were not published. In the late nineteenth — first half of the twentieth centuries, Mamin-Sibiryak’s works were illustrated and decorated by many Ural artists (S. I. Yakovlev, A. V. Kikin, Yu. A. Ivanov, A. A. Zhukov, N. P. Golubchikov, A. A. Kudrin, E. V. Gileva, etc.), but unlike L. A. Epple, the appeal to the literary heritage of the writer was for them only a brief episode of creative activity. Epple’s art project developed within the framework of an official order, hence the stylistics convenient for the mass reader, and a set of visual images was thought out. The principle of narrative fits into the aesthetics of book illustration of the 1940s–1950s, but in Epple’s graphic compositions, there is a feeling of intimacy, softness, some idealisation, and smoothness of images. Following the traditions of his teacher D. N. Kardovsky, Epple strives for the exact choice of the scene, the expressiveness of the entire composition and each character, the elaboration of details, and tries to reveal the psychology of the main characters. Choosing a realistic manner of performance, the artist proceeds from the nature of Mamin-Sibiryak’s oeuvre, with his thoroughness and journalistic narrative, respectful attitude to historical, ethnographic, and everyday realities.
本文分析了1946-1952年l.a.e pple在D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak作品基础上创作的图形周期。在艺术家的作品中，有为儿童(1947)收集的插图和受斯维尔德洛夫斯克作家纪念博物馆委托的架上作品。作为一名专业的平面艺术家，Epple多年来始终如一地与作家的作品合作，实现了图像的表现力和艺术准确性。艺术家的特殊地位(1941-1945年在Sevurallag的劳动兵，然后在1946-1952年在Sosva和Irbit的特殊定居者)导致他这些年的创作活动不为专家所知。在Mamin-Sibiryak作品集的资料中没有提到这位艺术家的名字，他的架上绘画(保存在乌拉尔作家联合博物馆的收藏中)也没有出版。在19世纪末至20世纪上半叶，许多乌拉尔艺术家(S. I. Yakovlev, A. V. Kikin, Yu。a .伊万诺夫，a . a .朱可夫，N. P.戈卢布奇科夫，a . a .库德林，E. V.吉列娃等)，但与L. a .艾普尔不同，对作家文学遗产的吸引力对他们来说只是创作活动的一个短暂插曲。Epple的艺术项目是在官方命令的框架内发展起来的，因此便于大众读者的文体学，以及一套视觉图像被思考出来。叙事的原则符合20世纪40 - 50年代书籍插图的美学，但在Epple的图形构图中，有一种亲密，柔软，理想化和平滑的感觉。Epple继承了他的老师D. N. Kardovsky的传统，力求场景的准确选择，整个构图和每个人物的表现力，细节的阐述，并试图揭示主要人物的心理。艺术家选择了一种现实主义的表现方式，从Mamin-Sibiryak作品的本质出发，以他的彻彻性和新闻叙事，对历史，民族志和日常现实的尊重态度。
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2022.24.1.014
E. A. Andrushchenko
Based on the analysis of little-known and forgotten letters of Russian writers, most of them introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time, this article clarifies the existing perceptions of various types of letters to the editor. The purpose of the work is to identify and describe cases of changing conventions between the writer, the critic, and the reader in the early twentieth century. The notice form of the letter, traditionally used to notify readers of ongoing rearrangements in editorial boards or groups, as well as the writer’s membership in a particular literary publication, remained unchanged. Conversely, the writer’s letter as a response to a reader, a critic, or an opponent were forms influenced by a new sociocultural situation, characterised by an increasing number of printed publications and the appearance of a new type of reader and critic. The article establishes that, when replying to a reader, a social or political opponent via a newspaper, the writer turned his response into a public statement, expressed in accordance with their reputation and social stance. The writer’s reply to an opponent often took the form of an open letter and became an instance of civic action. As a response to a critic, the writer’s letter to the editor indicated his refusal to regard the critic as an authoritative participant of the literary process, one equal in status to the writer. When addressing the reader through the medium of a newspaper, the writer discussed the factual aspect of the critic’s statement, not their opinion of the writer’s work, thus emphasising the insignificance of their role. A response to a critic the writer found authoritative instead took the form of an article, or a column. Writers’ letters to the editor of the early twentieth century reflect contradictory phenomena in the literary process, caused by the emergence of mass readership and a reconsideration of the terms set between it, the writer and the critic.
{"title":"On the Typology of Writers’ Letters to the Editor in the Early 20th Century: Answers to Readers, Critics, and Opponents","authors":"E. A. Andrushchenko","doi":"10.15826/izv2.2022.24.1.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.1.014","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the analysis of little-known and forgotten letters of Russian writers, most of them introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time, this article clarifies the existing perceptions of various types of letters to the editor. The purpose of the work is to identify and describe cases of changing conventions between the writer, the critic, and the reader in the early twentieth century. The notice form of the letter, traditionally used to notify readers of ongoing rearrangements in editorial boards or groups, as well as the writer’s membership in a particular literary publication, remained unchanged. Conversely, the writer’s letter as a response to a reader, a critic, or an opponent were forms influenced by a new sociocultural situation, characterised by an increasing number of printed publications and the appearance of a new type of reader and critic. The article establishes that, when replying to a reader, a social or political opponent via a newspaper, the writer turned his response into a public statement, expressed in accordance with their reputation and social stance. The writer’s reply to an opponent often took the form of an open letter and became an instance of civic action. As a response to a critic, the writer’s letter to the editor indicated his refusal to regard the critic as an authoritative participant of the literary process, one equal in status to the writer. When addressing the reader through the medium of a newspaper, the writer discussed the factual aspect of the critic’s statement, not their opinion of the writer’s work, thus emphasising the insignificance of their role. A response to a critic the writer found authoritative instead took the form of an article, or a column. Writers’ letters to the editor of the early twentieth century reflect contradictory phenomena in the literary process, caused by the emergence of mass readership and a reconsideration of the terms set between it, the writer and the critic.","PeriodicalId":42281,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Uralskogo Federalnogo Universiteta-Seriya 2-Gumanitarnye Nauki","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76426752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2022.24.1.005
V. Sanzharov
This article considers the organisational component of the preparation of the English invasion of France in 1415. The army of Henry V was one of the largest during the entire Hundred Years War. The development of raising whole armies, rather than merely minor, “non-royal”, expeditions, by contracting for indentured retinues should be seen as primarily an evolutionary consequence of the need to plan and manage the increased scale and duration of continental wars. The three central points to mobilisation are the recognised and necessary authority of the king, the strategic planning role of the council, and the function of the chancery in communicating administrative instructions. Both modern researchers and chroniclers are forced to determine the purpose of the invasion relying on the subsequent actions of the king and his army; until the last moment, the king kept even the place of the upcoming landing secret. The paper analyses the principles of acquisition of the expeditionary military contingent: the influence of the king’s personal participation on the composition, organisational structure, and recruiting of troops (a combination of direct recruitment and indentured retinues). It is emphasised that almost all the highest nobility of the kingdom was involved in the royal army. A significant number of military retinues (and captains) are noted as a distinctive feature of the army in 1415. The article also analyses the financing of the campaign and the sources of payment for military service (direct and indirect taxes, loans, and pleading of the crown jewels). The author examines the organisation of the supply and logistic aspects of the upcoming military expedition to the continent, i.e. the preparation and provision of weapons (including siege equipment), horses and vehicles, provisions and fodder, the principles of collecting ships and their number, payment for ships and crews, the place / mooring of the fleet, and features of landing.
{"title":"Financial, Military, and Logistic Aspects of the Preparation for the English Invasion of France in 1415","authors":"V. Sanzharov","doi":"10.15826/izv2.2022.24.1.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.1.005","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers the organisational component of the preparation of the English invasion of France in 1415. The army of Henry V was one of the largest during the entire Hundred Years War. The development of raising whole armies, rather than merely minor, “non-royal”, expeditions, by contracting for indentured retinues should be seen as primarily an evolutionary consequence of the need to plan and manage the increased scale and duration of continental wars. The three central points to mobilisation are the recognised and necessary authority of the king, the strategic planning role of the council, and the function of the chancery in communicating administrative instructions. Both modern researchers and chroniclers are forced to determine the purpose of the invasion relying on the subsequent actions of the king and his army; until the last moment, the king kept even the place of the upcoming landing secret. The paper analyses the principles of acquisition of the expeditionary military contingent: the influence of the king’s personal participation on the composition, organisational structure, and recruiting of troops (a combination of direct recruitment and indentured retinues). It is emphasised that almost all the highest nobility of the kingdom was involved in the royal army. A significant number of military retinues (and captains) are noted as a distinctive feature of the army in 1415. The article also analyses the financing of the campaign and the sources of payment for military service (direct and indirect taxes, loans, and pleading of the crown jewels). The author examines the organisation of the supply and logistic aspects of the upcoming military expedition to the continent, i.e. the preparation and provision of weapons (including siege equipment), horses and vehicles, provisions and fodder, the principles of collecting ships and their number, payment for ships and crews, the place / mooring of the fleet, and features of landing.","PeriodicalId":42281,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Uralskogo Federalnogo Universiteta-Seriya 2-Gumanitarnye Nauki","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75238362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2022.24.1.013
I. V. Kozlov
The purpose of this article is to define the artistic and extraliterary features of the literary section of one of the first and most significant private newspapers of Ural Region at the turn of the twentieth century. The conclusions of the article are based on the genre attribution of works published in the newspaper (a poetic legend, feuilleton, soldier’s tale), the correlation of these works with the sociocultural and geographical contexts, and the peculiarities of the authors’ biographies. The article notes an attempt to correlate heterogeneous phenomena in the literary section made by the editorial board of the newspaper. It is important because of the peculiarities of the newspaper’s circulation at that time and the awareness of the geographical position of the Urals as a “middle” region. In the newspaper, there are themes, plots, genres of works of Western European literature and the East, the fate of authors, actively moving to the east (Siberia, the Far East) and to the west, newspaper, and literary texts proper. The editorial policy for Ural was formed along the lines of the coexistence of different esthetic and political views. This was due to the extraliterary peculiarities of the newspaper’s circulation at the turn of the century and the need to attract the attention of readers by any means to provide financial success. In the study, the author applies the genre and motif analysis of literary works. The conclusions are based on a wide literary and illustrative material of the Ural newspaper and other newspapers of Ural Region, the memoirs of contemporaries, and archival materials. The characteristic features of literary critical materials published in the Ural newspaper confirm the features of the editorial policy indicated: an appeal to contemporary authors and authors of the past and to works whose authors had different aesthetic views. As a result, the author of the article concludes about the medial position of the literary department of the Ural newspaper, uniting literary works that are diametrically opposed in sociocultural, aesthetic, and geographical terms.
{"title":"Literary Works in the Ural Newspaper (1897–1908): Editorial Policy and Genre-Thematic Features","authors":"I. V. Kozlov","doi":"10.15826/izv2.2022.24.1.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.1.013","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to define the artistic and extraliterary features of the literary section of one of the first and most significant private newspapers of Ural Region at the turn of the twentieth century. The conclusions of the article are based on the genre attribution of works published in the newspaper (a poetic legend, feuilleton, soldier’s tale), the correlation of these works with the sociocultural and geographical contexts, and the peculiarities of the authors’ biographies. The article notes an attempt to correlate heterogeneous phenomena in the literary section made by the editorial board of the newspaper. It is important because of the peculiarities of the newspaper’s circulation at that time and the awareness of the geographical position of the Urals as a “middle” region. In the newspaper, there are themes, plots, genres of works of Western European literature and the East, the fate of authors, actively moving to the east (Siberia, the Far East) and to the west, newspaper, and literary texts proper. The editorial policy for Ural was formed along the lines of the coexistence of different esthetic and political views. This was due to the extraliterary peculiarities of the newspaper’s circulation at the turn of the century and the need to attract the attention of readers by any means to provide financial success. In the study, the author applies the genre and motif analysis of literary works. The conclusions are based on a wide literary and illustrative material of the Ural newspaper and other newspapers of Ural Region, the memoirs of contemporaries, and archival materials. The characteristic features of literary critical materials published in the Ural newspaper confirm the features of the editorial policy indicated: an appeal to contemporary authors and authors of the past and to works whose authors had different aesthetic views. As a result, the author of the article concludes about the medial position of the literary department of the Ural newspaper, uniting literary works that are diametrically opposed in sociocultural, aesthetic, and geographical terms.","PeriodicalId":42281,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Uralskogo Federalnogo Universiteta-Seriya 2-Gumanitarnye Nauki","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75626608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2022.24.1.020
L. Likhacheva, M. Kapkan
This review considers a monograph published in 2021 by Ural Federal University. The research of scholars from different countries (Russia, Hungary, Czech Republic, and Poland) is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of the Soviet person in various contexts and dimensions. The monograph contributes both to the theoretical understanding of the phenomenon of the Soviet person and to the analysis of its manifestations in social, cultural, and artistic life. The combination of various research positions and strategies makes it possible to create a multidimensional and ambiguous image of homo soveticus seen by bearers of Soviet culture and outside observers. The review provides an analysis of the main sections of the monograph, identifies the most promising problems for further study of this topic, evaluates the originality of the work, and identifies controversial issues that stimulate discussions.
{"title":"Soviet Person: A Look from the Outside and the Inside. Review of: Amirov, V. M., Antoshin, A. V., Bortnikov, V. I., et al. (2021). Homo soveticus: pro et contra. Ekaterinburg: Ural University Press. 412 p.","authors":"L. Likhacheva, M. Kapkan","doi":"10.15826/izv2.2022.24.1.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.1.020","url":null,"abstract":"This review considers a monograph published in 2021 by Ural Federal University. The research of scholars from different countries (Russia, Hungary, Czech Republic, and Poland) is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of the Soviet person in various contexts and dimensions. The monograph contributes both to the theoretical understanding of the phenomenon of the Soviet person and to the analysis of its manifestations in social, cultural, and artistic life. The combination of various research positions and strategies makes it possible to create a multidimensional and ambiguous image of homo soveticus seen by bearers of Soviet culture and outside observers. The review provides an analysis of the main sections of the monograph, identifies the most promising problems for further study of this topic, evaluates the originality of the work, and identifies controversial issues that stimulate discussions.","PeriodicalId":42281,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Uralskogo Federalnogo Universiteta-Seriya 2-Gumanitarnye Nauki","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75947965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2022.24.3.057
N. Zhigalova
This article analyses the ethno-religious situation in Asia Minor in the fourteenth century and the position of individual ethnic and religious communities in the territories of Turkish beyliks. The study demonstrates that, despite the loss of all Asia Minor territories by Byzantium in the fourteenth century, a significant part of the Greek population continued to live in the lands occupied by the Turks. Until the middle of the fourteenth century, in remote and sparsely populated areas of Anatolia, the processes of Turkization and Islamization proceeded very slowly. By the end of the fourteenth century small Greek villages in Western Anatolia practically ceased to exist, and their population gradually became Islamized. At the same time, in large cities and administrative centers, the Greeks quite quickly mastered the language and customs of the “infidels” and integrated into the economic system of the Muslim society, because the tax system of the Turks allowed the Romans to retain their religious identity in exchange for paying jizya. It was revealed that the position of other ethnic and religious communities is reflected in the sources only fragmentarily. A specific feature of development of the Asia Minor region in the fourteenth century became the resettlement of numerous groups of Jews in the cities of Anatolia. The economic activity of the Jews was highly valued by the emirs of Asia Minor, who were interested in the normal functioning of the urban community. Jews probably had certain privileges that allowed Jewish communities to coexist comfortably with Muslim customs. It was these factors — the tax benefits provided by the Turks, and the opportunity for non-Muslims to participate in public life — that created conditions in the Anatolian region for the formation of a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional society. It served as the basis for the subsequent integration of the non-Muslim population of Anatolia into the social structures of the Turkic emirates.
{"title":"Features of the Ethno-Religious Situation in Asia Minor in the 14th Century","authors":"N. Zhigalova","doi":"10.15826/izv2.2022.24.3.057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.3.057","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the ethno-religious situation in Asia Minor in the fourteenth century and the position of individual ethnic and religious communities in the territories of Turkish beyliks. The study demonstrates that, despite the loss of all Asia Minor territories by Byzantium in the fourteenth century, a significant part of the Greek population continued to live in the lands occupied by the Turks. Until the middle of the fourteenth century, in remote and sparsely populated areas of Anatolia, the processes of Turkization and Islamization proceeded very slowly. By the end of the fourteenth century small Greek villages in Western Anatolia practically ceased to exist, and their population gradually became Islamized. At the same time, in large cities and administrative centers, the Greeks quite quickly mastered the language and customs of the “infidels” and integrated into the economic system of the Muslim society, because the tax system of the Turks allowed the Romans to retain their religious identity in exchange for paying jizya. It was revealed that the position of other ethnic and religious communities is reflected in the sources only fragmentarily. A specific feature of development of the Asia Minor region in the fourteenth century became the resettlement of numerous groups of Jews in the cities of Anatolia. The economic activity of the Jews was highly valued by the emirs of Asia Minor, who were interested in the normal functioning of the urban community. Jews probably had certain privileges that allowed Jewish communities to coexist comfortably with Muslim customs. It was these factors — the tax benefits provided by the Turks, and the opportunity for non-Muslims to participate in public life — that created conditions in the Anatolian region for the formation of a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional society. It served as the basis for the subsequent integration of the non-Muslim population of Anatolia into the social structures of the Turkic emirates.","PeriodicalId":42281,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Uralskogo Federalnogo Universiteta-Seriya 2-Gumanitarnye Nauki","volume":"614 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80429361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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