THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY最新文献

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Technical Problems of Electric Analog Model for Ground Water Analysis Part I A continous analog model 地下水分析电模拟模型的技术问题第一部分:连续模拟模型

THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5917/jagh1959.14.21

M. Shoda

The author made experiments on ground water flow with two type electric analog models: One is a continuous model and another is adiscrete model.
It is the purpose of this paper to point out several technical problems of these analog models. Two dimensional horizontal flow is dealt with in continuous analog model. In this model, the analogy between fluid flow through porous media and flow of electricity through conductive materials is considered taking two factors into account. They are the form of boundary and the distribution of potentials.
An analog apparatus is comprised of a power supply, an analog analyser, a probe and a pantograph. Potential distribution is measured on analog model. An analogyanalyser which uses the principle of wheatstone's bridge, and a potential dividers which give several potentials separately to analog model were made dy the author A sheet of cardon paper is used as a conductive material. The electrode is made by bending wire plated by tin and is attached to model by conductive silver paint. Areal differences in permeability are expressed by carbon paint. The conductive paper having the same shape as the actual field with a scale of 1/50,000 is constructed and silver paint or carbon paint are painted so as to represent field condition such as flood plain, old river channel, etc.
Lastly, error or reliability of the continuous analog model are examined. Following problems are listed up.
1) When a electrode is small, the contact resistance between electrode and conductive paper
became important and measured values become unstable.
2) The model can not express areal differences in permeability quantitatitvely.
3) In high voltage area of an analog model, sensibility of galbanometer is too high to measure
a potential distribution.
4) The continuous electric analog with conductive paper is suitable of simple systems, for example, a seepage flow an earth dam and a channel.

本文采用连续模型和离散模型两种电模拟模型对地下水流进行了实验研究。本文的目的是指出这些模拟模型存在的几个技术问题。用连续模拟模型处理二维水平流。在该模型中，流体通过多孔介质的流动与电流通过导电材料的流动之间的类比考虑了两个因素。它们是边界的形式和势的分布。模拟装置由电源、模拟分析仪、探头和受电弓组成。在模拟模型上测量电位分布。作者制作了一种利用惠斯通电桥原理的模拟分析仪和一种分别给模拟模型若干个电势的分压器。电极由镀锡的弯曲导线制成，并通过导电银漆附着在模型上。渗透率的面积差异用碳漆表示。构造与实际场地形状相同的导电纸，比例为1/50,000，涂银漆或碳漆，以表示洪泛平原、旧河道等场地情况。最后，对连续模拟模型的误差或可靠性进行了检验。下面列出了一些问题。1)当电极很小时，电极与导电纸之间的接触电阻变得重要，测量值变得不稳定。2)该模型不能定量表达渗透率的区域差异。3)在模拟模型的高压区域，galbanometer的灵敏度过高，无法测量电势分布。4)导电纸连续电模拟适用于渗流、土坝、河道等简单系统。

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引用次数: 0

Hydrogeologic Features of Lava-Flows in Fuji Region 富士地区熔岩流的水文地质特征

THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5917/JAGH1959.26.185

Toshio Murashita

Many aquifers are hydrogeologically classified as two types of soil and rock.
The pore and permeability of fractured rocks are larger than those of soil. In permeable zones of fractured rock, ground water is very easy to flow, and water level rises rapidly under rainfall.
The lava-flows in Fuji region with cooling joints, fractures, tubes, vesicles have the highest transmissivity. According to the observation data of wells in the lava-flows, the cyclic fluctuations of the water level reflect recharge from seasonal rainfall. The serious salt-water intrusion into the lava-flows since 1960 occurred as the result of overdraft in the region.
The management of ground-water resources was started in 1967, and the net effect of the regulation of pumping is the rapid rising of the regional water level and the recovery of fresh water in the salt-water contaminated lava-flows after several years.

许多含水层在水文地质学上被分为土壤和岩石两类。裂隙岩石的孔隙度和渗透率均大于土体。在裂隙岩的透水带，地下水极易流动，降雨时水位迅速上升。富士地区具有冷却节理、裂缝、管状、泡状等特征的熔岩流透过率最高。根据熔岩流井的观测资料，水位的周期性波动反映了季节性降雨的补给。自1960年以来，严重的盐水侵入熔岩流是该地区透支的结果。地下水资源的管理始于1967年，抽水调节的净效应是几年后区域水位的迅速上升和咸水污染熔岩流中的淡水的恢复。

引用次数: 0

Clogging of Artificial Recharge Well 人工回灌井堵塞

THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5917/JAGH1959.14.11

Toshio Murashita, S. Nagai

引用次数: 1

Analysis of Fluctuation Behavior of Ground Water with Models 地下水涨落特性的模型分析

THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5917/JAGH1959.16.9

Ryojiro Kishimoto

Theory and procedures for analyzing and forecasting the fluctuation behavior of ground water with models are proposed and explained in this report. 1) Elements of the models
The models of the aquifer consist of cylinders, connection pipes and water contained in all these vessels.
Four basic types of cylinder are presented here, each type representing one of the different types of aquifers containing the ground water. Each connection pipe connects two cylinders and expresses a thin hole through which the ground water flows. Each connection pipe has a characteristic physical quantity representing the ease of passage of the flow. The water level in a cylinder expresses a ground water level in an aquifer. The behavior of ground water is to be simulated here by the rules of calculation governing the water flow in the models.
2) 'he behavior of the ground water in an area
The aquifers in an area can be expressed with a few cylinders connected with pipes. After assuming the value of the characteristic physical quantity of each pipe, the initial value of the water level in each cylinder, the supply from surface water, etc., the discharge per nnit time through each pipe, the water level in each cylinder after a unit time and other values can be calculated. By repeating identical calculations as many times as required, the fluctuation behavior within a period can be calculated. If no close agreements exist between observed and calculated results, the same trial calculations should be repeated with different assumptions until a close agreement is obtained.
3) Idealized models
Several idealized models were conposed, and various behavior of ground water often observed in field were qualitatively explained with them.
4) Examples
A few examples of the fluctuation behavior observed in field were analyzed in the manner described in 2), and close agreements between observed and calculated results were obtained.

本文提出了用模型分析和预测地下水波动行为的理论和方法，并对其进行了说明。含水层模型由圆柱体、连接管和所有这些容器中所含的水组成。这里介绍了四种基本类型的圆柱体，每种类型代表含有地下水的不同类型的含水层之一。每根连接管连接两个圆柱体，形成一个细孔，地下水通过该孔流动。每个连接管都有一个特征物理量，表示流体通过的难易程度。圆柱体中的水位表示含水层中的地下水位。在这里，地下水的行为是通过模型中控制水流的计算规则来模拟的。2）一个地区的含水层可以用几个用管子连接的圆柱体来表示。在假定每条管道的特征物理量值、每缸内水位的初始值、地表水的供给等，每单位时间通过每条管道的流量、单位时间后每缸内的水位等值后即可计算出来。根据需要多次重复相同的计算，就可以计算出一个周期内的波动行为。如果观测结果和计算结果之间不存在密切的一致性，则应在不同的假设下重复相同的试验计算，直到获得密切的一致性。建立了几种理想模型，并用它们定性地解释了地下水在野外经常观测到的各种行为。用2)所述方法对现场观测到的几个波动行为实例进行了分析，得到了观测结果与计算结果非常吻合的结果。

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引用次数: 0

Development of Groundwater Resources in Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚地下水资源的开发

THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5917/JAGH1959.24.16

Kan Katoh, M. Ohta

Ethiopia is located in“Horn f Africa”, the south-eastern corner of African continent. It is known as only one noncolonized country with“Axum” civilization in ancient age Africa. This country fell behind the time untill recent time economically and industrially. The development of groundwater is the most fundamental matter to this country.
On the request from the Ethiopian government, the technical cooperation for development of groundwater resources was carried out by the Overseas Technical Cooperatien Agency (now Japan International Cooperation Agency).
The authors stayed for two or four years and carried out researches on groundwater development. They classified the five groundwater types, based upon the geological condition.
1. Precambrian crystalline rocks type
2. Mesozoic marine sedimental rocks type
3. Tertiary Trap volcanic rocks type
4. Quaternary Aden volcanic rocks type
5. Quaternary fluvial or lacustrine sediment type
Main aquifer are Trap volcanic rocks which are distributed in the north-western and south-easern highlands, and Aden volcanic rocks and Quaternary sediment which occupy bottom of the Rift valley. These are influenced by the hot springs in some places.
Precambrian crystalline and Mesozoic marine sedimental rocks are recongnized as aquifuge. The former is distributed in the northern part of this country and the latter in the south-easern part. Only wethered portion of the rocks and related fluvial sediments along the river courses can be expected to be aquifer. 毒地質調査所, Geological Survey of Japan 紳国土調査株式会社 Kokudo Survey Co. Ltd

埃塞俄比亚位于非洲大陆的东南角——非洲之角。它是世界上唯一一个没有被殖民的国家。古代非洲的文明。这个国家直到最近才在经济和工业上落后于时代。地下水的开发是这个国家最根本的问题。应埃塞俄比亚政府的要求，开发地下水资源的技术合作由海外技术合作机构(现为日本国际合作机构)进行。笔者在此停留了2 - 4年，开展了地下水开发研究。他们根据地质条件将地下水分为五种类型。1. 前寒武纪结晶岩2型。中生代海相沉积岩类型3。第三系圈闭火山岩4型。第四纪亚丁火山岩5型。主要含水层为分布在西北和东南高地的圈闭火山岩，以及位于裂谷底部的亚丁火山岩和第四纪沉积物。这些都是受到一些地方温泉的影响。前寒武纪结晶岩和中生代海相沉积岩被认为是隔水层。前者分布在该国北部，后者分布在东南部。只有沿河道风化的部分岩石和相关的河流沉积物才能被认为是含水层。日本地质调查有限公司

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引用次数: 0

Ground Water of the Desert Area in Northern Chile 智利北部沙漠地区的地下水

THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5917/JAGH1959.24.46

Toshio Murashita, Kaneo Kakegawa, T. Tsuchiya

This paper describes a brief outline of ground-water resources in the desert area in the northern part of Chile.
In Pampa Lirima, 4, 000 meters above sea level, the aquifer is under flowing artesian condition, and its thickness is about twenty meters.
In Pre-Andes area, 1, 500-,2, 700 meters above sea level, hot springs are the principal sources of drinking and irrigation for inhabitants.
In Pampa del Tamarugal, the artesian water, replenished with the rive water in the summer, is pumped up for the water supply and mining.
Most of ground water is rich in sodium and salfate, which are derived principally from the Andes volcanos.

本文简要介绍了智利北部沙漠地区地下水资源概况。在海拔4000米的Pampa Lirima，含水层处于自流状态，其厚度约为20米。在海拔1500 - 2700米的安第斯山脉前地区，温泉是居民主要的饮用和灌溉水源。在Tamarugal Pampa del Tamarugal，自流水在夏季被河水补充，用于供水和采矿。大部分地下水富含钠和盐酸盐，它们主要来自安第斯山脉的火山。

引用次数: 0

Unsteady Dynamic Analyses of Free Surface and Under ground Fresh-Salt Interface by Means of Boundary Integral Equation Method and Their Applications to Field Problems 自由地表和地下鲜盐界面非定常动力分析的边界积分方程法及其在现场问题中的应用

THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5917/JAGH1959.28.135

Kuniaki Sato, T. Fukuhara

The boundary integral equation method gives the efficiencies associated with the reduction of the dimensionality of a problem. This paper deals with the unsteady behavior of moving free surface and fresh-salt interface on the basis of the boundary integral equation method. The formulation and numerical discretization techniques for solving the dynamics of moving interface are explained, and theoretical results are compared with some experiments to examine the applicability of numerical computation. For the sake of practical use, two problems concerning an artificial land and rock cavern for stock piling are analized in coastal aquifers. As a result of serveral analyses, the applicability of boundary integral equation method for analyzing the moving interface as well as the characteristics of interface are confirmed.

边界积分方程法给出了与降低问题维数相关的效率。本文用边界积分方程法研究了流动自由面和盐鲜界面的非定常行为。阐述了求解运动界面动力学的公式和数值离散化技术，并将理论结果与一些实验结果进行了比较，以检验数值计算的适用性。从实际应用出发，分析了沿海含水层堆垛人工用地和岩洞两个问题。通过多次分析，证实了边界积分方程法在分析运动界面及界面特性方面的适用性。

引用次数: 0

A Study on Chemical Characteristics of Ground water in Fuji Area 富士地区地下水化学特征研究

THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5917/JAGH1959.24.77

K. Ikeda

The Southern foot area of Mt. Fuji, including its lower flank and the coastal plain to the south in Shizuoka Prefecture, is a suitable field to study the relationship between hydrogeology and chemical characters of ground water.
Aquifers in the area are distributed in the volcanic strata from the volcanoes [Ko(Old)-Fuji, Fuji, and Ashitakaj and in the alluvial deposits. These aquifers are under a mineralogically uniform condition. Analytical data of natural ground water and leaching experiments on the rocks indicate that the ground water can be grouped by the water temperature, ratio of chemical constituents, bicarbonate (HCO₃-) content, total dissolved solids, and others. The g -ound water borne at the depth of 150-250 m in coastal area has a matked discontinuity of HCO₃concentration, which is related with the geology.
Chemical constituents in water of the volcanic layers seem to originate from processes of weathering of volcanic rocks. The constituents in water can be explained as a results of weathering reactions.

富士山南麓地区，包括富士山下坡和静冈县南部的沿海平原，是研究地下水水文地质与化学特征关系的适宜区域。该地区的含水层分布于[Ko(Old)-Fuji、Fuji和Ashitakaj火山的火山地层和冲积矿床中。这些含水层在矿物学上是均匀的。天然地下水分析数据和岩石淋滤实验表明，地下水可按水温、化学成分比、碳酸氢盐(HCO3-)含量、总溶解固形物等进行分组。沿海地区150 ~ 250 m深的地下水hco3浓度具有明显的不连续特征，这与地质条件有关。火山层水中的化学成分似乎来源于火山岩的风化过程。水中的成分可以解释为风化反应的结果。

引用次数: 4

Hydrogeological Features of Ryomo Area in Tochigi Prefecture 栃木县良友地区水文地质特征

THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5917/jagh1959.25.183

Fumio Bekki, Yuji Une, T. Shirakawa

This paper presents some hydrogeological features of Ryomo area in Tochigi Prefecture, based on the investigation for an appropriate usage of groundwater (1975, 1979, 1981) and the integrated investigation of hydraulics and hydrogeology in Tokyo urban area (1974) which were carried out by Tokyo Regional Bureaw of International Trade and Industry.
This paper is summarized as follows ;
1. The investigated area consists of mountains, hills, plateaus and lowlands, which are put in order from surrounding mountainous area towards a center of Kanto-plane.
2. The mountains comprise consolidated hard rocks such as granitic rocks, volcanic rocks and Paleozoic formations. The area except the mountains is composed of unconsolidated formations such as Tertiary and Ouaternary system.
3. The above unconsolidated formations results unconformably upon the impervious basement comprising the consolidated rocks and are divided into six formations such as formation“F”to forma ion &l”quo;A".
4. A form of the impervious basement indicates existence of two waste-filled valleys at both sides of the Ota observation well. One of them was called “Kinugawa waste-filled valley”by Dr. Akio Suzuki. And it is estimated that a hill lies in the gound at the extention of the Utsunomiya hill.
5. The thermal gradient of groundwater is divided into three groups in the investigated area. The thermal gradient is 1°C/100 m in south of Tone river and is 3°C/100 m in north of Tone river. Further, it is 5°C/100 m in the Watarase basin.
6. Groundwater quality varies from CaSO₄ type to Ca (HCO₃) type on the Key-diagram correspondent with a depth of respective formations. And it is likely thet there is a higher concentration in sodium ion in the area where is affected by groundwater of the basement.
Although above mentioned results were led from the study, further, a palaeogeographicai study is required on difference of the thermal gradient of groundwater and on a type of groundwater. 株式会社日さく NISSAKU CO., LTD

本文根据东京地区国际工商局在1975年、1979年、1981年进行的地下水合理利用调查和1974年东京市区水力学和水文地质综合调查，介绍了枥木县龙友地区的水文地质特征。本文总结如下:1. 调查区域由山地、丘陵、高原和低地组成，从周边山区向关东平面中心依次排列。2. 这些山脉由花岗岩、火山岩和古生代地层等固结硬岩组成。除山脉外，其余地区均由第三系和第四系等松散地层组成。3.上述松散地层是在由固结岩组成的不透水基底上不整合形成的，可分为“f”~“A”等6个地层。4. 一种不透水的基底形式表明，在太田观测井的两侧存在两个充满废物的山谷。其中一个被铃木昭夫博士称为“kinuawa废物填充谷”。据估计，在宇都宫山的延伸处有一座山。5. 研究区地下水热梯度可分为三类。Tone河南部的热梯度为1℃/100 m, Tone河北部的热梯度为3℃/100 m。此外，Watarase盆地的温度为5°C/100 m。6. 地下水水质在键图上随地层深度的不同，呈现出CaSO4型和Ca (HCO3)型的不同特征。受地下地下水影响的区域钠离子浓度可能较高。虽然上述结果是研究的结果，但还需要对地下水的热梯度差异和某一类地下水进行古地理研究。日本日化株式会社

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引用次数: 0

On the Characteristics of Groundwater in the Hydrologic Cycle of the Aso Volcano 论阿索火山水循环中地下水的特征

THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5917/JAGH1959.28.1

M. Shimotsu

引用次数: 2

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