Pub Date : 2023-06-29DOI: 10.1080/14748932.2023.2213274
Meng Li
Abstract Jane Eyre (1847) is a story of human migration and its psychic consequences. The constant displacements of the novel’s heroine, I argue, are a form of internal migration, undertaken by Jane as by many others within the British Empire in the early nineteenth century. Yet, as we shall see, Jane’s similarity to such migrants is complicated by a fear of them—and by her own desire to escape their fate. Jane, too, as a socially marginalized governess, moves from one locale to another. What interests me in particular is the way this spatial movement also constitutes temporal movement that will not let Jane rest and requires her to revisit her own past while she internalizes her childhood trauma. Ultimately, I argue, she accepts her own implication in the English colonial past and its present, before she finds a place of permanent, but not fully secure, abode. Critical accounts, including early feminist critics, such as Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, often treat Jane’s migration as a journey towards maturation, self-definition, and self-sovereignty. I argue that, though migration helps Jane to achieve independence through dependence, it might not be a path leading towards the formation of a unified, conscious, and mature identity. Instead, migration helps Jane to achieve knowledge of the self and to configure that self’s relation to the larger society and world in experiencing alienation within the self and digging deeper into the personal and national trauma of her unconsciousness.
{"title":"Re-Mapping Jane Eyre: Childhood Trauma, Colonial Fear, and the Narrative of Self-Development","authors":"Meng Li","doi":"10.1080/14748932.2023.2213274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14748932.2023.2213274","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Jane Eyre (1847) is a story of human migration and its psychic consequences. The constant displacements of the novel’s heroine, I argue, are a form of internal migration, undertaken by Jane as by many others within the British Empire in the early nineteenth century. Yet, as we shall see, Jane’s similarity to such migrants is complicated by a fear of them—and by her own desire to escape their fate. Jane, too, as a socially marginalized governess, moves from one locale to another. What interests me in particular is the way this spatial movement also constitutes temporal movement that will not let Jane rest and requires her to revisit her own past while she internalizes her childhood trauma. Ultimately, I argue, she accepts her own implication in the English colonial past and its present, before she finds a place of permanent, but not fully secure, abode. Critical accounts, including early feminist critics, such as Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, often treat Jane’s migration as a journey towards maturation, self-definition, and self-sovereignty. I argue that, though migration helps Jane to achieve independence through dependence, it might not be a path leading towards the formation of a unified, conscious, and mature identity. Instead, migration helps Jane to achieve knowledge of the self and to configure that self’s relation to the larger society and world in experiencing alienation within the self and digging deeper into the personal and national trauma of her unconsciousness.","PeriodicalId":42344,"journal":{"name":"Bronte Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59904183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-29DOI: 10.1080/14748932.2023.2220759
O. Honcharova
Abstract Chekhov’s biographer Donald Rayfield claims, in two different scholarly works, that Chekhov may have been inspired by the Brontë family’s biography when writing his drama Three Sisters (1901). Rayfield’s ideas in turn inspired Blake Morrison and Arlene Hutton in their creative adaptations of Three Sisters, in which the plot and structure of Chekhov’s drama were supplemented with Brontëan historical characters and themes. In this paper, the author questions whether Chekhov really did know about the family of the three writers from Yorkshire and, accordingly, whether he put this knowledge to work in his own literary endeavour. To this end, the author charts the availability of Russian nineteenth-century translations of the Brontës’ works and biographical sources, and examines biographical parallels between Chekhov’s family and the Brontës.
{"title":"Chekhov and the Brontës","authors":"O. Honcharova","doi":"10.1080/14748932.2023.2220759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14748932.2023.2220759","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Chekhov’s biographer Donald Rayfield claims, in two different scholarly works, that Chekhov may have been inspired by the Brontë family’s biography when writing his drama Three Sisters (1901). Rayfield’s ideas in turn inspired Blake Morrison and Arlene Hutton in their creative adaptations of Three Sisters, in which the plot and structure of Chekhov’s drama were supplemented with Brontëan historical characters and themes. In this paper, the author questions whether Chekhov really did know about the family of the three writers from Yorkshire and, accordingly, whether he put this knowledge to work in his own literary endeavour. To this end, the author charts the availability of Russian nineteenth-century translations of the Brontës’ works and biographical sources, and examines biographical parallels between Chekhov’s family and the Brontës.","PeriodicalId":42344,"journal":{"name":"Bronte Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59904372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-26DOI: 10.1080/14748932.2023.2222300
Robin L. Inboden
Abstract As modern readers question the patriarchal dominance of heroes such as Rochester in Jane Eyre (1847) and Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights (1847), a fresh look at Anne Brontë’s Agnes Grey (1847) suggests that it may offer very different lessons about masculinity. A series of men and boys in the book interact with animals and lower-class people in ways that control, exploit, dismiss, and even destroy them. Read through the lens of animal studies, we see Agnes and others oppressed by privileged white men of the middle and upper classes who exploit and dominate animals, women, and working-class people. Edward Weston, though, appeals to Agnes—and the reader—precisely because he resists cruelty and destruction and instead values the affective attachments that Agnes and Nancy Brown have with their pets. Ultimately, through his humane relationship to animals and less-privileged people, Weston offers a more caring and compassionate model of masculinity.
{"title":"The Man Who Rescues Cats and Dogs: Re-Inventing Masculinity in Anne Brontë’s Agnes Grey","authors":"Robin L. Inboden","doi":"10.1080/14748932.2023.2222300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14748932.2023.2222300","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As modern readers question the patriarchal dominance of heroes such as Rochester in Jane Eyre (1847) and Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights (1847), a fresh look at Anne Brontë’s Agnes Grey (1847) suggests that it may offer very different lessons about masculinity. A series of men and boys in the book interact with animals and lower-class people in ways that control, exploit, dismiss, and even destroy them. Read through the lens of animal studies, we see Agnes and others oppressed by privileged white men of the middle and upper classes who exploit and dominate animals, women, and working-class people. Edward Weston, though, appeals to Agnes—and the reader—precisely because he resists cruelty and destruction and instead values the affective attachments that Agnes and Nancy Brown have with their pets. Ultimately, through his humane relationship to animals and less-privileged people, Weston offers a more caring and compassionate model of masculinity.","PeriodicalId":42344,"journal":{"name":"Bronte Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49654471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-20DOI: 10.1080/14748932.2023.2214914
G. Sadaka
Abstract Although contemporary criticism tends to steer away from popular Lacanian frameworks, I find in Anne Brontë’s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) a range of ideas that, if elucidated by the less popular theory of the masquerade, are useful to understand for our appreciation of women writers’ struggle to bridge the gap between language and the body. I argue that Helen masquerades in language to show man that the power of the phallus is a mere mask of language. In her masquerade, she employs language to subvert, in Lacanian nomenclature, the ‘name of the father’ and to resist the overarching constitution of ‘the big other’ before unmasking the ‘phallus’ through her body and the emancipatory language of her diary. Helen somatizes her words by enacting them, thus incarnating ‘the logos’ in her body through various acts of defiance and emancipation.
{"title":"A Logos Masquerade: The Unity of Language and Woman’s Body in Anne Brontë’s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall","authors":"G. Sadaka","doi":"10.1080/14748932.2023.2214914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14748932.2023.2214914","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although contemporary criticism tends to steer away from popular Lacanian frameworks, I find in Anne Brontë’s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) a range of ideas that, if elucidated by the less popular theory of the masquerade, are useful to understand for our appreciation of women writers’ struggle to bridge the gap between language and the body. I argue that Helen masquerades in language to show man that the power of the phallus is a mere mask of language. In her masquerade, she employs language to subvert, in Lacanian nomenclature, the ‘name of the father’ and to resist the overarching constitution of ‘the big other’ before unmasking the ‘phallus’ through her body and the emancipatory language of her diary. Helen somatizes her words by enacting them, thus incarnating ‘the logos’ in her body through various acts of defiance and emancipation.","PeriodicalId":42344,"journal":{"name":"Bronte Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59904259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-15DOI: 10.1080/14748932.2023.2213282
G. Tytler
Abstract A perusal of scholarship on Wuthering Heights (1847) published in the past hundred years or so reveals the extraordinary extent to which the first Catherine has been loved and admired by Brontë scholars. This may, however, seem rather surprising inasmuch as a detailed examination of her presentation makes abundantly clear that Catherine evinces severe moral and mental limitations for much of her short life. That the author nevertheless intends Catherine to be ultimately considered something of a heroine is evident from the favourable comments made about her after her death, especially those concerning the posthumous power she exerts both psychologically and physiognomically over other characters in the novel.
{"title":"The Presentation of the First Catherine in Wuthering Heights","authors":"G. Tytler","doi":"10.1080/14748932.2023.2213282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14748932.2023.2213282","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A perusal of scholarship on Wuthering Heights (1847) published in the past hundred years or so reveals the extraordinary extent to which the first Catherine has been loved and admired by Brontë scholars. This may, however, seem rather surprising inasmuch as a detailed examination of her presentation makes abundantly clear that Catherine evinces severe moral and mental limitations for much of her short life. That the author nevertheless intends Catherine to be ultimately considered something of a heroine is evident from the favourable comments made about her after her death, especially those concerning the posthumous power she exerts both psychologically and physiognomically over other characters in the novel.","PeriodicalId":42344,"journal":{"name":"Bronte Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59904246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-13DOI: 10.1080/14748932.2023.2215829
Jane Sunderland
Abstract As is well known to scholars of the life and work of the Brontë novelists, Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë had three family dogs, Grasper, Keeper and Flossy. Less well-known is the fact that they included dogs in all seven of their novels. Emily is the best known on both counts, for her great bond with Keeper, and for the importance of the dogs in Wuthering Heights (1847), but also for the possibility that she may have held views about what can broadly be described as ‘human-animal equivalence’, a topic also of interest to current Animal Studies. In this article, I consider how the dogs in the novels are characterized, through naming and the attribution of sentience, but in particular in terms of the agency attributed to them in the language of the narrator and other human characters, including in relation to cognition. While there is evidence of attributed agency aplenty, from all three novelists, a sharp linguistic focus shows the cognition to be often mitigated. Emily does not stand out from her sisters in this respect. This characterization of the fictional dogs by all three authors offers something of a challenge to the notion of the dog-human binary.
{"title":"Canine Agency and Its Mitigation in the Characterization of Dogs in the Novels by Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë","authors":"Jane Sunderland","doi":"10.1080/14748932.2023.2215829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14748932.2023.2215829","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As is well known to scholars of the life and work of the Brontë novelists, Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë had three family dogs, Grasper, Keeper and Flossy. Less well-known is the fact that they included dogs in all seven of their novels. Emily is the best known on both counts, for her great bond with Keeper, and for the importance of the dogs in Wuthering Heights (1847), but also for the possibility that she may have held views about what can broadly be described as ‘human-animal equivalence’, a topic also of interest to current Animal Studies. In this article, I consider how the dogs in the novels are characterized, through naming and the attribution of sentience, but in particular in terms of the agency attributed to them in the language of the narrator and other human characters, including in relation to cognition. While there is evidence of attributed agency aplenty, from all three novelists, a sharp linguistic focus shows the cognition to be often mitigated. Emily does not stand out from her sisters in this respect. This characterization of the fictional dogs by all three authors offers something of a challenge to the notion of the dog-human binary.","PeriodicalId":42344,"journal":{"name":"Bronte Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59904325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-13DOI: 10.1080/14748932.2023.2215835
C. Wallis
Abstract This article disinters the impact of the correspondence between Mary Taylor and Charlotte Brontë on their respective intellectual lives and writing. Supplementing the epistolary archive, textual evidence from Shirley (1849) and Miss Miles (1890) demonstrates the powerful collaborative dynamic between the two writers, which not only affected their work but also helped them to cultivate a sense of literary legitimacy in a publishing context habitually hostile to women’s voices. Brontë and Taylor’s letters indicate the explicit influence of one another’s thinking upon their writing, and suggest that the writers shared a sense of belonging to an intellectual partnership through their sustained correspondence. Simon-Martin’s theory of ‘epistolary education’ illuminates how Taylor and Brontë’s friendship through letters was formative in developing both writers’ feminist consciousness and their agitation for social reform, as well as their authorial agency.
{"title":"‘A Strong Wish for Wings’: The Epistolary Relationship and Intellectual Collaboration between Mary Taylor and Charlotte Brontë","authors":"C. Wallis","doi":"10.1080/14748932.2023.2215835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14748932.2023.2215835","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article disinters the impact of the correspondence between Mary Taylor and Charlotte Brontë on their respective intellectual lives and writing. Supplementing the epistolary archive, textual evidence from Shirley (1849) and Miss Miles (1890) demonstrates the powerful collaborative dynamic between the two writers, which not only affected their work but also helped them to cultivate a sense of literary legitimacy in a publishing context habitually hostile to women’s voices. Brontë and Taylor’s letters indicate the explicit influence of one another’s thinking upon their writing, and suggest that the writers shared a sense of belonging to an intellectual partnership through their sustained correspondence. Simon-Martin’s theory of ‘epistolary education’ illuminates how Taylor and Brontë’s friendship through letters was formative in developing both writers’ feminist consciousness and their agitation for social reform, as well as their authorial agency.","PeriodicalId":42344,"journal":{"name":"Bronte Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59904335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-12DOI: 10.1080/14748932.2023.2214587
Rachel A. Ernst
Abstract Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre (1847) is a highly visual novel as Jane creates art, describes her artwork, and engages the reader in these acts of descriptive creation. While most critical scholarship has focused on Jane as an artist, the role of artwork beyond the artist, particularly the portrait of Mr. Rochester, has been largely unexamined. The unnamed portrait of Rochester is unique because it does not depend only on the artist; rather, as I argue here, the portrait is a self-creating object within the text. This act of self-creation de-centres the human figures of both Jane and the reader, upending the traditional nineteenth-century subject-object relationship, and focusing instead on the generative relationship necessary between narrator, reader, and portrait to create and perceive fictional matter.
{"title":"‘…What Sort of Face It Was to Be, I Did Not Care or Know…’: Jane Eyre and the Self-Creating Portrait","authors":"Rachel A. Ernst","doi":"10.1080/14748932.2023.2214587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14748932.2023.2214587","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre (1847) is a highly visual novel as Jane creates art, describes her artwork, and engages the reader in these acts of descriptive creation. While most critical scholarship has focused on Jane as an artist, the role of artwork beyond the artist, particularly the portrait of Mr. Rochester, has been largely unexamined. The unnamed portrait of Rochester is unique because it does not depend only on the artist; rather, as I argue here, the portrait is a self-creating object within the text. This act of self-creation de-centres the human figures of both Jane and the reader, upending the traditional nineteenth-century subject-object relationship, and focusing instead on the generative relationship necessary between narrator, reader, and portrait to create and perceive fictional matter.","PeriodicalId":42344,"journal":{"name":"Bronte Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48762162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/14748932.2023.2182167
Tianming Bai
Abstracts Although there has been growing scholarly interest in the Brontë studies in China since its Reform and Opening-up (gaige kaifang) in the late 1970s, the Brontë sisters’ initial entry to China, the translation of their works and their Chinese reception before 1949 have not been adequately mapped out. This essay first delves into the transnational journey of the Brontës to China in Shanghai-based English newspapers. It then examines how the intellectual debate over literary translation in the 1920s preconditions the quintessentially Chinese reception of Jane Eyre and its cinematic reconstruction in the coming decades, centred on whether they were of political relevance to China. I attend to the ways in which the controversial Chinese reception of Jane Eyre and its 1944 film adaptation unveils a Chinese society that was dramatically transforming itself on intellectual, socio-political, and military fronts. In so doing, the paper sheds new light on the interpretation of Jane Eyre through a Chinese lens.
{"title":"Jane Eyre in China, 1867–1949: A Transnational Transfer and Cross-Cultural Spread","authors":"Tianming Bai","doi":"10.1080/14748932.2023.2182167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14748932.2023.2182167","url":null,"abstract":"Abstracts Although there has been growing scholarly interest in the Brontë studies in China since its Reform and Opening-up (gaige kaifang) in the late 1970s, the Brontë sisters’ initial entry to China, the translation of their works and their Chinese reception before 1949 have not been adequately mapped out. This essay first delves into the transnational journey of the Brontës to China in Shanghai-based English newspapers. It then examines how the intellectual debate over literary translation in the 1920s preconditions the quintessentially Chinese reception of Jane Eyre and its cinematic reconstruction in the coming decades, centred on whether they were of political relevance to China. I attend to the ways in which the controversial Chinese reception of Jane Eyre and its 1944 film adaptation unveils a Chinese society that was dramatically transforming itself on intellectual, socio-political, and military fronts. In so doing, the paper sheds new light on the interpretation of Jane Eyre through a Chinese lens.","PeriodicalId":42344,"journal":{"name":"Bronte Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59904027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/14748932.2023.2189381
C. Van der Meer
{"title":"Editorial – Reviews Section","authors":"C. Van der Meer","doi":"10.1080/14748932.2023.2189381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14748932.2023.2189381","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42344,"journal":{"name":"Bronte Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59904121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：