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Friedman Meets Hayek on Money and Prices in Canada 弗里德曼与哈耶克在加拿大讨论货币与价格问题
IF 0.5 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2016-04-07 DOI: 10.15353/rea.v8i1.1432
Kam Hon Chu
Though both classical liberals, Friedman adopted the quantity theory of money and used the general price indexes and aggregate data in empirical analysis, whereas Hayek rejected aggregative analyses as potentially misleading and focused on the impact of money on relative prices in his business cycle theory. This study shows theoretically that when the central bank minimizes the monetary shock to maintain stability in the general price level, it also maintains simultaneously relative price stability, thus narrowing the divergence between Friedman and Hayek. This finding is empirically verified by Canada’s experience with inflation targeting since 1991
虽然弗里德曼都是古典自由主义者,但弗里德曼采用了货币数量理论,并在实证分析中使用了一般价格指数和汇总数据,而哈耶克则拒绝了可能具有误导性的汇总分析,并在其商业周期理论中关注货币对相对价格的影响。本研究从理论上表明,当央行将货币冲击最小化以维持物价总水平的稳定时,也同时维持了相对价格的稳定,从而缩小了弗里德曼与哈耶克的分歧。加拿大自1991年以来实施通胀目标制的经验证实了这一发现
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引用次数: 1
Business Cycle Dynamics of Economic Growth in the OECD Countries: Evidence from Markov-Switching Model 经济合作与发展组织国家经济增长的经济周期动态:来自马尔可夫转换模型的证据
IF 0.5 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2016-04-07 DOI: 10.15353/rea.v8i1.1431
T. Singh
This study estimates the Markov-switching model and examines the Keynesian business cycle dynamics ofeconomic growth for a comprehensive set of eight OECD countries. The estimated duration of regime one is (i)shorter for Denmark, Sweden and Switzerland, (ii) moderate for France and (iii) longer for Belgium, Spain andthe U.S. The persistence of regime two is observed to be (i) shorter for Belgium, Canada, Spain, Sweden andthe U.S., (ii) moderate for Denmark and France, and (iii) longer for Switzerland. The stylized evidence for thepersistence of a given state has important implications for Keynesian policy activism and the formulation ofmacroeconomic stabilization policies. The monetary and fiscal policies are used to reduce the amplitudes andtime-durations of the economic growth cycles and, thus, stabilise the output around its long-run natural ratelevel and the inflation around its target level. The short-run downward rigidities in prices in the goods marketsand in nominal wages in the factor markets tend to impinge upon the clearance of markets and the accelerationof economic growth during recessions, thereby leading to the pathologically longer durations of lower regimes.While the longer durations of upper regimes support the sustainability of the expansionary economic policies,the adequate precautions need to be taken for the inflationary implications of these policies.
本研究估计了马尔可夫转换模型,并对8个经合组织国家的经济增长的凯恩斯商业周期动态进行了全面研究。制度一的估计持续时间(i)丹麦、瑞典和瑞士较短,(ii)法国较中等,(iii)比利时、西班牙和美国较长。观察到制度二的持续时间(i)比利时、加拿大、西班牙、瑞典和美国较短,(ii)丹麦和法国较中等,(iii)瑞士较长。特定国家持续存在的程式化证据对凯恩斯主义的政策行动主义和宏观经济稳定政策的制定具有重要意义。货币和财政政策用于减少经济增长周期的幅度和持续时间,从而将产出稳定在其长期自然水平附近,并将通胀稳定在其目标水平附近。商品市场价格和要素市场名义工资的短期下行刚性,往往会在衰退期间影响市场出清和经济增长的加速,从而导致较低制度的病态持续时间更长。虽然较长时间的上层政权支持扩张性经济政策的可持续性,但需要对这些政策的通货膨胀影响采取适当的预防措施。
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引用次数: 1
Sunny Upside? The Relationship Between Sunshine and Stock Market Returns 阳光明媚的好处吗?阳光与股市收益的关系
IF 0.5 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2016-03-25 DOI: 10.15353/rea.v7i2.1420
Gary Smith, Michael Zurhellen
Weather can have profound effects on economic activity, most obviously agriculture, construction, and transportation. It has also been argued that the daily weather in New York City affects daily U.S. stock returns, a clear challenge to the efficient market presumption that rational investors will not let their assessment of a stock’s value be swayed by whether the sun happens to be shining. Studies claiming to have found a sunshine effect are clouded by differing methodologies which may have been chosen to buttress their results. We examine a fresh set of data and confirm the existence of a New York City sunshine effect which has weakened over time as trading has become more geographically dispersed.
天气可以对经济活动产生深远的影响,最明显的是农业、建筑业和运输业。还有人认为,纽约市每天的天气会影响美国股票的每日回报,这显然是对有效市场假设的挑战,即理性投资者不会让他们对股票价值的评估受到是否有太阳的影响。声称发现了阳光效应的研究被不同的方法所蒙蔽,这些方法可能被用来支持他们的结果。我们研究了一组新的数据,并证实了纽约市阳光效应的存在,随着时间的推移,随着交易在地理上变得更加分散,这种效应已经减弱。
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引用次数: 2
The Determinants of Mergers & Acquisitions in a Resource-Based Industry: What Role for Environmental Sustainability? 资源型产业并购的决定因素:环境可持续性的作用?
IF 0.5 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2016-03-24 DOI: 10.15353/rea.v7i2.1417
R. León-González, L. Tole
This paper examines the relationship between environmental stringency and mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity in a highly polluting, resource-based industry. Specifically, it seeks to determine whether buyers are targeting countries with the same or different levels of environmental stringency than in their own country, i.e. whether pollution havens exist in the global mining industry. Rather than aggregate investment, which has been used by most previous studies, we analyze a dataset of individual investment choices. We model the choice of country and the amount invested jointly as the two variables are likely to be correlated. The choice of country is modeled using a random parameters multinomial Logit model. We use a hitherto unanalyzed data set of the value paid for all completed M&A in the mining industry worldwide between 1994 and 2006. We find no evidence of pollution havens in this industry. If anything, buyers from countries with high levels of environmental stringency are more likely to invest in countries with a similar level of environmental stringency and make larger investments in them than in less environmentally stringent countries.
本文研究了高污染资源型产业中环境严格程度与并购活动之间的关系。具体来说,它试图确定买家的目标是与本国环境严格程度相同还是不同的国家,即全球采矿业中是否存在污染避风港。与以往大多数研究使用的总投资不同,我们分析的是个人投资选择的数据集。我们建立了国家选择和共同投资金额的模型,因为这两个变量可能是相关的。采用随机参数多项Logit模型对国家的选择进行建模。我们使用了迄今为止尚未分析过的数据集,这些数据集是1994年至2006年间全球采矿业所有已完成的并购所支付的价值。我们没有发现该行业存在污染避风港的证据。如果有的话,来自环境严格程度高的国家的买家更有可能在环境严格程度相似的国家投资,并且比在环境不那么严格的国家投资更多。
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引用次数: 8
Investigating Persistence in the US Mutual Fund Market: A Mobility Approach 研究美国共同基金市场的持续性:一种流动性方法
IF 0.5 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2015-11-27 DOI: 10.15353/rea.v7i1.1485
Konstantinos Drakos, N. Giannakopoulos, P. Konstantinou
Performance persistence in the US mutual fund market is investigated, modeling risk-adjusted performance as a Markov Chain. This allows us to explore whether there is a higher probability for funds to remain in their initial ranking, compared to the probability that funds exhibit some kind of movement. We find some degree of inertia due to non-uniformity of transition probabilities across states. Our analysis allows also assesses the proximity of empirical transition matrices to two benchmark matrices, identifying the no-persistence/perfect immobility cases. We find that the observed transition matrices are closer to the no-persistence benchmark and also that performance persistence has decreased over time.
本文研究了美国共同基金市场的业绩持续性,并将风险调整后的业绩建模为马尔可夫链。这使我们能够探索,与基金表现出某种变动的可能性相比,基金保持在初始排名中的可能性是否更高。我们发现由于状态间跃迁概率的不均匀性,存在一定程度的惯性。我们的分析还允许评估经验过渡矩阵与两个基准矩阵的接近程度,确定无持久性/完美不动情况。我们发现观察到的转换矩阵更接近于无持久性基准,而且性能持久性随着时间的推移而下降。
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引用次数: 1
Uncertainty Effects of Inflation on Output: A MRS-IV Approach 通货膨胀对产出的不确定性影响:MRS-IV方法
IF 0.5 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2015-11-27 DOI: 10.15353/rea.v7i1.1483
M. Çaglayan, Ozge Kandemir Kocaaslan, Konstantinos Mouratidis
In this paper, we propose an analytical framework to explore the level and volatility effects of inflation on the output gap. Using quarterly US data over 1977:q2-2009:q4, we then examine the empirical implications of the model by implementing an instrumental variables Markov regime switching approach. We show that inflation uncertainty has a negative and regime dependent impact on the output gap but the level of inflation does not have any such effect. Our empirical investigation also provides evidence that the US economy is moving towards a period of turmoil before the recent financial crisis was imminent. The results are robust to the use of alternative measures of inflation uncertainty. Keywords: Output gap; inflation uncertainty; Markov-switching modeling; instrumental variables; endogeneity. JEL classification: E31, E32
在本文中,我们提出了一个分析框架来探讨通胀水平和波动性对产出缺口的影响。利用1977年第二季度至2009年第四季度的美国季度数据,我们通过实施工具变量马尔可夫状态转换方法来检验该模型的经验含义。我们表明,通货膨胀不确定性对产出缺口有负的和制度依赖的影响,但通货膨胀水平没有任何这样的影响。我们的实证调查还提供证据表明,在最近的金融危机迫在眉睫之前,美国经济正走向一段动荡时期。这些结果对于使用通货膨胀不确定性的替代措施是稳健的。关键词:输出间隙;通货膨胀不确定性;经建会建模;辅助变量;内生性。JEL分类:E31、E32
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引用次数: 1
Guest Editorial: AMEF 嘉宾评论:AMEF
IF 0.5 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2015-11-27 DOI: 10.15353/rea.v7i1.1482
Theodore Panagiotidis
A short presentation and description of the papers that have been selected from the 1stInternational Conference in Applied Theory, Macroeconomics and Empirical Finance(AMEF) that took place in in the Department of Economics,
本文简要介绍了从第1届应用理论、宏观经济学和实证金融国际会议(AMEF)中选出的论文,该会议在经济学系举行。
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引用次数: 0
Exchange Rate Volatility and other Determinants of Hysteresis in Exports - Empirical Evidence for the Euro Area 汇率波动和出口迟滞的其他决定因素——欧元区的经验证据
IF 0.5 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2015-11-27 DOI: 10.15353/rea.v7i1.1484
A. Belke, Matthias Göcke, Laura M. Werner
This paper surveys export hysteresis on a micro (firm) level and an aggregate level if sunk adjustment costs matter for export market entry and exit decisions. Furthermore, the impacts of option-to-wait effects due to uncertainty on the aggregation procedure are illustrated. It then illustrates the so-called play-algorithm which allows an estimation of the aggregate/macro hysteresis loop taking into account the variable option value effects resulting from on changing volatility of exchange rates. The play regression model is then applied to empirical export equations (Euro Area member countries to the United States). We do not confine ourselves to the aggregate macro level but also take a sectoral/branch perspective. Analyzing one of the largest export destinations outside the Eurozone, the US, to which 12% of total EA exports were directed in 2012, we find hysteretic effects in many cases of EA member countries’ exports. However, not every increase or decrease of the exchange rate will, automatically, lead to positive or negative reactions of the volume of exports. But a large appreciation of the euro means passing the play-area (i.e. a kind of 'pain-threshold') and results in a strong reaction of exports, et vice versa.
如果沉没调整成本对出口市场进入和退出决策有影响,本文将在微观(企业)和总体水平上考察出口滞后。此外,还说明了由于不确定性导致的选择等待效应对聚合过程的影响。然后说明了所谓的游戏算法,该算法允许考虑到汇率波动引起的可变期权价值影响的总体/宏观滞后回路的估计。然后将游戏回归模型应用于经验出口方程(欧元区成员国对美国)。我们不局限于总体宏观层面,也采取部门/分支的观点。美国是欧元区以外最大的出口目的地之一,2012年欧洲经济区出口总额的12%是针对美国的,通过分析美国,我们发现欧洲经济区成员国的许多出口都存在滞后性效应。然而,并不是每一次汇率的上升或下降都会自动导致出口量的积极或消极反应。但欧元的大幅升值意味着通过了“游戏区域”(即一种“痛苦阈值”),并导致出口的强烈反应,反之亦然。
{"title":"Exchange Rate Volatility and other Determinants of Hysteresis in Exports - Empirical Evidence for the Euro Area","authors":"A. Belke, Matthias Göcke, Laura M. Werner","doi":"10.15353/rea.v7i1.1484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15353/rea.v7i1.1484","url":null,"abstract":"This paper surveys export hysteresis on a micro (firm) level and an aggregate level if sunk adjustment costs matter for export market entry and exit decisions. Furthermore, the impacts of option-to-wait effects due to uncertainty on the aggregation procedure are illustrated. It then illustrates the so-called play-algorithm which allows an estimation of the aggregate/macro hysteresis loop taking into account the variable option value effects resulting from on changing volatility of exchange rates. The play regression model is then applied to empirical export equations (Euro Area member countries to the United States). We do not confine ourselves to the aggregate macro level but also take a sectoral/branch perspective. Analyzing one of the largest export destinations outside the Eurozone, the US, to which 12% of total EA exports were directed in 2012, we find hysteretic effects in many cases of EA member countries’ exports. However, not every increase or decrease of the exchange rate will, automatically, lead to positive or negative reactions of the volume of exports. But a large appreciation of the euro means passing the play-area (i.e. a kind of 'pain-threshold') and results in a strong reaction of exports, et vice versa.","PeriodicalId":42350,"journal":{"name":"Review of Economic Analysis","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2015-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66905415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 17
Changes in Relative Ability as a Determinant of the U.S. College Premium 相对能力的变化作为美国大学优势的决定因素
IF 0.5 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2015-11-27 DOI: 10.15353/rea.v7i1.1486
D. Martin, Yongli Zhang
We develop a macroeconomic framework to estimate the importance of fluctuations in relative ability in accounting for trends in the college premium in the United States since 1965. The theoretical scaffolding is a heterogeneous agent model with two dimensions of ability and endogenous schooling choice, with exogenous skill-biased technological change (SBTC), college tuition, and noneconomic social forces. We solve for conditions under which SBTC reduces the relative ability of college educated workers, and show that these conditions are met in the data. We attribute the drop in the college premium over the 1970s to a 25.5% drop in the mean relative quality of college-educated workers from 1968 to 1977. We find that SBTC explains about two thirds of the increase in college attendance since 1965, and that absent both supply shifts and a supply response to SBTC, the relative wage of highly educated workers would have been 77.1% larger in 2013.
我们开发了一个宏观经济框架来估计自1965年以来美国大学溢价趋势中相对能力波动的重要性。理论框架是一个具有能力和内生学校选择两个维度的异质主体模型,外生技能偏倚技术变革(SBTC)、大学学费和非经济社会力量。我们求解了SBTC降低高学历工人相对能力的条件,并在数据中证明了这些条件是满足的。我们将上世纪70年代大学学历溢价的下降归因于1968年至1977年受过大学教育的工人的平均相对质量下降了25.5%。我们发现,自1965年以来,SBTC解释了大约三分之二的大学入学率增长,如果没有供给转移和对SBTC的供给响应,高学历工人的相对工资在2013年将高出77.1%。
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引用次数: 0
A Sentiment Analysis of Twitter Content as a Predictor of Exchange Rate Movements 推特内容的情绪分析作为汇率变动的预测因子
IF 0.5 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2015-04-11 DOI: 10.15353/rea.v6i2.1416
S. Ozturk, Kursad Ciftci
Recently, social media, particularly microblogs, have become highly valuableinformation resources for many investors. Previous studies examined general stockmarket movements, whereas in this paper, USD/TRY currency movements based on thechange in the number of positive, negative and neutral tweets are analyzed. Weinvestigate the relationship between Twitter content categorized as sentiments, such asBuy, Sell and Neutral, with USD/TRY currency movements. The results suggest thatthere exists a relationship between the number of tweets and the change in USD/TRYexchange rate.
最近,社交媒体,特别是微博,已经成为许多投资者非常有价值的信息资源。之前的研究考察了股市的一般走势,而本文分析了基于积极、消极和中性推文数量变化的美元/土耳其里拉货币走势。我们调查了Twitter内容分类为情绪(如买入、卖出和中性)与美元/土耳其里拉货币走势之间的关系。结果表明,推文数量与美元兑日元汇率变化之间存在一定的关系。
{"title":"A Sentiment Analysis of Twitter Content as a Predictor of Exchange Rate Movements","authors":"S. Ozturk, Kursad Ciftci","doi":"10.15353/rea.v6i2.1416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15353/rea.v6i2.1416","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, social media, particularly microblogs, have become highly valuableinformation resources for many investors. Previous studies examined general stockmarket movements, whereas in this paper, USD/TRY currency movements based on thechange in the number of positive, negative and neutral tweets are analyzed. Weinvestigate the relationship between Twitter content categorized as sentiments, such asBuy, Sell and Neutral, with USD/TRY currency movements. The results suggest thatthere exists a relationship between the number of tweets and the change in USD/TRYexchange rate.","PeriodicalId":42350,"journal":{"name":"Review of Economic Analysis","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2015-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66905270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 22
期刊
Review of Economic Analysis
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