Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_010
Kenneth Paul
I met Elisabeth Mann Borgese only once, early in my career. It was during the Pacem in Maribus International Conference hosted in Halifax in 1998.1 I was an employee of the Canadian federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans (dfo) and was invited by a colleague to attend the oceans sector papers. I was unaware of the profile of the international event and felt out of place amongst the world elites of the ocean sector at the week-long meeting. The respect that Professor Mann Borgese was given became apparent and I learned about the impact she had made towards oceans governance and its role on humanity. The other person whom I met was Charlie Labrador, a Mi’kmaq Elder from a small community in Nova Scotia. Once we were introduced, I was able to spend the majority of my three days at the conference as his companion. He was very soft-spoken and humble, similar to many Elders I have met over my lifetime. Being Maliseet from a native community called Tobique in New Brunswick (wolastoqkew neqotkuk), he immediately felt comfortable with me; we were able to openly share our thoughts and feelings on this major event filled with scientists, business leaders, diplomats, and others with great responsibilities and influence over how international ocean laws, policies, and regulations were developed and enacted. The conference chair had approached Charlie the morning of the last day and asked if he would be able to speak at the closing. Charlie was a man who understood the importance of responsibility and given that the conference was being conducted on unceded Mi’kmaq traditional lands, he obliged. I remember him coming to the microphone in front of several hundred delegates. He held an eagle feather as he spoke. Because he was so soft spoken, the crowd had quieted to allow his words to be carried by the microphone. I watched him physically shaking with the feather in hand and heard a slight tremble in his
{"title":"First Nations, Oceans Governance and Indigenous Knowledge Systems","authors":"Kenneth Paul","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_010","url":null,"abstract":"I met Elisabeth Mann Borgese only once, early in my career. It was during the Pacem in Maribus International Conference hosted in Halifax in 1998.1 I was an employee of the Canadian federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans (dfo) and was invited by a colleague to attend the oceans sector papers. I was unaware of the profile of the international event and felt out of place amongst the world elites of the ocean sector at the week-long meeting. The respect that Professor Mann Borgese was given became apparent and I learned about the impact she had made towards oceans governance and its role on humanity. The other person whom I met was Charlie Labrador, a Mi’kmaq Elder from a small community in Nova Scotia. Once we were introduced, I was able to spend the majority of my three days at the conference as his companion. He was very soft-spoken and humble, similar to many Elders I have met over my lifetime. Being Maliseet from a native community called Tobique in New Brunswick (wolastoqkew neqotkuk), he immediately felt comfortable with me; we were able to openly share our thoughts and feelings on this major event filled with scientists, business leaders, diplomats, and others with great responsibilities and influence over how international ocean laws, policies, and regulations were developed and enacted. The conference chair had approached Charlie the morning of the last day and asked if he would be able to speak at the closing. Charlie was a man who understood the importance of responsibility and given that the conference was being conducted on unceded Mi’kmaq traditional lands, he obliged. I remember him coming to the microphone in front of several hundred delegates. He held an eagle feather as he spoke. Because he was so soft spoken, the crowd had quieted to allow his words to be carried by the microphone. I watched him physically shaking with the feather in hand and heard a slight tremble in his","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125999812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_053
P. Ricketts
The year 2017 was a major one for highlighting the impacts of climate change on the world’s oceans and the subsequent effects upon the global population. For decades rising sea levels, intensification of storms, continued melting of Arctic sea ice and permafrost, and deterioration of coral reefs have been increasing the vulnerability of our coasts to erosion, flooding, and salt water intrusion. Scientists have been warning of the catastrophic impacts that climate change is having upon the world’s oceans and that these impacts are cumulative over time and will continue to increase in severity.1 Such studies, together with more journalistic attempts to raise public alarm (e.g., Alanna Mitchell’s cry for help in her book Sea Sick2) have raised awareness but done little to galvanize decision-makers into more resolute action. True, the oceans were finally included in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (unfccc) in the Paris Agreement in 2015, but it seems to take disasters for people to realize that significant change is happening. If earlier storms such as Hurricanes Katrina in 2005 and Sandy in 2012, and Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 were not warning enough, the well-publicized impacts of the 2017 hurricane season on the Caribbean islands and coastal cities and communities across the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the United States have made it clear that the effects of climate change are becoming ever more obvious. Not only do they represent event-specific challenges to emergency management at local or regional scales, but the extent, severity, and frequency are also challenging from an ocean and coastal governance perspective. In Canada, many coastal communities, including important population centers like Vancouver and Richmond, Toronto, Charlottetown, and Tuktoyaktuk are at risk of serious inundation as a result of rising sea levels, increased storm surge penetration, and high lake levels due to changes in precipitation
{"title":"Ocean and Climate Change Action: Opportunities for Economic and Environmental Sustainability","authors":"P. Ricketts","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_053","url":null,"abstract":"The year 2017 was a major one for highlighting the impacts of climate change on the world’s oceans and the subsequent effects upon the global population. For decades rising sea levels, intensification of storms, continued melting of Arctic sea ice and permafrost, and deterioration of coral reefs have been increasing the vulnerability of our coasts to erosion, flooding, and salt water intrusion. Scientists have been warning of the catastrophic impacts that climate change is having upon the world’s oceans and that these impacts are cumulative over time and will continue to increase in severity.1 Such studies, together with more journalistic attempts to raise public alarm (e.g., Alanna Mitchell’s cry for help in her book Sea Sick2) have raised awareness but done little to galvanize decision-makers into more resolute action. True, the oceans were finally included in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (unfccc) in the Paris Agreement in 2015, but it seems to take disasters for people to realize that significant change is happening. If earlier storms such as Hurricanes Katrina in 2005 and Sandy in 2012, and Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 were not warning enough, the well-publicized impacts of the 2017 hurricane season on the Caribbean islands and coastal cities and communities across the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the United States have made it clear that the effects of climate change are becoming ever more obvious. Not only do they represent event-specific challenges to emergency management at local or regional scales, but the extent, severity, and frequency are also challenging from an ocean and coastal governance perspective. In Canada, many coastal communities, including important population centers like Vancouver and Richmond, Toronto, Charlottetown, and Tuktoyaktuk are at risk of serious inundation as a result of rising sea levels, increased storm surge penetration, and high lake levels due to changes in precipitation","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130868951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_051
G. Sabau
Ecological economics was born as a transdisciplinary field of enquiry in the 1980s out of some ecologists’ and economists’ desire to work together to explore the intricate interactions between natural and economic systems. A principal aim was to find practical solutions for a sustainable economy. Unlike mainstream economics, ecological economics sees the human economy as an open subsystem of the larger but finite, closed, and non-growing global ecosystem. Consequently, its functioning should be governed by the same immutable physical laws—the first and second laws of thermodynamics—and biological principles, explained in terms of energy and material flows.1 This implies that there are objective limits to the biophysical throughput of resources from the ecosystem, through the economic subsystem, and back to the ecosystem as waste. It also implies that a steady-state economy, which deliberately minimizes throughput rather than maximizing consumption,2 is more ‘natural’ than the current unlimited growth economy that has exceeded planetary boundaries.3 The main goals of ecological economics are efficient allocation of resources, just income and wealth distribution, as well as sustainable scale of the macroeconomy. While competitive markets through relative prices are the policy instrument for efficient resource allocation, just distribution and an optimal scale are social priorities that must be collectively decided on, based on science and ethical judgements rather than on subjective willingness-to-pay calculations. Their implementation requires policies designed to match means to alternative ends. Ecological economics assumes that there are ultimate means and ultimate ends, and that humans make choices along the entire ends-means spectrum (Figure 1). The ultimate means, which are scarce and
{"title":"Ecological Economics and the Ocean","authors":"G. Sabau","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_051","url":null,"abstract":"Ecological economics was born as a transdisciplinary field of enquiry in the 1980s out of some ecologists’ and economists’ desire to work together to explore the intricate interactions between natural and economic systems. A principal aim was to find practical solutions for a sustainable economy. Unlike mainstream economics, ecological economics sees the human economy as an open subsystem of the larger but finite, closed, and non-growing global ecosystem. Consequently, its functioning should be governed by the same immutable physical laws—the first and second laws of thermodynamics—and biological principles, explained in terms of energy and material flows.1 This implies that there are objective limits to the biophysical throughput of resources from the ecosystem, through the economic subsystem, and back to the ecosystem as waste. It also implies that a steady-state economy, which deliberately minimizes throughput rather than maximizing consumption,2 is more ‘natural’ than the current unlimited growth economy that has exceeded planetary boundaries.3 The main goals of ecological economics are efficient allocation of resources, just income and wealth distribution, as well as sustainable scale of the macroeconomy. While competitive markets through relative prices are the policy instrument for efficient resource allocation, just distribution and an optimal scale are social priorities that must be collectively decided on, based on science and ethical judgements rather than on subjective willingness-to-pay calculations. Their implementation requires policies designed to match means to alternative ends. Ecological economics assumes that there are ultimate means and ultimate ends, and that humans make choices along the entire ends-means spectrum (Figure 1). The ultimate means, which are scarce and","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131127647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_066
G. Daborn, H. Viehman, A. Redden
There should be little doubt that the world needs to diminish its dependence upon fossil fuels for electricity generation. Marine renewable energy (mre), in the forms of offshore wind, tidal, wave, or ocean thermal energy, remains the largest under-exploited energy source, with the potential to supply more than the total electricity demand in the world. It is estimated that the global wave energy resource alone is about 32,000 terawatt hours (TWh) per year, compared with the global electricity supply of ~24,000 TWh per year in 2014.1 Global potential for tidal power could be up to 1,000 TWh per year.2 The various mre technologies differ significantly in their readiness for large-scale exploitation. The most mature technology is that of offshore wind generation, which has evolved from extensive experience on land. The least mature is wave energy generation, numerous devices for which are still in early developmental stages. Mechanical energy from tides is a centuries-old technology based upon impoundment of tidal waters, and barrage-based installations (the tidal range approach) for electricity generation has been considered in Canada (the Bay of Fundy) and Europe for more than 100 years. One turbine installed in a dam at
{"title":"Marine Renewable Energy in Canada: A Century of Consideration and Challenges","authors":"G. Daborn, H. Viehman, A. Redden","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_066","url":null,"abstract":"There should be little doubt that the world needs to diminish its dependence upon fossil fuels for electricity generation. Marine renewable energy (mre), in the forms of offshore wind, tidal, wave, or ocean thermal energy, remains the largest under-exploited energy source, with the potential to supply more than the total electricity demand in the world. It is estimated that the global wave energy resource alone is about 32,000 terawatt hours (TWh) per year, compared with the global electricity supply of ~24,000 TWh per year in 2014.1 Global potential for tidal power could be up to 1,000 TWh per year.2 The various mre technologies differ significantly in their readiness for large-scale exploitation. The most mature technology is that of offshore wind generation, which has evolved from extensive experience on land. The least mature is wave energy generation, numerous devices for which are still in early developmental stages. Mechanical energy from tides is a centuries-old technology based upon impoundment of tidal waters, and barrage-based installations (the tidal range approach) for electricity generation has been considered in Canada (the Bay of Fundy) and Europe for more than 100 years. One turbine installed in a dam at","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128835250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_094
D. Werle, P. Boudreau, M. Brooks, M. J. Butler, A. Charles, S. Coffen-Smout, David Griffiths, I. McAllister, M. Mcconnell, I. Porter, Susan J. Rolston, P. Wells
In her career, Elisabeth Mann Borgese provided an eloquent and enduring analysis of ocean governance. This collection of over eighty essays endeavors to honor, update, and advance her exceptional contributions. The contents of this book also reflect, to a considerable extent, substantial elements of the International Ocean Institute’s long-standing training programs which she initiated. In this final chapter, we offer a synthesis of the essays, highlighting some of the most significant future challenges of ocean governance and, by implication, capacity development. Our approach involves two basic steps. First, we identify major present-day pressures, problems, and concerns that are raised repeatedly in this book and link these concerns to fundamental and persisting ocean governance themes, originally highlighted by Elisabeth Mann Borgese. Chief among these are the progressive development of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos); sustainable development of renewable and non-renewable ocean resources; conservation and protection of the marine environment; maritime security and transportation; enhancement of marine science and technologies; and addressing the interrelated problems of ocean space as a whole and their interactions.1 Finally, we point to key questions, challenges, and opportunities that are likely to confront practitioners of ocean governance and the development of capacity over the coming decades of the twenty-first century. When considered in their entirety, the essays in this book reveal a significant number of overarching and frequently mentioned concerns with ocean governance, the marine environment, and human use and impacts on the ocean. We suggest that they fit broadly into
{"title":"Looking Ahead: Ocean Governance Challenges in the Twenty-First Century","authors":"D. Werle, P. Boudreau, M. Brooks, M. J. Butler, A. Charles, S. Coffen-Smout, David Griffiths, I. McAllister, M. Mcconnell, I. Porter, Susan J. Rolston, P. Wells","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_094","url":null,"abstract":"In her career, Elisabeth Mann Borgese provided an eloquent and enduring analysis of ocean governance. This collection of over eighty essays endeavors to honor, update, and advance her exceptional contributions. The contents of this book also reflect, to a considerable extent, substantial elements of the International Ocean Institute’s long-standing training programs which she initiated. In this final chapter, we offer a synthesis of the essays, highlighting some of the most significant future challenges of ocean governance and, by implication, capacity development. Our approach involves two basic steps. First, we identify major present-day pressures, problems, and concerns that are raised repeatedly in this book and link these concerns to fundamental and persisting ocean governance themes, originally highlighted by Elisabeth Mann Borgese. Chief among these are the progressive development of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos); sustainable development of renewable and non-renewable ocean resources; conservation and protection of the marine environment; maritime security and transportation; enhancement of marine science and technologies; and addressing the interrelated problems of ocean space as a whole and their interactions.1 Finally, we point to key questions, challenges, and opportunities that are likely to confront practitioners of ocean governance and the development of capacity over the coming decades of the twenty-first century. When considered in their entirety, the essays in this book reveal a significant number of overarching and frequently mentioned concerns with ocean governance, the marine environment, and human use and impacts on the ocean. We suggest that they fit broadly into","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121452040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_071
Hugh R. Williamson
Those fortunate enough to know Elisabeth Mann Borgese were well aware of her deep lifelong commitment to peace. For her, inclusion of ‘for peaceful purposes’ and ‘exclusively for peaceful purposes’ in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos) were intended as operational, not merely dressing up an otherwise highly practical convention. Her long association with the international law of the sea community developed many long and enduring friendships, often culminating in social gatherings at her home in a small fishing village outside Halifax, Nova Scotia. One such gathering took place after a Law of the Sea Institute annual meeting at Dalhousie University in the early 1980s. Elisabeth gathered an eclectic group of friends, including leading scholars, diplomats, lawyers, neighboring fisherfolk and a few fortunate students to share food, drink, and lively discussion. The director of the Institute at the time was Dr. John P. Craven, a widely respected legal scholar, engineer, scientist, and amateur musician.1 That evening, he entertained by singing operatic arias while accompanying himself on Elisabeth’s grand piano, but these were not his only hidden talents. While Dr. Craven’s legal scholarship and musical talent were openly displayed, details of his previous role as chief scientist for the United States Navy’s Special Projects Office would remain hidden for many years.2 He had, in fact, been the US Navy’s ‘ocean spy chief ’, involved in many intelligence-gathering and espionage operations, including recovering lost ships, submarines, and weapons systems, and electronic ‘bugging’ of Soviet Navy telecommunications cables under the Sea of Okhotsk.3 He was also an international lawyer, deeply committed to the principles of unclos as he saw them. Had the clandestine
那些有幸认识伊丽莎白·曼·博格塞的人都很清楚她毕生致力于和平。对她来说，在《联合国海洋法公约》(unclos)中加入“用于和平目的”和“仅用于和平目的”是为了操作，而不仅仅是为一项原本高度实用的公约做装饰。她与国际海洋法团体的长期交往发展了许多长期而持久的友谊，经常在她位于新斯科舍省哈利法克斯郊外一个小渔村的家中的社交聚会中达到高潮。20世纪80年代初，在达尔豪斯大学(Dalhousie University)举行的海洋法研究所(Law of the Sea Institute)年度会议之后，就举行了一次这样的聚会。伊丽莎白召集了一群形形色色的朋友，包括著名学者、外交官、律师、附近的渔民和一些幸运的学生，他们分享食物、饮料，并热烈讨论。当时的研究所所长是约翰·p·克雷文博士，他是一位广受尊敬的法律学者、工程师、科学家和业余音乐家那天晚上，他一边在伊丽莎白的大钢琴上自娱自乐，一边唱着歌剧咏叹调，但这并不是他唯一隐藏的才能。虽然克雷文博士的法律学识和音乐才能被公开展示，但他以前担任美国海军特别项目办公室首席科学家的细节却被隐瞒了很多年事实上，他曾是美国海军的“海洋间谍头子”，参与了许多情报收集和间谍活动，包括找回丢失的船只、潜艇和武器系统，以及在鄂霍次克海海底对苏联海军电信电缆进行电子“窃听”。3他还是一名国际律师，在他看来，他坚定地遵守《联合国海洋法公约》的原则。有秘密吗?
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Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_019
L. Hildebrand
The ocean and coastal areas of the world are changing, but we—as societies, economies, and individual decision-makers—for the most part, are not. We are learning that the social-ecological coastal and ocean system of the coming decades will be significantly different from today—physically, energetically, chemically, and biologically. It will also be under rising pressure from social, economic, and technological developments brought about by hundreds of millions more people populating, further developing, and urbanizing these increasingly vulnerable areas. Present governance regimes that frame our laws, policies, and institutions at global and regional levels will have to adapt more quickly and in a more coordinated way than the piecemeal approach to adjusting current regulations taken to date. So it is imperative that the International Ocean Institute (ioi) develop the capacity of ocean leaders on the magnitude and significance of these changes in the coastal and ocean system itself, on the growing pressure being exerted on its living and non-living resources, and on the evolving approach to ocean governance. We must also emphasize that the next generation of ocean leaders will be equipped with a deep sense of appreciation to take proactive planning decisions today; we must prepare them for this emerging reality and offer the theoretical knowledge and the practical skills and tools that can be applied in coastal nations around the world.
{"title":"Educating the Ocean Leaders of Today for the Ocean of Tomorrow","authors":"L. Hildebrand","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_019","url":null,"abstract":"The ocean and coastal areas of the world are changing, but we—as societies, economies, and individual decision-makers—for the most part, are not. We are learning that the social-ecological coastal and ocean system of the coming decades will be significantly different from today—physically, energetically, chemically, and biologically. It will also be under rising pressure from social, economic, and technological developments brought about by hundreds of millions more people populating, further developing, and urbanizing these increasingly vulnerable areas. Present governance regimes that frame our laws, policies, and institutions at global and regional levels will have to adapt more quickly and in a more coordinated way than the piecemeal approach to adjusting current regulations taken to date. So it is imperative that the International Ocean Institute (ioi) develop the capacity of ocean leaders on the magnitude and significance of these changes in the coastal and ocean system itself, on the growing pressure being exerted on its living and non-living resources, and on the evolving approach to ocean governance. We must also emphasize that the next generation of ocean leaders will be equipped with a deep sense of appreciation to take proactive planning decisions today; we must prepare them for this emerging reality and offer the theoretical knowledge and the practical skills and tools that can be applied in coastal nations around the world.","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"445 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133781325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_033
P. Wells
Serious attention to ocean health started after the Second World War, as an era of economic recovery, industrial growth, and prosperity began in many developed countries. Large oil tankers plied the sea. Occasional but severe accidents caused huge, highly visible spills. The impact of oil pollution along coastlines and on fishery species appeared on the radar of politicians and coastal inhabitants. Ocean health showed signs of being compromised and awareness for the welfare of both people and ocean dwelling species began to surface. The newly formed United Nations reacted with conventions and regulations to curb such pollution. In the 1960s and early 1970s, as environmentalism blossomed, concerns about the oceans expanded to include many industrial effluents and chemicals, ocean dredging materials, land-based pollution of many other kinds (e.g., riverine sediments), and radioactivity. Elisabeth Mann Borgese, to whom this essay is dedicated, recognized the need for ocean protection in her various writings and diplomatic initiatives. Endorsed in 1982, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos) Part xii emphasized marine environmental protection.1 Many countries continued to enact environmental legislation, addressing marine pollution, especially from shipping and landbased activities.2 During this early era of environmentalism, the governmental and intergovernmental response to marine pollution was significant.3 It was accepted that an understanding of ocean health is a critical underpinning of effective ocean governance and sustainability. The science of marine ecotoxicology
对海洋健康的认真关注始于第二次世界大战后，当时许多发达国家开始进入经济复苏、工业增长和繁荣的时代。大型油轮往返于海上。偶尔但严重的事故造成了巨大的、非常明显的泄漏。石油污染对海岸线和渔业物种的影响引起了政治家和沿海居民的注意。海洋健康显示出受到损害的迹象，人们和海洋栖息物种的福利意识开始浮出水面。新成立的联合国以公约和法规来遏制这种污染。在20世纪60年代和70年代初，随着环保主义的蓬勃发展，对海洋的关注扩大到包括许多工业废水和化学品、海洋疏浚材料、许多其他种类的陆地污染(例如河流沉积物)和放射性。Elisabeth Mann Borgese在她的各种著作和外交倡议中认识到保护海洋的必要性。1982年核可的《联合国海洋法公约》(《公约》)第十二部分强调海洋环境保护许多国家继续颁布环境立法，处理海洋污染，特别是来自航运和陆上活动的污染在这个环保主义的早期时代，政府和政府间对海洋污染的反应是重要的与会者承认，了解海洋健康是有效的海洋治理和可持续性的关键基础。海洋生态毒理学海洋生态毒理学
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Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_042
J. Cigliano
Over 40 years ago, Professor Elisabeth Mann Borgese recognized the need for effective governance of the oceans for the good of all of humanity. This need still exists, maybe even more so now, in addressing issues such as climate change, ocean acidification, overfishing, and floating islands of trash (to name just a few). But what can we do to advance effective and lasting governance of the ocean? Are there new techniques, policies, or international agreements that we can employ? Actually, I would argue that something as old as recorded history is one of our better hopes, namely, citizen science. Citizen science is public participation in scientific research, i.e., science conducted by amateurs. Prior to the late nineteenth century, almost all of science was conducted by amateurs (today, we would call them citizen scientists). Quite a few of these so-called amateurs have had a profound effect on science: Aristotle, Copernicus, and Darwin, to name a few. Darwin is of particular note, not only because of his theory of evolution by natural selection, but because as he was developing and working to experimentally support his theory, he collaborated with other citizen scientists from around the world who sent him observations and specimens, thus, making Darwin an early adopter of ‘crowdsourcing’1 citizen science. By the beginning of the twentieth century, amateur scientists became marginalized as the number of professional scientists increased and gained positions of authority.2 Fortunately, citizen science did not go extinct. Citizen science projects continued with professional scientists leading and citizen scientists contributing. Examples include Wells Cooke’s collaboration with citizen scientists (he referred to them as co-operative observers) on bird
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Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_058
Megan Bailey
With the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the declaration of extended jurisdiction, the nation state became the main focus of fisheries management interventions, and subsequent critiques, in the 1980s and 1990s. But it wasn’t long before practitioners and scholars turned their attention to the role of the market in governing fisheries practices. Using the market is part of a larger business-led approach to sustainability: corporate social responsibility (csr). csr is dynamic and relational, in that it is continually redefined based on the relationship between business and society, and the role and responsibility that society chooses to place on businesses in pursuit of environmental and social justice.1 This means that the market and what is sustainable seafood are always changing. The theory of change here is that by providing a market signal, for example a price premium for a certified product, fish harvesters and seafood processors will be incentivized to voluntarily alter their production practices to comply with that certification. We now have about thirty years of experience trying to operationalize market-based governance through the sustainable seafood movement. What and how have we done? What is likely to be the role of the market in contemporary fisheries management? The sustainable seafood movement began with the launch of Earth Island Institute’s Dolphin Safe certification as a response to high levels of dolphin mortality in the eastern Pacific Ocean tuna purse seine fishery. The Dolphin Safe logo communicated to consumers that their canned tuna was not sourced from a fishery that set nets on dolphins. The impact was huge. Dolphin mortalities dropped by about 98 percent, but in recent years the credibility of the
随着《联合国海洋法公约》(United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea)和扩大管辖权的宣布，民族国家在20世纪80年代和90年代成为渔业管理干预和随后批评的主要焦点。但没过多久，从业者和学者就把注意力转向了市场在管理渔业实践中的作用。利用市场是企业主导的可持续发展方法的一部分:企业社会责任(csr)。企业社会责任是动态的和关联的，因为它是基于企业与社会之间的关系，以及社会选择赋予企业追求环境和社会正义的角色和责任而不断重新定义的这意味着市场和什么是可持续海鲜总是在变化。这里的变化理论是，通过提供市场信号，例如认证产品的价格溢价，将激励鱼类捕捞者和海鲜加工商自愿改变他们的生产实践，以符合该认证。我们现在有大约三十年的经验，试图通过可持续海鲜运动来实施基于市场的治理。我们做了什么，怎么做的?市场在当代渔业管理中可能扮演什么角色?可持续海鲜运动始于地球岛研究所海豚安全认证的启动，作为对东太平洋金枪鱼围网渔业中海豚死亡率高水平的回应。海豚安全标志向消费者传达，他们的罐装金枪鱼不是来自渔场撒网捕海豚。影响是巨大的。海豚的死亡率下降了约98%，但近年来的可信度
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